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Wang J, Xiong Z, Wu L, Chen J, Zhu Y. Highly sensitive and wide-range iontronic pressure sensors with a wheat awn-like hierarchical structure. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 669:190-197. [PMID: 38713957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.04.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors with high sensitivity and wide sensing range are highly desired in e-skins and wearable electronics. However, there is always a trade-off between high sensitivity and broad sensing range for most flexible pressure sensors. Herein, an artificial wheat awn-like hierarchical structure is designed onto the dielectric layer of the iontronic pressure sensor, realizing both high sensitivity and broad working range. The sensor is constructed by sandwiching a wheat awn-like polyvinyl alcohol/H3PO4 dielectric layer between two transparent electrodes of silver nanowires/thermoplastic polyurethane/ionic liquid. The obtained sensor exhibits a high precision of 1 Pa, a high sensitivity of 47.65 kPa-1 (1-200 Pa), a wide measurement range from 1 Pa to 238 kPa, short response/recovery time of 13 ms/12 ms, outstanding stability over 6000 cycles, as well as good transparency. Considering these excellent properties, the sensor shows promising potential in health monitoring, human-computer interaction, wearable electronics, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihan Xiong
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Wu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwen Chen
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yutian Zhu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Wang J, Wei X, Shi J, Bai N, Wan X, Li B, Chen Y, Jiang Z, Guo CF. High-resolution flexible iontronic skins for both negative and positive pressure measurement in room temperature wind tunnel applications. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7094. [PMID: 39153996 PMCID: PMC11330526 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51415-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Flexible skins that can be laminated on curved surfaces are a desired form for wind pressure measurement. Sensors for such applications need to detect both negative and positive wind pressure with ultrahigh pressure resolution over a wide range up to 600 kPa, whereas existing flexible sensors are unsatisfactory to such demands. Here, we report a flexible skin containing two iontronic pressure sensors for negative pressure and positive pressure sensing, respectively, and show the potential of the skin for pressure measurement in room temperature wind tunnels. We control the contact state of iontronic interface of a sensor to introduce a pre-pressure that enables negative pressure sensing, exhibiting a pressure resolution of -20 Pa (0.025%) within a broad pressure regime (from -100 kPa to -10 Pa). The other sensor for positive pressure sensing exhibits a pressure-resolution of 100 Pa (0.025%) over 600 kPa, in addition to a wide frequency bandwidth up to 400 Hz. The skin with the two types of sensors can be attached on curved surfaces of wing surface for pressure measurement at various free stream velocities and angles of attack. This study provides a promising technology of using flexible skins for pressure measurement in aviation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Xueyong Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
- School of Instrument Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Junli Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Ningning Bai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Xiao Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Bing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yingchun Chen
- Science and Technology Committee, Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China Ltd., Shanghai, 200126, China.
| | - Zhuangde Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Chuan Fei Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
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3
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Li B, Luo Z, Gong L, Ge R, Wang M, Zhu Y, Cheng Y, Li S, Peng T, Chang Y. Stretchable Iontronic Tactile Sensing Fabric. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:42905-42916. [PMID: 39023228 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c07887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The iontronic tactile sensing modality has garnered significant attention due to its exceptional sensitivity, immunity to noise, and versatility in materials. Recently, various formats of iontronic tactile sensors have been developed, including droplets, polymer films, paper, ionic gels, and fabrics. However, the stretchability of the current iontronic pressure sensing fabric is inadequate, hindered by the limited stretchiness of the ionic functional fabric. Incorporating a stretchable tactile sensing implement could enhance the wear comfortability by preventing relative movement and ensuring intimate contact between the sensor and the skin. The research focuses on the development of a stretchable iontronic pressure sensing (SIPS) fabric for monitoring diverse aspects of body health and movement in wearable applications. The tactile sensing structure is generated at the iontronic interface between highly stretchable ionic and conductive fabrics. In particular, the ionic fabric is prepared by coating a layer of polyurethane/ionic liquid gel onto a Spandex fabric. To showcase its remarkable sensitivity, stretchability, and ability to detect diverse body information, several application scenarios have been demonstrated including an elastic wristband for precise pulse wave detection, a flexible belt with multitactile sensing channels for respiration and motion tracking purposes, and a stretchable fabric cuff equipped with a high-resolution sensing array comprising 32 × 32 units for accurate gesture recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
- Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
- TacSense Technology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P. R. China
| | - Zihao Luo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
- Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lanqing Gong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
- Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Ruiqing Ge
- Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center (BSIC), Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Meilan Wang
- Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center (BSIC), Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yimin Zhu
- Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center (BSIC), Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center (BSIC), Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Sen Li
- Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center (BSIC), Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Tao Peng
- Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center (BSIC), Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Shaanxi Coal High Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Yu Chang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
- Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
- Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center (BSIC), Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
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He Y, Cheng Y, Yang C, Guo CF. Creep-free polyelectrolyte elastomer for drift-free iontronic sensing. NATURE MATERIALS 2024; 23:1107-1114. [PMID: 38514845 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01848-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Artificial pressure sensors often use soft materials to achieve skin-like softness, but the viscoelastic creep of soft materials and the ion leakage, specifically for ionic conductors, cause signal drift and inaccurate measurement. Here we report drift-free iontronic sensing by designing and copolymerizing a leakage-free and creep-free polyelectrolyte elastomer containing two types of segments: charged segments having fixed cations to prevent ion leakage and neutral slippery segments with a high crosslink density for low creep. We show that an iontronic sensor using the polyelectrolyte elastomer barely drifts under an ultrahigh static pressure of 500 kPa (close to its Young's modulus), exhibits a drift rate two to three orders of magnitude lower than that of the sensors adopting conventional ionic conductors and enables steady and accurate control for robotic manipulation. Such drift-free iontronic sensing represents a step towards highly accurate sensing in robotics and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng He
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics and Smart Manufacturing, Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Canhui Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics and Smart Manufacturing, Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, P. R. China.
| | - Chuan Fei Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, P. R. China.
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Ding Z, Li W, Wang W, Zhao Z, Zhu Y, Hou B, Zhu L, Chen M, Che L. Highly Sensitive Iontronic Pressure Sensor with Side-by-Side Package Based on Alveoli and Arch Structure. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2309407. [PMID: 38491739 PMCID: PMC11199976 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors play a significant role in wearable devices and electronic skin. Iontronic pressure sensors with high sensitivity, wide measurement range, and high resolution can meet requirements. Based on the significant deformation characteristics of alveoli to improve compressibility, and the ability of the arch to disperse vertical pressure into horizontal thrust to increase contact area, a graded hollow ball arch (GHBA) microstructure is proposed, greatly improving sensitivity. The fabrication of GHBA ingeniously employs a double-sided structure. One side uses mold casting to create convex structures, while the other utilizes the evaporation of moisture during the curing process to form concave structures. At the same time, a novel side-by-side package structure is proposed, ensuring pressure on flexible substrate is maximally transferred to the GHBA microstructure. Within the range of 0.2 Pa-300 kPa, the iontronic pressure sensor achieves a maximum sensitivity of 10 420.8 kPa-1, pressure resolution of 0.1% under the pressure of 100 kPa, and rapid response/recovery time of 40/35 ms. In wearable devices, it is capable of monitoring dumbbell curl exercises and wirelessly correcting sitting positions. In electronic skin, it can non-contactly detect the location of the wind source and achieve object classification prediction when combined with the CNN model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Ding
- College of Information Science and Electronic EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- Center for MicroelectronicsShaoxing InstituteZhejiang UniversityShaoxing312035China
| | - Weijian Li
- College of Information Science and Electronic EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Weidong Wang
- College of Information Science and Electronic EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Zhengqian Zhao
- College of Information Science and Electronic EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Ye Zhu
- College of Information Science and Electronic EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Baoyin Hou
- College of Information Science and Electronic EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Lijie Zhu
- College of Information Science and Electronic EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Ming Chen
- College of Information Science and Electronic EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Lufeng Che
- College of Information Science and Electronic EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- Center for MicroelectronicsShaoxing InstituteZhejiang UniversityShaoxing312035China
