1
|
He ZJ, Huang B, Cai LH. Bottlebrush Polyethylene Glycol Nanocarriers Translocate across Human Airway Epithelium via Molecular Architecture-Enhanced Endocytosis. ACS NANO 2024; 18:17586-17599. [PMID: 38932624 PMCID: PMC11238595 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Pulmonary drug delivery is critical for the treatment of respiratory diseases. However, the human airway surface presents multiple barriers to efficient drug delivery. Here, we report a bottlebrush poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-BB) nanocarrier that can translocate across all barriers within the human airway surface. Guided by a molecular theory, we design a PEG-BB molecule consisting of a linear backbone densely grafted by many (∼1000) low molecular weight (∼1000 g/mol) polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains; this results in a highly anisotropic, wormlike nanocarrier featuring a contour length of ∼250 nm, a cross-section of ∼20 nm, and a hydrodynamic diameter of ∼40 nm. Using the classic air-liquid-interface culture system to recapitulate essential biological features of the human airway surface, we show that PEG-BB rapidly penetrates through endogenous airway mucus and periciliary brush layer (mesh size of 20-40 nm) to be internalized by cells across the whole epithelium. By quantifying the cellular uptake of polymeric carriers of various molecular architectures and manipulating cell proliferation and endocytosis pathways, we show that the translocation of PEG-BB across the epithelium is driven by bottlebrush architecture-enhanced endocytosis. Our results demonstrate that large, wormlike bottlebrush PEG polymers, if properly designed, can be used as a carrier for pulmonary and mucosal drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jian He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Baiqiang Huang
- Soft Biomatter Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Li-Heng Cai
- Soft Biomatter Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ohnsorg ML, Mash KM, Khang A, Rao VV, Kirkpatrick BE, Bera K, Anseth KS. Nonlinear Elastic Bottlebrush Polymer Hydrogels Modulate Actomyosin Mediated Protrusion Formation in Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2403198. [PMID: 38655776 PMCID: PMC11239315 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The nonlinear elasticity of many tissue-specific extracellular matrices is difficult to recapitulate without the use of fibrous architectures, which couple strain-stiffening with stress relaxation. Herein, bottlebrush polymers are synthesized and crosslinked to form poly(ethylene glycol)-based hydrogels and used to study how strain-stiffening behavior affects human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs). By tailoring the bottlebrush polymer length, the critical stress associated with the onset of network stiffening is systematically varied, and a unique protrusion-rich hMSC morphology emerges only at critical stresses within a biologically accessible stress regime. Local cell-matrix interactions are quantified using 3D traction force microscopy and small molecule inhibitors are used to identify cellular machinery that plays a critical role in hMSC mechanosensing of the engineered, strain-stiffening microenvironment. Collectively, this study demonstrates how covalently crosslinked bottlebrush polymer hydrogels can recapitulate strain-stiffening biomechanical cues at biologically relevant stresses and be used to probe how nonlinear elastic matrix properties regulate cellular processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica L. Ohnsorg
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80308, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80308, USA
| | - Kayla M. Mash
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80308, USA
| | - Alex Khang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80308, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80308, USA
| | - Varsha V. Rao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80308, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80308, USA
| | - Bruce E. Kirkpatrick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80308, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80308, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kaustav Bera
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80308, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80308, USA
| | - Kristi S. Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80308, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80308, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Douglas JF, Horkay F. Influence of swelling on the elasticity of polymer networks cross-linked in the melt state: Test of the localization model of rubber elasticity. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:224903. [PMID: 38856072 PMCID: PMC11305141 DOI: 10.1063/5.0212901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The elasticity of polymer networks, formed by cross-linking high molecular mass polymers in the melt state and then swollen by a solvent, involves contributions from both the presence of cross-link network junctions and the interchain interactions associated with the combined effect of excluded volume interactions and topological constraints that become modified when the network is swollen. We test the capacity of the previously developed localization model of rubber elasticity, a mean field "tube model," to describe changes in elasticity observed in classical experimental studies of the mechanical properties of this type of network. In order to obtain a satisfactory comparison to the experiments, it was found to be necessary to account for the independently observed tendency of the network junctions to become localized in the network with appreciable swelling, as well as the interchain interactions emphasized in previous discussions of the localization model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack F. Douglas