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Ahmadi N, Rezazadeh G, Rahmani A, Ghanbari M. Analyzing the effects of polymeric dielectric materials on micro capacitive pressure sensors: A model incorporating displacement-dependent porosity. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30626. [PMID: 38737276 PMCID: PMC11087975 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, the extensive utilization of porous polymeric materials to amplify the sensitivity of capacitive devices is noticeable. The absence of an effective mathematical model for studying these devices has spurred the development of a comprehensive mathematical model in the current work. This model is formulated to analyze the static and dynamic behavior of systems incorporating a porous polymer dielectric material within the gap between flexible and fixed microplates. The derived nonlinear governing equations encompass the effects of electrostatic force, von-Karman nonlinear strains, and displacement-dependent porosity. Employing spatial decomposition, the resulting nonlinear algebraic equations and ordinary differential equations are leveraged to study the static and transient dynamic behavior, as well as the frequency response of the sensor using a learning approach. Two scenarios are investigated to assess the impact of various geometrical and physical parameters on sensor sensitivity one with a polymeric material and another without, each with distinct parameter values. The results reveal that the inclusion of a polymeric dielectric material increases electrostatic force but concurrently elevates the equivalent stiffness of the structure. The effectiveness of using a polymeric dielectric material is contingent upon the specific geometrical and physical properties of the sensor. Moreover, the obtained results in simplified cases are compared to existing numerical and experimental data, demonstrating a high degree of agreement. This work significantly contributes to advancing the understanding of sensors incorporating porous polymer dielectric materials and underscores their potential for enhanced sensitivity across diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Ahmadi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical and Vocational University (TVU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghader Rezazadeh
- Center for Materials Technologies, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
- South Ural State University, Lenin Prospect 76, Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russia
| | - Arash Rahmani
- Renewable Energies Faculty, Mechanical Engineering Department, Urmia University of Technology, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mina Ghanbari
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty of Khoy, Urmia University of Technology, Urmia, Iran
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Papani R, Li Y, Wang S. Soft mechanical sensors for wearable and implantable applications. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 16:e1961. [PMID: 38723798 PMCID: PMC11108230 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Wearable and implantable sensing of biomechanical signals such as pressure, strain, shear, and vibration can enable a multitude of human-integrated applications, including on-skin monitoring of vital signs, motion tracking, monitoring of internal organ condition, restoration of lost/impaired mechanoreception, among many others. The mechanical conformability of such sensors to the human skin and tissue is critical to enhancing their biocompatibility and sensing accuracy. As such, in the recent decade, significant efforts have been made in the development of soft mechanical sensors. To satisfy the requirements of different wearable and implantable applications, such sensors have been imparted with various additional properties to make them better suited for the varied contexts of human-integrated applications. In this review, focusing on the four major types of soft mechanical sensors for pressure, strain, shear, and vibration, we discussed the recent material and device design innovations for achieving several important properties, including flexibility and stretchability, bioresorbability and biodegradability, self-healing properties, breathability, transparency, wireless communication capabilities, and high-density integration. We then went on to discuss the current research state of the use of such novel soft mechanical sensors in wearable and implantable applications, based on which future research needs were further discussed. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rithvik Papani
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sihong Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Nanoscience and Technology Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, United States
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8
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Niu H, Li H, Zhang Q, Kim ES, Kim NY, Li Y. Intuition-and-Tactile Bimodal Sensing Based on Artificial-Intelligence-Motivated All-Fabric Bionic Electronic Skin for Intelligent Material Perception. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308127. [PMID: 38009787 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Developing electronic skins (e-skins) with extraordinary perception through bionic strategies has far-reaching significance for the intellectualization of robot skins. Here, an artificial intelligence (AI)-motivated all-fabric bionic (AFB) e-skin is proposed, where the overall structure is inspired by the interlocked bionics of the epidermis-dermis interface inside the skin, while the structural design inspiration of the dielectric layer derives from the branch-needle structure of conifers. More importantly, AFB e-skin achieves intuition sensing in proximity mode and tactile sensing in pressure mode based on the fringing and iontronic effects, respectively, and is simulated and verified through COMSOL finite element analysis. The proposed AFB e-skin in pressure mode exhibits maximum sensitivity of 15.06 kPa-1 (<50 kPa), linear sensitivity of 6.06 kPa-1 (50-200 kPa), and fast response/recovery time of 5.6 ms (40 kPa). By integrating AFB e-skin with AI algorithm, and with the support of material inference mechanisms based on dielectric constant and softness/hardness, an intelligent material perception system capable of recognizing nine materials with indistinguishable surfaces within one proximity-pressure cycle is established, demonstrating abilities that surpass human perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsen Niu
- School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250101, China
- RFIC Centre, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, South Korea
| | - Hao Li
- School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Qichong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Eun-Seong Kim
- RFIC Centre, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, South Korea
| | - Nam-Young Kim
- RFIC Centre, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, South Korea
| | - Yang Li
- School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250101, China
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Lee JH, Cho K, Kim JK. Age of Flexible Electronics: Emerging Trends in Soft Multifunctional Sensors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2310505. [PMID: 38258951 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
With the commercialization of first-generation flexible mobiles and displays in the late 2010s, humanity has stepped into the age of flexible electronics. Inevitably, soft multifunctional sensors, as essential components of next-generation flexible electronics, have attracted tremendous research interest like never before. This review is dedicated to offering an overview of the latest emerging trends in soft multifunctional sensors and their accordant future research and development (R&D) directions for the coming decade. First, key characteristics and the predominant target stimuli for soft multifunctional sensors are highlighted. Second, important selection criteria for soft multifunctional sensors are introduced. Next, emerging materials/structures and trends for soft multifunctional sensors are identified. Specifically, the future R&D directions of these sensors are envisaged based on their emerging trends, namely i) decoupling of multiple stimuli, ii) data processing, iii) skin conformability, and iv) energy sources. Finally, the challenges and potential opportunities for these sensors in future are discussed, offering new insights into prospects in the fast-emerging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Hun Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Jang-Kyo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, P. O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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10
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Oh E, Kane AQ, Truby RL. Architected Poly(ionic liquid) Composites with Spatially Programmable Mechanical Properties and Mixed Conductivity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:10736-10745. [PMID: 38354100 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Structural electrolytes present advantages over liquid varieties, which are critical to myriad applications. In particular, structural electrolytes based on polymerized ionic liquids or poly(ionic liquids) (pILs) provide wide electrochemical windows, high thermal stability, nonvolatility, and modular chemistry. However, current methods of fabricating structural electrolytes from pILs and their composites present limitations. Recent advances have been made in 3D printing pIL electrolytes, but current printing techniques limit the complexity of forms that can be achieved, as well as the ability to control mechanical properties or conductivity. We introduce a method for fabricating architected pIL composites as structural electrolytes via embedded 3D (EMB3D) printing. We present a modular design for formulating ionic liquid (IL) monomer composite inks that can be printed into sparse, lightweight, free-standing lattices with different functionalities. In addition to characterizing the rheological and mechanical behaviors of IL monomer inks and pIL lattices, we demonstrate the self-sensing capabilities of our printed structural electrolytes during cyclic compression. Finally, we use our inks and printing method to spatially program self-sensing capabilities in pIL lattices through heterogeneous architectures as well as ink compositions that provide mixed ionic-electronic conductivity. Our free-form approach to fabricating structural electrolytes in complex, 3D forms with programmable, anisotropic properties has broad potential use in next-generation sensors, soft robotics, bioelectronics, energy storage devices, and more.
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Affiliation(s)
- EunBi Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Alexander Q Kane
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ryan L Truby
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Robotics and Biosystems, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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11
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Shao B, Lu MH, Wu TC, Peng WC, Ko TY, Hsiao YC, Chen JY, Sun B, Liu R, Lai YC. Large-area, untethered, metamorphic, and omnidirectionally stretchable multiplexing self-powered triboelectric skins. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1238. [PMID: 38336848 PMCID: PMC10858173 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45611-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Large-area metamorphic stretchable sensor networks are desirable in haptic sensing and next-generation electronics. Triboelectric nanogenerator-based self-powered tactile sensors in single-electrode mode constitute one of the best solutions with ideal attributes. However, their large-area multiplexing utilizations are restricted by severe misrecognition between sensing nodes and high-density internal circuits. Here, we provide an electrical signal shielding strategy delivering a large-area multiplexing self-powered untethered triboelectric electronic skin (UTE-skin) with an ultralow misrecognition rate (0.20%). An omnidirectionally stretchable carbon black-Ecoflex composite-based shielding layer is developed to effectively attenuate electrostatic interference from wirings, guaranteeing low-level noise in sensing matrices. UTE-skin operates reliably under 100% uniaxial, 100% biaxial, and 400% isotropic strains, achieving high-quality pressure imaging and multi-touch real-time visualization. Smart gloves for tactile recognition, intelligent insoles for gait analysis, and deformable human-machine interfaces are demonstrated. This work signifies a substantial breakthrough in haptic sensing, offering solutions for the previously challenging issue of large-area multiplexing sensing arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Shao
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Ming-Han Lu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Chen Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chen Peng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Yu Ko
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chi Hsiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Yeu Chen
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, i-Center for Advanced Science and Technology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Baoquan Sun
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, PR China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China.
- Macau Institute of Materials Science and Engineering MUST-SUDA Joint Research Center for Advanced Functional Materials Macau University of Science and Technology Macau, 999078, Macao, PR China.
| | - Ruiyuan Liu
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, PR China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China.
| | - Ying-Chih Lai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, i-Center for Advanced Science and Technology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.
- Department of Physics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.
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12
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Le CV, Yoon H. Advances in the Use of Conducting Polymers for Healthcare Monitoring. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1564. [PMID: 38338846 PMCID: PMC10855550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Conducting polymers (CPs) are an innovative class of materials recognized for their high flexibility and biocompatibility, making them an ideal choice for health monitoring applications that require flexibility. They are active in their design. Advances in fabrication technology allow the incorporation of CPs at various levels, by combining diverse CPs monomers with metal particles, 2D materials, carbon nanomaterials, and copolymers through the process of polymerization and mixing. This method produces materials with unique physicochemical properties and is highly customizable. In particular, the development of CPs with expanded surface area and high conductivity has significantly improved the performance of the sensors, providing high sensitivity and flexibility and expanding the range of available options. However, due to the morphological diversity of new materials and thus the variety of characteristics that can be synthesized by combining CPs and other types of functionalities, choosing the right combination for a sensor application is difficult but becomes important. This review focuses on classifying the role of CP and highlights recent advances in sensor design, especially in the field of healthcare monitoring. It also synthesizes the sensing mechanisms and evaluates the performance of CPs on electrochemical surfaces and in the sensor design. Furthermore, the applications that can be revolutionized by CPs will be discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Van Le
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonseok Yoon
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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13
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Zhang C, Wang Z, Zhu H, Zhang Q, Zhu S. Dielectric Gels with Microphase Separation for Wide-Range and Self-Damping Pressure Sensing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308520. [PMID: 37996980 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Omnipresent vibrations pose a significant challenge to flexible pressure sensors by inducing unstable output signals and curtailing their operational lifespan. Conventional soft sensing materials possess adequate elasticity but prove inadequate in countering vibrations. Moreover, the utilization of conventional highly-damping materials for sensing is challenging due to their substantial hysteresis. To tackle this dilemma, dielectric gels with controlled in situ microphase separation have been developed, leveraging the miscibility disparity between copolymers and solvents. The resulting gels exhibit exceptional compression stress, remarkable dielectric constant, and exceptional damping capabilities. Furthermore, flexible pressure sensors based on these microphase-separated gels show a wide detection range and low detection limit, more importantly, excellent sensing performance on vibrating surfaces. This work offers high potentials for applying flexible pressure sensors in complex practical scenarios and opens up new avenues for applications in soft electronics, biomimetic robots, and intelligent sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changgeng Zhang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, P. R. China
| | - Zhenwu Wang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, P. R. China
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - He Zhu
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, P. R. China
| | - Shiping Zhu
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, P. R. China
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14
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Chen J, Pei Z, Chai B, Jiang P, Ma L, Zhu L, Huang X. Engineering the Dielectric Constants of Polymers: From Molecular to Mesoscopic Scales. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2308670. [PMID: 38100840 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Polymers are essential components of modern-day materials and are widely used in various fields. The dielectric constant, a key physical parameter, plays a fundamental role in the light-, electricity-, and magnetism-related applications of polymers, such as dielectric and electrical insulation, battery and photovoltaic fabrication, sensing and electrical contact, and signal transmission and communication. Over the past few decades, numerous efforts have been devoted to engineering the intrinsic dielectric constant of polymers, particularly by tailoring the induced and orientational polarization modes and ferroelectric domain engineering. Investigations into these methods have guided the rational design and on-demand preparation of polymers with desired dielectric constants. This review article exhaustively summarizes the dielectric constant engineering of polymers from molecular to mesoscopic scales, with emphasis on application-driven design and on-demand polymer synthesis rooted in polymer chemistry principles. Additionally, it explores the key polymer applications that can benefit from dielectric constant regulation and outlines the future prospects of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhantao Pei
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Bin Chai
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Pingkai Jiang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7202, USA
| | - Xingyi Huang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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15
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Yuan YM, Liu B, Adibeig MR, Xue Q, Qin C, Sun QY, Jin Y, Wang M, Yang C. Microstructured Polyelectrolyte Elastomer-Based Ionotronic Sensors with High Sensitivities and Excellent Stability for Artificial Skins. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2310429. [PMID: 38095237 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
High-performance flexible pressure sensors are highly demanded for artificial tactile sensing. Using ionic conductors as the dielectric layer has enabled ionotronic pressure sensors with high sensitivities owing to giant capacitance of the electric double layer (EDL) formed at the ionic conductor/electronic conductor interface. However, conventional ionotronic sensors suffer from leakage, which greatly hinders long-term stability and practical applications. Herein, a leakage-free polyelectrolyte elastomer as the dielectric layer for ionotronic sensors is synthesized. The mechanical and electrical properties of the polyelectrolyte elastomer are optimized, a micropyramid array is constructed, and it is used as the dielectric layer for an ionotronic pressure sensor with marked performances. The obtained sensor exhibits a sensitivity of 69.6 kPa-1 , a high upper detecting limit on the order of 1 MPa, a fast response/recovery speed of ≈6 ms, and excellent stability under both static and dynamic loads. Notably, the sensor retains a high sensitivity of 4.96 kPa-1 at 500 kPa, and its broad sensing range within high-pressure realm enables a brand-new coding strategy. The applications of the sensor as a wearable keyboard and a quasicontinuous controller for a robotic arm are demonstrated. Durable and highly sensitive ionotronic sensors potentialize high-performance artificial skins for soft robots, human-machine interfaces, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ming Yuan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Binhong Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Mohammad Reza Adibeig
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Qiqi Xue
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Chu Qin
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Yin Sun
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ying Jin
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Min Wang
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits for Next-Generation Communications, Ministry of Education, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Canhui Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
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16
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Chowdhury AH, Jafarizadeh B, Pala N, Wang C. Paper-Based Supercapacitive Pressure Sensor for Wrist Arterial Pulse Waveform Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37921369 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in wearable pressure sensors have led to the need for high sensitivity and a broad sensing range to accurately detect various physiological states. However, high sensitivity does not always translate to a wide sensing range, and manufacturing sensors with such high sensitivity is a complex and expensive process. In this study, we present a capacitive pressure sensor based on tissue paper that is simple to produce and cost-effective yet still exhibits high linear sensitivity of 2.9 kPa-1 in the 0-16 kPa range. The linear sensitivity of 1.5 kPa-1 was achieved from 16 to 90 kPa. The sensor also demonstrated a fast response time of 0.2 s, excellent pressure resolution at both low and high pressures, and a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio, making it ideal for detecting wrist arterial pulse waveforms. We were also able to demonstrate the sensor's practicality in real-world applications by cycling it 5000 times and showing its capability to capture pulse waveforms from different arterial locations. These low-cost sensors possess all the intrinsic features necessary for efficient measurement of pulse waveforms, which may facilitate the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azmal Huda Chowdhury
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33174, United States
| | - Borzooye Jafarizadeh
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33174, United States
| | - Nezih Pala
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33174, United States
| | - Chunlei Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33174, United States
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
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17
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Li L, Tian W, VahidMohammadi A, Rostami J, Chen B, Matthews K, Ram F, Pettersson T, Wågberg L, Benselfelt T, Gogotsi Y, Berglund LA, Hamedi MM. Ultrastrong Ionotronic Films Showing Electrochemical Osmotic Actuation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2301163. [PMID: 37491007 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
A multifunctional soft material with high ionic and electrical conductivity, combined with high mechanical properties and the ability to change shape can enable bioinspired responsive devices and systems. The incorporation of all these characteristics in a single material is very challenging, as the improvement of one property tends to reduce other properties. Here, a nanocomposite film based on charged, high-aspect-ratio 1D flexible nanocellulose fibrils, and 2D Ti3 C2 Tx MXene is presented. The self-assembly process results in a stratified structure with the nanoparticles aligned in-plane, providing high ionotronic conductivity and mechanical strength, as well as large water uptake. In hydrogel form with 20 wt% liquid, the electrical conductivity is over 200 S cm-1 and the in-plane tensile strength is close to 100 MPa. This multifunctional performance results from the uniquely layered composite structure at nano- and mesoscales. A new type of electrical soft actuator is assembled where voltage as low as ±1 V resulted in osmotic effects and giant reversible out-of-plane swelling, reaching 85% strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lengwan Li
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Weiqian Tian
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, 266100, China
| | - Armin VahidMohammadi
- A.J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jowan Rostami
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Kyle Matthews
- A.J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Farsa Ram
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Pettersson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Tobias Benselfelt
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Yury Gogotsi
- A.J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Lars A Berglund
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Mahiar Max Hamedi
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
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18
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Seo MJ, Yoo JC. Dynamic Focusing (DF) Cone-Based Omnidirectional Fingertip Pressure Sensor with High Sensitivity in a Wide Pressure Range. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8450. [PMID: 37896544 PMCID: PMC10611043 DOI: 10.3390/s23208450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
It is essential to detect pressure from a robot's fingertip in every direction to ensure efficient and secure grasping of objects with diverse shapes. Nevertheless, creating a simple-designed sensor that offers cost-effective and omnidirectional pressure sensing poses substantial difficulties. This is because it often requires more intricate mechanical solutions than when designing non-omnidirectional pressure sensors of robot fingertips. This paper introduces an innovative pressure sensor for fingertips. It utilizes a uniquely designed dynamic focusing cone to visually detect pressure with omnidirectional sensitivity. This approach enables cost-effective measurement of pressure from all sides of the fingertip. The experimental findings demonstrate the great potential of the newly introduced sensor. Its implementation is both straightforward and uncomplicated, offering high sensitivity (0.07 mm/N) in all directions and a broad pressure sensing range (up to 40 N) for robot fingertips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moo-Jung Seo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Information and Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Chern Yoo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Information and Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
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19
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Chen M, Wan H, Hu Y, Zhao F, An X, Lu A. Rationally designed cellulose hydrogel for an ultrasensitive pressure sensor. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:4510-4520. [PMID: 37552531 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01051a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors with high sensitivity are required in fields such as human-machine interactions, electronic skin, and health tracking. In this work, we reported cellulose ion-conductive hydrogel (ICH) rationally designed from both nano and micron perspectives for ultrasensitive pressure sensors, via a zero-waste approach, without involving soft components. By introducing low molecular weight cellulose and using the idea of a rough surface, the piezocapacitive sensitivity of the ICH was increased from 0.04 kPa-1 to 89.81 kPa-1 in increments of 2245, which also has a high degree of transparency, excellent durability, and good electrical transmission. Moreover, the ICH demonstrated great potential as sensors and arrays practicable in various industries, including medical treatment and motion recognition. The design is also applicable for piezoresistive tactile sensors, which realize enhanced sensitivity. This affordable, effective, and environmentally friendly technology definitely offers novel perspectives and the potential to enhance the functionality of flexible pressure sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minzhang Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymer-based Medical Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Huixiong Wan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymer-based Medical Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Yang Hu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymer-based Medical Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Fengyan Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymer-based Medical Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Xiaoni An
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymer-based Medical Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Ang Lu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymer-based Medical Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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20
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Chowdhury AH, Jafarizadeh B, Baboukani AR, Pala N, Wang C. Monitoring and analysis of cardiovascular pulse waveforms using flexible capacitive and piezoresistive pressure sensors and machine learning perspective. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 237:115449. [PMID: 37356409 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The growing interest in flexible electronics for physiological monitoring, particularly using flexible pressure sensors for cardiovascular pulse waveforms monitoring, has potential applications in cuffless blood pressure measurement and early diagnosis of cardiovascular disease. High sensitivity, fast response time, good pressure resolution and a high signal-to-noise ratio are essential for effective pulse waveform detection. This review focuses on flexible capacitive and piezoresistive pressure sensors, which have seen significant enhancements due to their simple operation, superior performance, wide range of materials, and easy fabrication. The comparison of sensing methods for acquiring pulse waveforms from the wrist artery, device integration configurations, high-quality pulse waveforms collection, and performance analysis of capacitive and piezoresistive sensors are discussed. The review also covers the use of machine learning for analyzing pulse waveforms for cardiovascular disease diagnosis and cuff-less blood pressure monitoring. Lastly, it provides perspectives on current challenges and further advancements in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azmal Huda Chowdhury
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33174, USA
| | - Borzooye Jafarizadeh
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33174, USA
| | - Amin Rabiei Baboukani
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33174, USA
| | - Nezih Pala
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33174, USA
| | - Chunlei Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33174, USA.