- Material Measurement Laboratory, Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Ferenc Horkay
- Section on Quantitative Imaging and Tissue Sciences, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bichler KJ, Jakobi B, Klapproth A, Mole RA, Schneider GJ. Position-Dependent Segmental Relaxation in Bottlebrush Polymers. Macromolecules 2024; 57:4729-4736. [PMID: 38827960 PMCID: PMC11140752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.4c00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Segmental dynamics of specifically labeled poly(propylene oxide), PPO, based bottlebrush polymers, PNB-g-PPO, were studied using quasi-elastic neutron scattering. The focus was set to different parts of the side chains to investigate the hypothetical gradual relaxation behavior within the side chains of a bottlebrush polymer. Different sections of the side chains were highlighted for QENS via sequential polymerization of protonated and deuterated monomers to allow the study of the relaxation behavior of the inner and outer parts of the side chain separately. A comparison of these two parts reveals a slowdown due to the grafting process happening across the different regions. This is seen for the segmental relaxation time as well as on the time-dependent mean-square displacement. Additionally, the non-Gaussian parameter, α, shows a decreasing difference from Gaussian behavior with the distance to the backbone. Altogether, this leads to the conclusion that gradual relaxation behavior exists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin J. Bichler
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Bruno Jakobi
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Alice Klapproth
- Australian
Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights 2234, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard A. Mole
- Australian
Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights 2234, NSW, Australia
| | - Gerald J. Schneider
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, Louisiana State
University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Clarke BR, Witt CL, Ilton M, Crosby AJ, Watkins JJ, Tew GN. Bottlebrush Networks: A Primer for Advanced Architectures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318220. [PMID: 38588310 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Bottlebrush networks (BBNs) are an exciting new class of materials with interesting physical properties derived from their unique architecture. While great strides have been made in our fundamental understanding of bottlebrush polymers and networks, an interdisciplinary approach is necessary for the field to accelerate advancements. This review aims to act as a primer to BBN chemistry and physics for both new and current members of the community. In addition to providing an overview of contemporary BBN synthetic methods, we developed a workflow and desktop application (LengthScale), enabling bottlebrush physics to be more approachable. We conclude by addressing several topical issues and asking a series of pointed questions to stimulate conversation within the community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon R Clarke
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003, United States
| | - Connor L Witt
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003, United States
| | - Mark Ilton
- Department of Physics, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA 91711, United States
| | - Alfred J Crosby
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003, United States
| | - James J Watkins
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003, United States
| | - Gregory N Tew
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang A, Yang H, Liu C, Yang J, Yao Y, Zhang W, Pan R, Zhuo Y, Ding J, Hu R, Xue M, Chen P, Gong Y. Icephobic Durability of Molecular Brush-Structured PDMS Soft Coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38619108 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The accumulation of ice can pose numerous inconveniences and potential hazards, profoundly affecting both human productivity and daily life. To combat the challenges posed by icing, extensive research efforts have been dedicated to the development of low-ice adhesion surfaces. In this study, we harness the power of molecular dynamics simulations to delve into the intricate dynamics of polymer chains and their role in determining the modulus of the material. We present a novel strategy to prepare ultralow-modulus poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) elastomers with a molecular brush configuration as icephobic materials. The process involves grafting monohydride-terminated PDMS (H-PDMS) as side chains onto backbone chain PDMS with pendant vinyl functional groups to yield a molecular brush structure. The segments of this polymer structure effectively restrict interchain entanglement, thereby rendering a lower modulus compared to traditional linear structures at an equivalent cross-linking density. The developed soft coating exhibits a remarkably ultralow ice adhesion strength of 13.1 ± 1.1 kPa. Even after enduring 50 cycles of icing and deicing, the ice adhesion strength of this coating steadfastly stayed below 16 kPa, showing no notable increase. Importantly, the molecular brush coating applied to glass demonstrated an impressive light transmittance of 92.1% within the visible light spectrum, surpassing the transmittance of bare glass, which was measured at 91.3%. This icephobic coating with exceptional light transmittance offers a wide range of applications and holds significant potential as a practical icephobic material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Awang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Jihua Yang
- Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunle Yao
- Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Pan
- Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yizhi Zhuo
- Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Ding
- Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Hu
- Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Xue
- Guangdong Banggu Film Coatings Innovation Academy Co., Ltd, Nanxiong 512400, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Gong
- Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kim M, Nian S, Rau DA, Huang B, Zhu J, Freychet G, Zhernenkov M, Cai LH. 3D Printable Modular Soft Elastomers from Physically Cross-linked Homogeneous Associative Polymers. ACS POLYMERS AU 2024; 4:98-108. [PMID: 38618003 PMCID: PMC11010250 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.3c00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing of elastomers enables the fabrication of many technologically important structures and devices. However, there remains a critical need for the development of reprocessable, solvent-free, soft elastomers that can be printed without the need for post-treatment. Herein, we report modular soft elastomers suitable for direct ink writing (DIW) printing by physically cross-linking associative polymers with a high fraction of reversible bonds. We designed and synthesized linear-associative-linear (LAL) triblock copolymers; the middle block is an associative polymer carrying amide groups that form double hydrogen bonding, and the end blocks aggregate to hard glassy domains that effectively act as physical cross-links. The amide groups do not aggregate to nanoscale clusters and only slow down polymer dynamics without changing the shape of the linear viscoelastic spectra; this enables molecular control over energy dissipation by varying the fraction of the associative groups. Increasing the volume fraction of the end linear blocks increases the network stiffness by more than 100 times without significantly compromising the extensibility. We created elastomers with Young's moduli ranging from 8 kPa to 8 MPa while maintaining the tensile breaking strain around 150%. Using a high-temperature DIW printing platform, we transformed our elastomers to complex, highly deformable 3D structures without involving any solvent or post-print processing. Our elastomers represent the softest melt reprocessable materials for DIW printing. The developed LAL polymers synergize emerging homogeneous associative polymers with a high fraction of reversible bonds and classical block copolymer self-assembly to form a dual-cross-linked network, providing a versatile platform for the modular design and development of soft melt reprocessable elastomeric materials for practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myoeum Kim
- Soft
Biomatter Laboratory, Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Shifeng Nian
- Soft
Biomatter Laboratory, Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Daniel A. Rau
- Soft
Biomatter Laboratory, Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Baiqiang Huang
- Soft
Biomatter Laboratory, Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Jinchang Zhu
- Soft
Biomatter Laboratory, Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Guillaume Freychet
- National
Synchrotron Light Source-II, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Mikhail Zhernenkov
- National
Synchrotron Light Source-II, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Li-Heng Cai
- Soft
Biomatter Laboratory, Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
He ZJ, Chu C, Dickson R, Okuda K, Cai LH. A gel-coated air-liquid-interface culture system with tunable substrate stiffness matching healthy and diseased lung tissues. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2024; 326:L292-L302. [PMID: 38252871 PMCID: PMC11280679 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00153.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Since its invention in the late 1980s, the air-liquid-interface (ALI) culture system has been the standard in vitro model for studying human airway biology and pulmonary diseases. However, in a conventional ALI system, cells are cultured on a porous plastic membrane that is much stiffer than human airway tissues. Here, we develop a gel-ALI culture system by simply coating the plastic membrane with a thin layer of hydrogel with tunable stiffness matching that of healthy and fibrotic airway tissues. We determine the optimum gel thickness that does not impair the transport of nutrients and biomolecules essential to cell growth. We show that the gel-ALI system allows human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) to proliferate and differentiate into pseudostratified epithelium. Furthermore, we discover that HBECs migrate significantly faster on hydrogel substrates with stiffness matching that of fibrotic lung tissues, highlighting the importance of mechanical cues in human airway remodeling. The developed gel-ALI system provides a facile approach to studying the effects of mechanical cues in human airway biology and in modeling pulmonary diseases.