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21
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Won D, Bang J, Choi SH, Pyun KR, Jeong S, Lee Y, Ko SH. Transparent Electronics for Wearable Electronics Application. Chem Rev 2023; 123:9982-10078. [PMID: 37542724 PMCID: PMC10452793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements in wearable electronics offer seamless integration with the human body for extracting various biophysical and biochemical information for real-time health monitoring, clinical diagnostics, and augmented reality. Enormous efforts have been dedicated to imparting stretchability/flexibility and softness to electronic devices through materials science and structural modifications that enable stable and comfortable integration of these devices with the curvilinear and soft human body. However, the optical properties of these devices are still in the early stages of consideration. By incorporating transparency, visual information from interfacing biological systems can be preserved and utilized for comprehensive clinical diagnosis with image analysis techniques. Additionally, transparency provides optical imperceptibility, alleviating reluctance to wear the device on exposed skin. This review discusses the recent advancement of transparent wearable electronics in a comprehensive way that includes materials, processing, devices, and applications. Materials for transparent wearable electronics are discussed regarding their characteristics, synthesis, and engineering strategies for property enhancements. We also examine bridging techniques for stable integration with the soft human body. Building blocks for wearable electronic systems, including sensors, energy devices, actuators, and displays, are discussed with their mechanisms and performances. Lastly, we summarize the potential applications and conclude with the remaining challenges and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeyeon Won
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Junhyuk Bang
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seok Hwan Choi
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kyung Rok Pyun
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seongmin Jeong
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Youngseok Lee
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Institute
of Engineering Research/Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design
(SNU-IAMD), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
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22
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Gao Y, Zhang H, Song B, Zhao C, Lu Q. Electric Double Layer Based Epidermal Electronics for Healthcare and Human-Machine Interface. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:787. [PMID: 37622873 PMCID: PMC10452760 DOI: 10.3390/bios13080787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal electronics, an emerging interdisciplinary field, is advancing the development of flexible devices that can seamlessly integrate with the skin. These devices, especially Electric Double Layer (EDL)-based sensors, overcome the limitations of conventional electronic devices, offering high sensitivity, rapid response, and excellent stability. Especially, Electric Double Layer (EDL)-based epidermal sensors show great potential in the application of wearable electronics to detect biological signals due to their high sensitivity, fast response, and excellent stability. The advantages can be attributed to the biocompatibility of the materials, the flexibility of the devices, and the large capacitance due to the EDL effect. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of EDL epidermal electronics as wearable sensors for health monitoring and wound healing. These devices can analyze various biofluids, offering real-time feedback on parameters like pH, temperature, glucose, lactate, and oxygen levels, which aids in accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. Beyond healthcare, we explore the role of EDL epidermal electronics in human-machine interaction, particularly their application in prosthetics and pressure-sensing robots. By mimicking the flexibility and sensitivity of human skin, these devices enhance the functionality and user experience of these systems. This review summarizes the latest advancements in EDL-based epidermal electronic devices, offering a perspective for future research in this rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- School of CHIPS, XJTLU Entrepreneur College (Taicang), Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Taicang Avenue, Taicang 215488, China; (Y.G.); (H.Z.); (B.S.)
| | - Hanchu Zhang
- School of CHIPS, XJTLU Entrepreneur College (Taicang), Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Taicang Avenue, Taicang 215488, China; (Y.G.); (H.Z.); (B.S.)
| | - Bowen Song
- School of CHIPS, XJTLU Entrepreneur College (Taicang), Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Taicang Avenue, Taicang 215488, China; (Y.G.); (H.Z.); (B.S.)
| | - Chun Zhao
- School of Advanced Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China;
| | - Qifeng Lu
- School of CHIPS, XJTLU Entrepreneur College (Taicang), Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Taicang Avenue, Taicang 215488, China; (Y.G.); (H.Z.); (B.S.)
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23
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Xie Y, Wu X, Huang X, Liang Q, Deng S, Wu Z, Yao Y, Lu L. A Deep Learning-Enabled Skin-Inspired Pressure Sensor for Complicated Recognition Tasks with Ultralong Life. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0157. [PMID: 37292515 PMCID: PMC10246885 DOI: 10.34133/research.0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Flexible full-textile pressure sensor is able to integrate with clothing directly, which has drawn extensive attention from scholars recently. But the realization of flexible full-textile pressure sensor with high sensitivity, wide detection range, and long working life remains challenge. Complex recognition tasks necessitate intricate sensor arrays that require extensive data processing and are susceptible to damage. The human skin is capable of interpreting tactile signals, such as sliding, by encoding pressure changes and performing complex perceptual tasks. Inspired by the skin, we have developed a simple dip-and-dry approach to fabricate a full-textile pressure sensor with signal transmission layers, protective layers, and sensing layers. The sensor achieves high sensitivity (2.16 kPa-1), ultrawide detection range (0 to 155.485 kPa), impressive mechanical stability of 1 million loading/unloading cycles without fatigue, and low material cost. The signal transmission layers that collect local signals enable real-world complicated task recognition through one single sensor. We developed an artificial Internet of Things system utilizing a single sensor, which successfully achieved high accuracy in 4 tasks, including handwriting digit recognition and human activity recognition. The results demonstrate that skin-inspired full-textile sensor paves a promising route toward the development of electronic textiles with important potential in real-world applications, including human-machine interaction and human activity detection.
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24
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Yang Z, Duan Q, Zang J, Zhao Y, Zheng W, Xiao R, Zhang Z, Hu L, Wu G, Nan X, Zhang Z, Xue C, Gao L. Boron nitride-enabled printing of a highly sensitive and flexible iontronic pressure sensing system for spatial mapping. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:68. [PMID: 37251710 PMCID: PMC10220000 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00543-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Recently, flexible iontronic pressure sensors (FIPSs) with higher sensitivities and wider sensing ranges than conventional capacitive sensors have been widely investigated. Due to the difficulty of fabricating the nanostructures that are commonly used on electrodes and ionic layers by screen printing techniques, strategies for fabricating such devices using these techniques to drive their mass production have rarely been reported. Herein, for the first time, we employed a 2-dimensional (2D) hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) as both an additive and an ionic liquid reservoir in an ionic film, making the sensor printable and significantly improving its sensitivity and sensing range through screen printing. The engineered sensor exhibited high sensitivity (Smin> 261.4 kPa-1) and a broad sensing range (0.05-450 kPa), and it was capable of stable operation at a high pressure (400 kPa) for more than 5000 cycles. In addition, the integrated sensor array system allowed accurate monitoring of wrist pressure and showed great potential for health care systems. We believe that using h-BN as an additive in an ionic material for screen-printed FIPS could greatly inspire research on 2D materials for similar systems and other types of sensors. Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) was employed for the first time to make iontronic pressure sensor arrays with high sensitivity and a broad sensing range by screen printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement Ministry of Education, North University of China, 030051 Taiyuan, China
| | - Qikai Duan
- School of Automation and Software Engineering, Shanxi University, 030006 Taiyuan, China
| | - Junbin Zang
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement Ministry of Education, North University of China, 030051 Taiyuan, China
| | - Yunlong Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, China
| | - Weihao Zheng
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, 710071 Xi’an, China
| | - Ran Xiao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 999077 Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement Ministry of Education, North University of China, 030051 Taiyuan, China
| | - Liangwei Hu
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, China
| | - Guirong Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, China
| | - Xueli Nan
- School of Automation and Software Engineering, Shanxi University, 030006 Taiyuan, China
| | - Zengxing Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, China
| | - Chenyang Xue
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement Ministry of Education, North University of China, 030051 Taiyuan, China
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, China
| | - Libo Gao
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, China
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25
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Zhao L, Liang C, Huang Y, Zhou G, Xiao Y, Ji N, Zhang YT, Zhao N. Emerging sensing and modeling technologies for wearable and cuffless blood pressure monitoring. NPJ Digit Med 2023; 6:93. [PMID: 37217650 DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00835-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading cause of death worldwide. For early diagnosis, intervention and management of CVDs, it is highly desirable to frequently monitor blood pressure (BP), a vital sign closely related to CVDs, during people's daily life, including sleep time. Towards this end, wearable and cuffless BP extraction methods have been extensively researched in recent years as part of the mobile healthcare initiative. This review focuses on the enabling technologies for wearable and cuffless BP monitoring platforms, covering both the emerging flexible sensor designs and BP extraction algorithms. Based on the signal type, the sensing devices are classified into electrical, optical, and mechanical sensors, and the state-of-the-art material choices, fabrication methods, and performances of each type of sensor are briefly reviewed. In the model part of the review, contemporary algorithmic BP estimation methods for beat-to-beat BP measurements and continuous BP waveform extraction are introduced. Mainstream approaches, such as pulse transit time-based analytical models and machine learning methods, are compared in terms of their input modalities, features, implementation algorithms, and performances. The review sheds light on the interdisciplinary research opportunities to combine the latest innovations in the sensor and signal processing research fields to achieve a new generation of cuffless BP measurement devices with improved wearability, reliability, and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong, China
| | - Cunman Liang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guodong Zhou
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yiqun Xiao
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong, China
| | - Nan Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuan-Ting Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong, China
| | - Ni Zhao
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong, China.