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In a conventional ALI system, cells are cultured on a plastic membrane that is much stiffer than human airway tissues. We develop a gel-ALI system by coating the plastic membrane with a thin layer of hydrogel with tunable stiffness matching that of healthy and fibrotic airway tissues. We discover that human bronchial epithelial cells migrate significantly faster on hydrogel substrates with pathological stiffness, highlighting the importance of mechanical cues in human airway remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jian He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Catherine Chu
- Soft Biomatter Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Riley Dickson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Kenichi Okuda
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Li-Heng Cai
- Soft Biomatter Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
He ZJ, Huang B, Cai LH. Bottlebrush polyethylene glycol nanocarriers translocate across human airway epithelium via molecular architecture enhanced endocytosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.15.580508. [PMID: 38405944 PMCID: PMC10888750 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.15.580508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Pulmonary drug delivery is critical to the treatment of respiratory diseases. However, the human airway surface presents multiscale barriers to efficient drug delivery. Here we report a bottlebrush polyethylene glycol (PEG-BB) nanocarrier that can translocate across all barriers within the human airway surface. Guided by the molecular theory, we design a PEG-BB molecule consisting of a linear backbone densely grafted by many (∼1,000) low molecular weight (∼1000 g/mol) PEG chains; this results in a highly anisotropic, wormlike nanocarrier featuring a contour length of ∼250 nm, a cross-section of ∼20 nm, and a hydrodynamic diameter of ∼40 nm. Using the classic air-liquid-interface culture system to recapitulate essential biological features of the human airway surface, we show that PEG-BB rapidly penetrates through endogenous airway mucus and periciliary brush layer (mesh size of 20-40 nm) to be internalized by cells across the whole epithelium. By quantifying the cellular uptake of polymeric carriers of various molecular architectures and manipulating cell proliferation and endocytosis pathways, we show that the translocation of PEG-BB across the epithelium is driven by bottlebrush architecture enhanced endocytosis. Our results demonstrate that large, wormlike bottlebrush PEG polymers, if properly designed, can be used as a novel carrier for pulmonary and mucosal drug delivery. Table of Contents
Collapse
|
10
|
Ajvazi E, Bauer F, Strasser P, Brüggemann O, Preuer R, Kracalik M, Hild S, Abbasi M, Graz I, Teasdale I. Inorganic Bottlebrush and Comb Polymers as a Platform for Supersoft, Solvent-Free Elastomers. ACS POLYMERS AU 2024; 4:56-65. [PMID: 38371734 PMCID: PMC10870749 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.3c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Due to their unique rheological and mechanical properties, bottlebrush polymers are inimitable components of biological and synthetic systems such as cartilage and ultrasoft elastomers. However, while their rheological properties can be precisely controlled through their macromolecular structures, the current chemical spectrum available is limited to a handful of synthetic polymers with aliphatic carbon backbones. Herein we design and synthesize a series of inorganic bottlebrush polymers based on a unique combination of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polyphosphazene (PPz) chemistry. This non-carbon-based platform allows for simple variation of the significant architectural dimensions of bottlebrush-polymer-based elastomers. Grafting PDMS to PPz and vice versa also allows us to further exploit the unique properties of these polymers combined in a single material. These novel hybrid bottlebrush polymers were cured to give supersoft, solvent-free elastomers. We systematically studied the effect of architectural parameters and chemical functionality on their rheological properties. Besides forming supersoft elastomers, the energy dissipation characteristics of the elastomers were observed to be considerably higher than those for PDMS-based elastomers. Hence this work introduces a robust synthetic platform for solvent-free supersoft elastomers with potential applications as biomimetic damping materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edip Ajvazi
- Institute
of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenberger Straße
69, 4040 Linz, Austria
- Christian
Doppler Laboratory for Soft Structures for Vibration Isolation and
Impact Protection (ADAPT), School of Education, STEM Education, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Felix Bauer
- Institute
of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenberger Straße
69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Paul Strasser
- Institute
of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenberger Straße
69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute
of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenberger Straße
69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Rene Preuer
- Christian
Doppler Laboratory for Soft Structures for Vibration Isolation and
Impact Protection (ADAPT), School of Education, STEM Education, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Milan Kracalik
- Institute
of Polymer Science, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Sabine Hild
- Institute
of Polymer Science, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Mahdi Abbasi
- Borealis
Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, St.-Peter-Straße 25, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | - Ingrid Graz
- Christian
Doppler Laboratory for Soft Structures for Vibration Isolation and
Impact Protection (ADAPT), School of Education, STEM Education, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute
of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenberger Straße
69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
He Q, Qin M, Zhang H, Yue J, Peng L, Liu G, Feng Y, Feng W. Patterned liquid metal embedded in brush-shaped polymers for dynamic thermal management. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:531-544. [PMID: 37982197 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01498c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Interface thermal resistance has become a crucial barrier to effective thermal management in high-performance electronics and sensors. The growing complexity of operational conditions, such as irregular and dynamic surfaces, demands thermal interface materials (TIMs) to possess high thermal conductivity and soft elasticity. However, developing materials that simultaneously combine soft elasticity and high thermal conductivity remains a challenging task. Herein, we utilize a vertically oriented graphene aerogel (VGA) and rationally design liquid metal (LM) networks to achieve directional and adjustable pathways within the composite. Subsequently, we leverage the advantages of the low elastic modulus and high deformation capabilities of brush-shaped polydimethylsiloxane (BPDMS), together with the bicontinuous thermal conduction path constructed by VGA and LM networks. Ultimately, the designed composite of patterned liquid metal/vertically oriented graphene aerogel/brush-shaped PDMS (LM-VGA/BPDMS) shows a high thermal conductivity (7.11 W m-1 K-1), an ultra-low elastic modulus (10.13 kPa), excellent resilience, and a low interface thermal resistance (14.1 K mm2 W-1). This LM-VGA/BPDMS soft composite showcases a stable heat dissipation capability at dynamically changing interfaces, as well as excellent adaptability to different irregular surfaces. This strategy holds important application prospects in the fields of interface thermal management and thermal sensing in extremely complex environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingxia He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Mengmeng Qin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Heng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Junwei Yue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Lianqiang Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Gejun Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Yiyu Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Puozzo H, Saiev S, Bonnaud L, Beljonne D, Lazzaroni R. Integrating Benzoxazine-PDMS 3D Networks with Carbon Nanotubes for flexible Pressure Sensors. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202301791. [PMID: 37937983 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Shapeable and flexible pressure sensors with superior mechanical and electrical properties are of major interest as they can be employed in a wide range of applications. In this regard, elastomer-based composites incorporating carbon nanomaterials in the insulating matrix embody an appealing solution for designing flexible pressure sensors with specific properties. In this study, PDMS chains of different molecular weight were successfully functionalized with benzoxazine moieties in order to thermally cure them without adding a second component, nor a catalyst or an initiator. These precursors were then blended with 1 weight percent of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) using an ultrasound probe, which induced a transition from a liquid-like to a gel-like behavior as CNTs generate an interconnected network within the matrix. After curing, the resulting nanocomposites exhibit mechanical and electrical properties making them highly promising materials for pressure-sensing applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Puozzo
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons (UMONS), 20 Place du Parc, B-7000, Mons, Belgium
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials & Polymers (CIRMAP), Materia Nova Research Center, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons (UMONS), 20 Place du Parc, B-7000, Mons, Belgium) E-mail: s
| | - Shamil Saiev
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons (UMONS), 20 Place du Parc, B-7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Leïla Bonnaud
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials & Polymers (CIRMAP), Materia Nova Research Center, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons (UMONS), 20 Place du Parc, B-7000, Mons, Belgium) E-mail: s
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons (UMONS), 20 Place du Parc, B-7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Roberto Lazzaroni