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26
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Kim KL, Cho SH, Lee JB, Kim G, Lee K, Lee SW, Kang HS, Park C, Ahn JH, Shim W, Bae I, Park C. Transparent and Flexible Graphene Pressure Sensor with Self-Assembled Topological Crystalline Ionic Gel. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:19319-19329. [PMID: 37022806 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates transparent and flexible capacitive pressure sensors using a high-k ionic gel composed of an insulating polymer (poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene-co-chlorofluoroethylene), P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)) blended with an ionic liquid (IL; 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide, [EMI][TFSA]). The thermal melt recrystallization of the P(VDF-TrFE-CFE):[EMI][TFSA] blend films develops the characteristic topological semicrystalline surface of the films, making them highly sensitive to pressure. Using optically transparent and mechanically flexible graphene electrodes, a novel pressure sensor is realized with the topological ionic gel. The sensor exhibits a sufficiently large air dielectric gap between graphene and the topological ionic gel, resulting in a large variation in capacitance before and after the application of various pressures owing to the pressure-sensitive reduction of the air gap. The developed graphene pressure sensor exhibits a high sensitivity of 10.14 kPa-1 at 20 kPa, rapid response times of <30 ms, and durable device operation with 4000 repeated ON/OFF cycles. Furthermore, broad-range detections from lightweight objects to human motion are successfully achieved, demonstrating that the developed pressure sensor with a self-assembled crystalline topology is potentially suitable for a variety of cost-effective wearable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Lib Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hwan Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Bok Lee
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwangmook Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuho Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sol Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanho Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Ahn
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooyoung Shim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Insung Bae
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Hannam University, Yuseong-daero 1646, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolmin Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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27
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Zhang M, Gu M, Shao L, Cheng G, Gao H, Sun B, Li S, Tang T, Li N, Yi Y, Wei D, Yang C, Wei D. Flexible Wearable Capacitive Sensors Based on Ionic Gel with Full-Pressure Ranges. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:15884-15892. [PMID: 36929869 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Flexible positive pressure sensors have been studied extensively and have been used in a lot of scenarios. However, negative pressure detection is also in demand in some scenarios, such as fluid mechanics analysis, air pressure sensing, and so on. Flexible wearable sensors that can detect both positive and negative pressures will greatly broaden the application field. In this paper, we report a flexible highly sensitive ionic gel (IG) pressure sensor, which is simple and of low cost to prepare and can reliably detect a large pressure range from -98 to 100 kPa under an atmospheric pressure of about 982 hPa. The IG dielectric layer is composed of polyvinyl alcohol and phosphoric acid with a random microstructure of sandpaper inversion. The sensor exhibits flexibility, cycling stability, and high sensitivity under both negative and positive pressures (S = 84.45 nF/kPa for the negative pressure section, S = 25.61 nF/kPa for the positive pressure section). These sensors could be worn on the body not only to test breathing and pulse but also to measure air pressure for estimating the altitude, showing that the flexible full-pressure sensors have a wider application range in wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqin Zhang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
- Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Mingxin Gu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Li Shao
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Guanyin Cheng
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
- Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Hailin Gao
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Bihao Sun
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Sen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Tian Tang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Nan Li
- Chongqing Institute of Graphene, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Yuanbang Yi
- Chongqing Institute of Graphene, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Dacheng Wei
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Ce Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Dapeng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
- Chongqing Institute of Graphene, Chongqing, 400714, China
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28
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Zhao X, Zhao S, Zhang X, Su Z. Recent progress in flexible pressure sensors based on multiple microstructures: from design to application. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:5111-5138. [PMID: 36852534 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06084a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors (FPSs) have been widely studied in the fields of wearable medical monitoring and human-machine interaction due to their high flexibility, light weight, sensitivity, and easy integration. To better meet these application requirements, key sensing properties such as sensitivity, linear sensing range, pressure detection limits, response/recovery time, and durability need to be effectively improved. Therefore, researchers have extensively and profoundly researched and innovated on the structure of sensors, and various microstructures have been designed and applied to effectively improve the sensing performance of sensors. Compared with single microstructures, multiple microstructures (MMSs) (including hierarchical, multi-layered and hybrid microstructures) can improve the sensing performance of sensors to a greater extent. This paper reviews the recent research progress in the design and application of FPSs with MMSs and systematically summarizes the types, sensing mechanisms, and preparation methods of MMSs. In addition, we summarize the applications of FPSs with MMSs in the fields of human motion detection, health monitoring, and human-computer interaction. Finally, we provide an outlook on the prospects and challenges for the development of FPSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China.
| | - Shujing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China.
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29
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Li J, Li J, Tang Y, Liu Z, Zhang Z, Wu H, Shen B, Su M, Liu M, Li F. Touchable Gustation via a Hoffmeister Gel Iontronic Sensor. ACS NANO 2023; 17:5129-5139. [PMID: 36876910 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A particular sense, touchable gustation, was achieved. We proposed a chemical-mechanical interface strategy with an iontronic sensor device. A conductive hydrogel, amino trimethylene phosphonic acid (ATMP) assisted poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), was employed as the dielectric layer of the gel iontronic sensor. The Hofmeister effect of the ATMP-PVA hydrogel was well investigated to establish the quantitative description of the gel elasticity modulus to chemical cosolvents. The mechanical properties of hydrogels can be transduced extensively and reversibly by regulating the aggregation state of polymer chains with hydrated ions or cosolvents. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of ATMP-PVA hydrogel microstructures stained with different soaked cosolvents present different networks. The information on different chemical components will be stored in the ATMP-PVA gels. The flexible gel iontronic sensor with a hierarchical pyramid structure performed high linear sensitivity of 3224.2 kPa-1 and wide pressure response in the range of 0-100 kPa. The finite element analysis proved the pressure distribution at the gel interface of the gel iontronic sensor and the capacitation-stress response relation. Various cations, anions, amino acids, and saccharides can be discriminated, classified, and quantified with the gel iontronic sensor. The Hofmeister effect regulated chemical-mechanical interface performs the response and conversion of biological/chemical signals into electrical output in real time. The particular function to tactile with gustation percept will contribute promising applications in the human-machine interaction, humanoid robot, clinic treatment, or athletic training optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Su Bingtian Center for Speed Research and Training, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jianliang Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Su Bingtian Center for Speed Research and Training, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yongtao Tang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Su Bingtian Center for Speed Research and Training, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Su Bingtian Center for Speed Research and Training, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zilu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Su Bingtian Center for Speed Research and Training, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Hao Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Su Bingtian Center for Speed Research and Training, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bin Shen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Su Bingtian Center for Speed Research and Training, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Meng Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mingjie Liu
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Fengyu Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Su Bingtian Center for Speed Research and Training, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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30
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Deng Z, Liu Y, Dai Z. Gel Electrolytes for Electrochemical Actuators and Sensors Applications. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201160. [PMID: 36537994 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Advanced functional materials, especially gel electrolytes, play a very important role in the preparation of electrochemical actuators and sensors, and have received extensive attention. In this review, a general classification of gel electrolytes is firstly introduced according to the type of medium. Then, the research progress of gel electrolytes with different types used to fabricate electrochemical actuators is summarized. Next, the current research progress of gel electrolytes used in different types of electrochemical sensors, including strain sensors, stress sensors, and gas sensors is introduced. Finally, the future challenges and development prospects of electrochemical actuators and sensors based on gel electrolytes are discussed. The huge application prospects of gel electrolyte are worthy of further focusing by researchers, which will have an indispensable impact on human life and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering at Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yaoda Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering at Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Zhengfei Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering at Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
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31
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Lei Z, Xu W, Zhang G. Bio-inspired ionic skins for smart medicine. SMART MEDICINE 2023; 2:e20220026. [PMID: 39188555 PMCID: PMC11235715 DOI: 10.1002/smmd.20220026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Ionic skins are developed to mimic the mechanical properties and functions of natural skins. They have demonstrated substantial advantages to serve as the crucial interface to bridge the gap between humans and machines. The first-generation ionic skin is a stretchable capacitor comprising hydrogels as the ionic conductors and elastomers as the dielectrics, and realizes pressure and strain sensing through the measurement of the capacitance. Subsequent advances have been made to improve the mechanical properties of ionic skins and import diverse functions. For example, ultrahigh stretchability, strong interfacial adhesion, self-healing, moisturizing ability, and various sensing capabilities have been achieved separately or simultaneously. Most ionic skins are attached to natural skins to monitor bio-electrical signals continuously. Ionic skins have also been found with significant potential to serve as a smart drug-containing reservoir, which can release drugs spatially, temporally, and in a controllable way. Herein, this review focuses on the design and fabrication of ionic skins, and their applications related to smart medicine. Moreover, challenges and opportunities are also discussed. It is hoped that the development of bio-inspired ionic skins will provide a paradigm shift for self-diagnosis and healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouyue Lei
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Wentao Xu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Guogao Zhang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
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32
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Wu S, Yang C, Hu J, Pan M, Qiu W, Guo Y, Sun K, Xu Y, Li P, Peng J, Zhang Q. Wide-Range Linear Iontronic Pressure Sensor with Two-Scale Random Microstructured Film for Underwater Detection. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:43923-43933. [PMID: 36506201 PMCID: PMC9730760 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A broad linear range of ionic flexible sensors (IFSs) with high sensitivity is vital to guarantee accurate pressure acquisition and simplify back-end circuits. However, the issue that sensitivity gradually decreases as the applied pressure increases hinders the linearity over the whole working range and limits its wide-ranging application. Herein, we design a two-scale random microstructure ionic gel film with rich porosity and a rough surface. It increases the buffer space during compression, enabling the stress deformation to be more uniform, which makes sure that the sensitivity maintains steady as the pressure loading. In addition, we develop electrodes with multilayer graphene produced by a roll-to-roll process, utilizing its large interlayer spacing and ion-accessible surface area. It benefits the migration and diffusion of ions inside the electrolyte, which increases the unit area capacitance and sensitivity, respectively. The IFS shows ultra-high linearity and a linear range (correlation coefficient ∼ 0.9931) over 0-1 MPa, an excellent sensitivity (∼12.8 kPa-1), a fast response and relaxation time (∼20 and ∼30 ms, respectively), a low detection limit (∼2.5 Pa), and outstanding mechanical stability. This work offers an available path to achieve wide-range linear response, which has potential applications for attaching to soft robots, followed with sensing slight disturbances induced by ships or submersibles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Wu
- College of Intelligent Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha410073, China
| | - Chengxiu Yang
- College of Intelligent Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha410073, China
| | - Jiafei Hu
- College of Intelligent Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha410073, China
| | - Mengchun Pan
- College of Intelligent Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha410073, China
| | - Weicheng Qiu
- College of Intelligent Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha410073, China
| | - Yanrui Guo
- College of Intelligent Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha410073, China
| | - Kun Sun
- College of Intelligent Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha410073, China
| | - Yujing Xu
- College of Intelligent Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha410073, China
| | - Peisen Li
- College of Intelligent Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha410073, China
| | - Junping Peng
- College of Intelligent Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha410073, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Intelligent Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha410073, China
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Song J, Lin X, Ee LY, Li SFY, Huang M. A Review on Electrospinning as Versatile Supports for Diverse Nanofibers and Their Applications in Environmental Sensing. ADVANCED FIBER MATERIALS 2022; 5:429-460. [PMID: 36530770 PMCID: PMC9734373 DOI: 10.1007/s42765-022-00237-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Rapid industrialization is accompanied by the deterioration of the natural environment. The deepening crisis associated with the ecological environment has garnered widespread attention toward strengthening environmental monitoring and protection. Environmental sensors are one of the key technologies for environmental monitoring, ultimately enabling environmental protection. In recent decades, micro/nanomaterials have been widely studied and applied in environmental sensing owing to their unique dimensional properties. Electrospinning has been developed and adopted as a facile, quick, and effective technology to produce continuous micro- and nanofiber materials. The technology has advanced rapidly and become one of the hotspots in the field of nanomaterials research. Environmental sensors made from electrospun nanofibers possess many advantages, such as having a porous structure and high specific surface area, which effectively improve their performance in environmental sensing. Furthermore, by introducing functional nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes, metal oxides, conjugated polymers, etc.) into electrospun fibers, synergistic effects between different materials can be utilized to improve the catalytic activity and sensitivity of the sensors. In this review, we aimed to outline the progress of research over the past decade on electrospinning nanofibers with different morphologies and functional characteristics in environmental sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Song
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - Xuanhao Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - Liang Ying Ee
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - Sam Fong Yau Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543 Singapore
- National University of Singapore Environmental Research Institute, T Lab Bldg, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411 Singapore
| | - Manhong Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620 People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620 People’s Republic of China
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Wang T, Zhao Y, Wang Q. A Flexible Iontronic Capacitive Sensing Array for Hand Gesture Recognition Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks. Soft Robot 2022. [DOI: 10.1089/soro.2021.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tiantong Wang
- Department of Advanced Manufacturing and Robotics, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Rehabilitation Engineering, Beijing, China
| | - Yunbiao Zhao
- Department of Advanced Manufacturing and Robotics, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Rehabilitation Engineering, Beijing, China
| | - Qining Wang
- Department of Advanced Manufacturing and Robotics, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Rehabilitation Engineering, Beijing, China
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for General Artificial Intelligence, Beijing, China
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Wei D, Guo J, Qiu Y, Liu S, Mao J, Liu Y, Chen Z, Wu H, Yin Z. Monitoring the delicate operations of surgical robots via ultra-sensitive ionic electronic skin. Natl Sci Rev 2022; 9:nwac227. [PMID: 36600986 PMCID: PMC9798889 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwac227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The arrival of surgical robots in high-end medical equipment is a landmark, and the realization of tactile sensation a major challenge in this important cutting-edge research field. Aiming to address this issue, we present ultra-sensitive ionic electronic skin in the form of flexible capacitive pressure sensors, which incorporate multistage bionic microstructures in ion gels for the purpose of monitoring the delicate operations of surgical robots. Significantly, the ionic skin exhibits an ultra-high sensitivity of 9484.3 kPa-1 (<15 kPa), and the sensitivity remains higher than 235 kPa-1 in the wide range of 15-155 kPa. The device has also achieved a detection limit as low as 0.12 Pa or, equivalently, 0.31 mg, fast response within 24 ms, and high robustness (loading/unloading for 5000 cycles without fatigue). The sensor facilitates the challenging task of tele-operated robotic threading, which exceeds the human tactile perception limit when threading a needle. We have also confirmed that ionic skin can be used in robot-assisted invasive surgery, such as incision/resection of tissues and suturing of wounds, providing tactile information to surgeons to improve operation success rates. The flexible ionic skin is capable of conforming to the various shapes of robotic manipulators, thus has great promise for applications in robotic dexterous manipulation, prosthetics and human-machine interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jiajie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuqi Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shaoyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jiangyan Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yutian Liu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhenbing Chen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
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Kim SW, Oh GY, Lee KI, Yang YJ, Ko JB, Kim YW, Hong YS. A Highly Sensitive and Flexible Capacitive Pressure Sensor Based on Alignment Airgap Dielectric. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7390. [PMID: 36236486 PMCID: PMC9571520 DOI: 10.3390/s22197390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Flexible capacitive pressure sensors with a simple structure and low power consumption are attracting attention, owing to their wide range of applications in wearable electronic devices. However, it is difficult to manufacture pressure sensors with high sensitivity, wide detection range, and low detection limits. We developed a highly sensitive and flexible capacitive pressure sensor based on the porous Ecoflex, which has an aligned airgap structure and can be manufactured by simply using a mold and a micro-needle. The existence of precisely aligned airgap structures significantly improved the sensor sensitivity compared to other dielectric structures without airgaps. The proposed capacitive pressure sensor with an alignment airgap structure supports a wide range of working pressures (20-100 kPa), quick response time (≈100 ms), high operational stability, and low-pressure detection limit (20 Pa). Moreover, we also studied the application of pulse wave monitoring in wearable sensors, exhibiting excellent performance in wearable devices that detect pulse waves before and after exercise. The proposed pressure sensor is applicable in electronic skin and wearable medical assistive devices owing to its excellent functional features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Wan Kim
- Sustainable Technology and Wellness R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Geum-Yoon Oh
- Sustainable Technology and Wellness R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Kang-In Lee
- Institute of Advanced Technology Development, Hyundai Motor Co., Seongnam 13529, Korea
| | - Young-Jin Yang
- Sustainable Technology and Wellness R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Jeong-Beom Ko
- Sustainable Technology and Wellness R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Young-Woo Kim
- Sustainable Technology and Wellness R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Young-Sun Hong
- Sustainable Technology and Wellness R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Jeju 63243, Korea
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Zhang X, Lu L, Wang W, Zhao N, He P, Liu J, Yang B. Flexible Pressure Sensors with Combined Spraying and Self-Diffusion of Carbon Nanotubes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:38409-38420. [PMID: 35950563 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
High-performance wearable sensors are required for applications in medical health and human-machine interaction, but their application has limited owing to the trade-off between sensitivity, pressure range, and durability. Herein, we propose the combined spraying and self-diffusion process of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to balance and improve these parameters with the CNTs spontaneously diffusing into the film surface before the film curing. The obtained sensor not only achieves high sensitivity (155.54 kPa-1) and ultrawide pressure detection range (0.1-500 kPa) but also exhibits exceptional durability (over 12,000 pressure cycles at a high pressure of 300 kPa). In addition, the sensor exhibits a fast response (25 ms), good stability, and full flexibility. This process is a general approach that may improve the performance of various types of thin film piezoresistive sensors. Besides, the fabricated sensors can be flexibly scaled into sensor arrays and communicate with smart devices to achieve wireless smart monitoring. At present, the sensor shows broad application prospects in the fields of intelligent medical health and motion sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lijun Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wenduo Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Peng He
- Science and Technology on Reactor System Design Technology Laboratory, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Jingquan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Bin Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Abstract
Iontronics focuses on the interactions between electrons and ions, playing essential roles in most processes across physics, chemistry and life science. Osmotic power source as an example of iontronics, could transform ion gradient into electrical energy, however, it generates low power, sensitive to humidity and can’t operate under freezing point. Herein, based on 2D nanofluidic graphene oxide material, we demonstrate an ultrathin (∼10 µm) osmotic power source with voltage of 1.5 V, volumetric specific energy density of 6 mWh cm−3 and power density of 28 mW cm−3, achieving the highest values so far. Coupled with triboelectric nanogenerator, it could form a self-charged conformable triboiontronic device. Furthermore, the 3D aerogel scales up areal power density up to 1.3 mW cm−2 purely from ion gradient based on nanoconfined enhancement from graphene oxide that can operate under −40 °C and overcome humidity limitations, enabling to power the future implantable electronics in human-machine interface. Osmotic power source based on 2D nanofluidic graphene oxide could overcome humidity and temperature limitations due to high areal power density purely from ion gradient. Here, authors couple it with triboelectric nanogenerator, and demonstrate a self-chargeable conformable tribo-iontronic device.
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Xiong Y, Han J, Wang Y, Wang ZL, Sun Q. Emerging Iontronic Sensing: Materials, Mechanisms, and Applications. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2022; 2022:9867378. [PMID: 36072274 PMCID: PMC9414182 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9867378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Iontronic sensors represent a novel class of soft electronics which not only replicate the biomimetic structures and perception functions of human skin but also simulate the mechanical sensing mechanism. Relying on the similar mechanism with skin perception, the iontronic sensors can achieve ion migration/redistribution in response to external stimuli, promising iontronic sensing to establish more intelligent sensing interface for human-robotic interaction. Here, a comprehensive review on advanced technologies and diversified applications for the exploitation of iontronic sensors toward ionic skins and artificial intelligence is provided. By virtue of the excellent stretchability, high transparency, ultrahigh sensitivity, and mechanical conformality, numerous attempts have been made to explore various novel ionic materials to fabricate iontronic sensors with skin-like perceptive properties, such as self-healing and multimodal sensing. Moreover, to achieve multifunctional artificial skins and intelligent devices, various mechanisms based on iontronics have been investigated to satisfy multiple functions and human interactive experiences. Benefiting from the unique material property, diverse sensing mechanisms, and elaborate device structure, iontronic sensors have demonstrated a variety of applications toward ionic skins and artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiong
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Han
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA 30332, USA
| | - Qijun Sun
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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40
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Ullah H, Wahab MA, Will G, Karim MR, Pan T, Gao M, Lai D, Lin Y, Miraz MH. Recent Advances in Stretchable and Wearable Capacitive Electrophysiological Sensors for Long-Term Health Monitoring. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12080630. [PMID: 36005025 PMCID: PMC9406032 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several years, wearable electrophysiological sensors with stretchability have received significant research attention because of their capability to continuously monitor electrophysiological signals from the human body with minimal body motion artifacts, long-term tracking, and comfort for real-time health monitoring. Among the four different sensors, i.e., piezoresistive, piezoelectric, iontronic, and capacitive, capacitive sensors are the most advantageous owing to their reusability, high durability, device sterilization ability, and minimum leakage currents between the electrode and the body to reduce the health risk arising from any short circuit. This review focuses on the development of wearable, flexible capacitive sensors for monitoring electrophysiological conditions, including the electrode materials and configuration, the sensing mechanisms, and the fabrication strategies. In addition, several design strategies of flexible/stretchable electrodes, body-to-electrode signal transduction, and measurements have been critically evaluated. We have also highlighted the gaps and opportunities needed for enhancing the suitability and practical applicability of wearable capacitive sensors. Finally, the potential applications, research challenges, and future research directions on stretchable and wearable capacitive sensors are outlined in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadaate Ullah
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Md A. Wahab
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, George St Brisbane, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Will
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, George St Brisbane, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Mohammad R. Karim
- Center of Excellence for Research in Engineering Materials (CEREM), Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
- K.A. CARE Energy Research and Innovation Center, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taisong Pan
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Min Gao
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Dakun Lai
- Biomedical Imaging and Electrophysiology Laboratory, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- Medico-Engineering Corporation on Applied Medicine Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Mahdi H. Miraz
- School of Computing and Data Science, Xiamen University Malaysia, Bandar Sunsuria, Sepang 43900, Malaysia
- School of Computing, Faculty of Arts, Science and Technology, Wrexham Glyndŵr University, Wrexham LL112AW, UK
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Nie Z, Kwak JW, Han M, Rogers JA. Mechanically Active Materials and Devices for Bio-Interfaced Pressure Sensors-A Review. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022:e2205609. [PMID: 35951770 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pressures generated by external forces or by internal body processes represent parameters of critical importance in diagnosing physiological health and in anticipating injuries. Examples span intracranial hypertension from traumatic brain injuries, high blood pressure from poor diet, pressure-induced skin ulcers from immobility, and edema from congestive heart failure. Pressures measured on the soft surfaces of vital organs or within internal cavities of the body can provide essential insights into patient status and progression. Challenges lie in the development of high-performance pressure sensors that can softly interface with biological tissues to enable safe monitoring for extended periods of time. This review focuses on recent advances in mechanically active materials and structural designs for classes of soft pressure sensors that have proven uses in these contexts. The discussions include applications of such sensors as implantable and wearable systems, with various unique capabilities in wireless continuous monitoring, minimally invasive deployment, natural degradation in biofluids, and/or multiplexed spatiotemporal mapping. A concluding section summarizes challenges and future opportunities for this growing field of materials and biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyi Nie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jean Won Kwak
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Mengdi Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - John A Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Neurological Surgery, Chemistry, and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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42
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Niu W, Liu X. Stretchable Ionic Conductors for Soft Electronics. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200512. [PMID: 35880907 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid development of soft electronics in the era of Internet of Everything (IoE), electrical conductors with stretchability, the indispensable components of soft electronics, have gained new opportunities and also faced increasing challenges. According to the principles of electrical conductivity, stretchable electrical conductors can be divided into electronic conductors and ionic conductors. Different from the stretchable electronic conductors derived from stretchable polymeric matrices integrated with electronically conductive fillers, stretchable ionic conductors are constructed by embedding mobile ions into the crosslinked polymer networks. Therefore, stretchable ionic conductors have received extensive attention and in-depth research in the past decade, thanks to their intrinsic stretchability and electrical conductivity. This review systematically summarizes the achievements on the different categories of stretchable ionic conductors (e.g., hydrogels, ionogels, and liquid-free ion-conductive elastomers), in terms of their design, fabrication, properties, and applications. The advantages and limitations of the different types of stretchable ionic conductors are discussed. Outlooks are also provided to envision the remaining challenges for the further development and practical applications of stretchable ionic conductors. It is expected to arouse inspirations for the design and fabrication of new and high-performance stretchable ionic conductors and advanced soft electronics for the IoE era. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xiaokong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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Improved Stretchable and Sensitive Fe Nanowire-Based Strain Sensor by Optimizing Areal Density of Nanowire Network. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154717. [PMID: 35897893 PMCID: PMC9331932 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexible strain sensors, when considering high sensitivity and a large strain range, have become a key requirement for current robotic applications. However, it is still a thorny issue to take both factors into consideration at the same time. Here, we report a sandwich-structured strain sensor based on Fe nanowires (Fe NWs) that has a high GF (37–53) while taking into account a large strain range (15–57.5%), low hysteresis (2.45%), stability, and low cost with an areal density of Fe NWs of 4.4 mg/cm2. Additionally, the relationship between the contact point of the conductive network, the output resistance, and the areal density of the sensing unit is analyzed. Microscopically, the contact points of the conductive network directly affect the sensor output resistance distribution, thereby affecting the gauge factor (GF) of the sensor. Macroscopically, the areal density and the output resistivity of the strain sensor have the opposite percolation theory, which affects its linearity performance. At the same time, there is a positive correlation between the areal density and the contact point: when the stretching amount is constant, it theoretically shows that the areal density affects the GF. When the areal density reaches this percolation threshold range, the sensing performance is the best. This will lay the foundation for rapid applications in wearable robots.
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Recent Progress in Flexible Pressure Sensor Arrays. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12142495. [PMID: 35889718 PMCID: PMC9319019 DOI: 10.3390/nano12142495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors that can maintain their pressure sensing ability with arbitrary deformation play an essential role in a wide range of applications, such as aerospace, prosthetics, robotics, healthcare, human–machine interfaces, and electronic skin. Flexible pressure sensors with diverse conversion principles and structural designs have been extensively studied. At present, with the development of 5G and the Internet of Things, there is a huge demand for flexible pressure sensor arrays with high resolution and sensitivity. Herein, we present a brief description of the present flexible pressure sensor arrays with different transduction mechanisms from design to fabrication. Next, we discuss the latest progress of flexible pressure sensor arrays for applications in human–machine interfaces, healthcare, and aerospace. These arrays can monitor the spatial pressure and map the trajectory with high resolution and rapid response beyond human perception. Finally, the outlook of the future and the existing problems of pressure sensor arrays are presented.
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45
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Lin X, Xue H, Li F, Mei H, Zhao H, Zhang T. All-Nanofibrous Ionic Capacitive Pressure Sensor for Wearable Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:31385-31395. [PMID: 35771761 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Currently, with the development of electronic skins (e-skins), wearable pressure sensors with low energy consumption and excellent wearability for long-term physiological signal monitoring are urgently desired but remain a challenge. Capacitive-type devices are desirable candidates for wearable applications, but traditional capacitive pressure sensors are limited by low capacitance and sensitivity. In this study, an all-nanofibrous ionic pressure sensor (IPS) is developed, and the formation of an electrical double layer at the electrode/electrolyte contact interface significantly enhances the capacitance and sensing properties. The IPS is fabricated by sandwiching a nanofibrous ionic gel sensing layer between two thermoplastic polyurethane nanofibrous membranes with graphene electrodes. The IPS has a high sensitivity of 217.5 kPa-1 in the pressure range of 0-5 kPa, which is much higher than that of conventional capacitive pressure sensors. Combined with the rapid response and recovery speed (30 and 60 ms), the IPS is suitable for real-time monitoring of multiple physiological signals. Moreover, the nanofiber network endows the IPS with excellent air permeability and heat dissipation, which guarantees comfort during long-term wearing. This work provides a viable strategy to improve the wearability of wearable sensors, which can promote healthcare and human-machine interaction applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hua Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Fan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Haixia Mei
- College of Electronic Information Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Hongran Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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Babu VJ, Anusha M, Sireesha M, Sundarrajan S, Abdul Haroon Rashid SSA, Kumar AS, Ramakrishna S. Intelligent Nanomaterials for Wearable and Stretchable Strain Sensor Applications: The Science behind Diverse Mechanisms, Fabrication Methods, and Real-Time Healthcare. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:2219. [PMID: 35683893 PMCID: PMC9182624 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It has become a scientific obligation to unveil the underlying mechanisms and the fabrication methods behind wearable/stretchable strain sensors based on intelligent nanomaterials in order to explore their possible potential in the field of biomedical and healthcare applications. This report is based on an extensive literature survey of fabrication of stretchable strain sensors (SSS) based on nanomaterials in the fields of healthcare, sports, and entertainment. Although the evolution of wearable strain sensors (WSS) is rapidly progressing, it is still at a prototype phase and various challenges need to be addressed in the future in special regard to their fabrication protocols. The biocalamity of COVID-19 has brought a drastic change in humans' lifestyles and has negatively affected nations in all capacities. Social distancing has become a mandatory rule to practice in common places where humans interact with each other as a basic need. As social distancing cannot be ruled out as a measure to stop the spread of COVID-19 virus, wearable sensors could play a significant role in technologically impacting people's consciousness. This review article meticulously describes the role of wearable and strain sensors in achieving such objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veluru Jagadeesh Babu
- NUS Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore; (M.S.); (S.S.A.A.H.R.); (S.R.)
| | - Merum Anusha
- Department of Pharmacology, S V Medical College, Dr NTR University of Health Sciences, Vijayawada 517501, India;
| | - Merum Sireesha
- NUS Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore; (M.S.); (S.S.A.A.H.R.); (S.R.)
| | - Subramanian Sundarrajan
- NUS Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore; (M.S.); (S.S.A.A.H.R.); (S.R.)
| | - Syed Sulthan Alaudeen Abdul Haroon Rashid
- NUS Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore; (M.S.); (S.S.A.A.H.R.); (S.R.)
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - A. Senthil Kumar
- Advanced Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore;
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- NUS Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore; (M.S.); (S.S.A.A.H.R.); (S.R.)
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Su T, Liu N, Lei D, Wang L, Ren Z, Zhang Q, Su J, Zhang Z, Gao Y. Flexible MXene/Bacterial Cellulose Film Sound Detector Based on Piezoresistive Sensing Mechanism. ACS NANO 2022; 16:8461-8471. [PMID: 35504043 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c03155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors have aroused extensive attention in health monitoring, human-computer interaction, soft robotics, and more, as a staple member of wearable electronics. However, a majority of traditional research focuses solely on foundational mechanical sensing tests and ordinary human-motion monitoring, ignoring its other applications in daily life. In this work, a paper-based pressure sensor is prepared by using MXene/bacterial cellulose film with three-dimensional isolation layer structure, and its sensing capability as a wearable sound detector has also been studied. The as-prepared device exhibits great comprehensive mechanical sensing performance as well as accurate detection of human physiological signals. As a sound detector, not only can it recognize different voice signals and sound attributes by monitoring movement of throat muscles, but also it will distinguish a variety of natural sounds through air pressure waves caused by sound transmission (also called sound waves), like the eardrum. Besides, it plays an important role in sound visualization technology because of the ability for capturing and presenting music signals. Moreover, millimeter-scale thickness, lightweight, and degradable raw materials make the sensor convenient and easy to carry, meeting requirements of environmental protection as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuoyi Su
- Center for Nanoscale Characterization & Devices (CNCD), School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Nishuang Liu
- Center for Nanoscale Characterization & Devices (CNCD), School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Dandan Lei
- Center for Nanoscale Characterization & Devices (CNCD), School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Luoxin Wang
- Center for Nanoscale Characterization & Devices (CNCD), School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ziqi Ren
- Center for Nanoscale Characterization & Devices (CNCD), School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- Center for Nanoscale Characterization & Devices (CNCD), School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jun Su
- Center for Nanoscale Characterization & Devices (CNCD), School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Center for Nanoscale Characterization & Devices (CNCD), School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yihua Gao
- Center for Nanoscale Characterization & Devices (CNCD), School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
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48
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Wearable Near-Field Communication Sensors for Healthcare: Materials, Fabrication and Application. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13050784. [PMID: 35630251 PMCID: PMC9146494 DOI: 10.3390/mi13050784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The wearable device industry is on the rise, with technology applications ranging from wireless communication technologies to the Internet of Things. However, most of the wearable sensors currently on the market are expensive, rigid and bulky, leading to poor data accuracy and uncomfortable wearing experiences. Near-field communication sensors are low-cost, easy-to-manufacture wireless communication technologies that are widely used in many fields, especially in the field of wearable electronic devices. The integration of wireless communication devices and sensors exhibits tremendous potential for these wearable applications by endowing sensors with new features of wireless signal transferring and conferring radio frequency identification or near-field communication devices with a sensing function. Likewise, the development of new materials and intensive research promotes the next generation of ultra-light and soft wearable devices for healthcare. This review begins with an introduction to the different components of near-field communication, with particular emphasis on the antenna design part of near-field communication. We summarize recent advances in different wearable areas of near-field communication sensors, including structural design, material selection, and the state of the art of scenario-based development. The challenges and opportunities relating to wearable near-field communication sensors for healthcare are also discussed.
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Li M, Huang GW, Li N, Liu Y, Qu CB, Huang Y. Flexible Cotton Fiber-Based Composite Films with Excellent Bending Stability and Conductivity at Cryogenic Temperature. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:21486-21496. [PMID: 35471828 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The commonly used metal thin film or resin-based flexible composites cannot meet the requirement of cryogenic flexible conductive functional devices, which may be used in space exploration, biomedicine, and other science and technology fields facing a very low temperature environment, because of their poor fatigue and anti-bending properties at cryogenic temperature. In this work, a composite based on functionalized cotton fibers is proposed to achieve the application requirement of flexible electrical systems at cryogenic temperature. A conductive composite film with optimized strength and flexibility was obtained by controlling the size distribution of cotton fibers and adjusting the interaction force among the cotton fibers. The obtained composite film could endure over 10,000 times of bending at 77 K (-196 °C), with the resistance changing less than ±5%, indicating its excellent mechanical flexibility and electrical stability at cryogenic temperature. Finally, a demonstration was successfully conducted by applying the composite film as a flexible electrical connection to a robot arm, which worked at 77 K. This work might be a reference significance for the application of flexible conductors from room temperature to cryogenic temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gui-Wen Huang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Na Li
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Bing Qu
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yong Huang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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50
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Zou P, Wang Y, Cai H, Peng T, Pan T, Li R, Fan Y. Wearable Iontronic FMG for Classification of Muscular Locomotion. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2022; 26:2854-2863. [PMID: 35536817 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2022.3173968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human motion recognition with high accuracy, fast response speed has long been considered an essential component in human-machine interactive activities such as assistive robotics, medical prosthesis, and wearable electronics. This study proposed a novel human lower limb locomotion classification strategy based on flexible supercapacitive iontronic sensors. Benefiting from the ultrahigh sensitivity (up to 1 nF/mmHg) and low activation pressure (less than 3 mmHg) of the supercapacitive iontronic pressure sensor, force myography (FMG) signal was acquired more accurately from 5 iontronic sensors strapped to the thigh (5 percentage point improvement compared with force sensitive resistor (FSR) in low window length). In the experiment with 12 subjects, the real-time classification strategy based on sliding window and SVM model gave an average locomotion classification accuracy of 99% for seven categories, including sitting, standing, walking on level ground, ramp ascent, ramp descent, stair ascent, stair descent. Compared with traditional FSR sensors, the result showed that iontronic sensors improved the classification accuracy by 5 percentage points in the case of short time window. The implementation of the high sensitivity flexible iontronic sensors in the wearable system brings a valuable tool for detecting small human body pressure signals and has great potential to improve the performance of the human-machine interface in rehabilitation and medical applications.
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