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons (UMONS), 20 Place du Parc, B-7000, Mons, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hartquist CM, Lin S, Zhang JH, Wang S, Rubinstein M, Zhao X. An elastomer with ultrahigh strain-induced crystallization. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj0411. [PMID: 38091402 PMCID: PMC10848725 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj0411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Strain-induced crystallization (SIC) prevalently strengthens, toughens, and enables an elastocaloric effect in elastomers. However, the crystallinity induced by mechanical stretching in common elastomers (e.g., natural rubber) is typically below 20%, and the stretchability plateaus due to trapped entanglements. We report a class of elastomers formed by end-linking and then deswelling star polymers with low defects and no trapped entanglements, which achieve strain-induced crystallinity of up to 50%. The deswollen end-linked star elastomer (DELSE) reaches an ultrahigh stretchability of 12.4 to 33.3, scaling beyond the saturated limit of common elastomers. The DELSE also exhibits a high fracture energy of 4.2 to 4.5 kJ m-2 while maintaining low hysteresis. The heightened SIC and stretchability synergistically promote a high elastocaloric effect with an adiabatic temperature change of 9.3°C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chase M. Hartquist
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shaoting Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James H. Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael Rubinstein
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, and Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Xuanhe Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lan X, Boetje L, Pelras T, Ye C, Silvianti F, Loos K. Lipoic acid-based vitrimer-like elastomer. Polym Chem 2023; 14:5014-5020. [PMID: 38013676 PMCID: PMC10644234 DOI: 10.1039/d3py00883e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic covalent networks (DCNs) are materials that feature reversible bond formation and breaking, allowing for self-healing and recyclability. To speed up the bond exchange, significant amounts of catalyst are used, which creates safety concerns. To tackle this issue, we report the synthesis of a lipoic acid-based vitrimer-like elastomer (LAVE) by combining (i) ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of lactones, (ii) lipoic acid modification of polylactones, and (iii) UV crosslinking. The melting temperature (Tm) of LAVE is below room temperature, which ensures the elastic properties of LAVE at service temperature. By carefully altering the network, it is possible to tune the Tm, as well as the mechanical strength and stretchability of the material. An increase in polylactone chain length in LAVE was found to increase strain at break from 25% to 180% and stress at break from 0.34 to 1.41 MPa. The material showed excellent network stability under cyclic strain loading, with no apparent hysteresis. The introduction of disulfide bonds allows the material to self-heal under UV exposure, extending its shelf life. Overall, this work presents an environmentally friendly approach for producing a sustainable elastomer that has potential for use in applications such as intelligent robots, smart wearable technology, and human-machine interfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Lan
- Macromolecular Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Laura Boetje
- Macromolecular Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Théophile Pelras
- Macromolecular Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Chongnan Ye
- Macromolecular Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Fitrilia Silvianti
- Macromolecular Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Katja Loos
- Macromolecular Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Okayama Y, Eom T, Czuczola M, Abdilla A, Blankenship JR, Albanese KR, de Alaniz JR, Bates CM, Hawker CJ. Heterotelechelic Silicones: Facile Synthesis and Functionalization Using Silane-Based Initiators. Macromolecules 2023; 56:8806-8812. [PMID: 38024157 PMCID: PMC10653272 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c01802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The synthetic utility of heterotelechelic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) derivatives is limited due to challenges in preparing materials with high chain-end fidelity. In this study, anionic ring-opening polymerization (AROP) of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3) monomers using a specifically designed silyl hydride (Si-H)-based initiator provides a versatile approach toward a library of heterotelechelic PDMS polymers. A novel initiator, where the Si-H terminal group is connected to a C atom (H-Si-C) and not an O atom (H-Si-O) as in traditional systems, suppresses intermolecular transfer of the Si-H group, leading to heterotelechelic PDMS derivatives with a high degree of control over chain ends. In situ termination of the D3 propagating chain end with commercially available chlorosilanes (alkyl chlorides, methacrylates, and norbornenes) yields an array of chain-end-functionalized PDMS derivatives. This diversity can be further increased by hydrosilylation with functionalized alkenes (alcohols, esters, and epoxides) to generate a library of heterotelechelic PDMS polymers. Due to the living nature of ring-opening polymerization and efficient initiation, narrow-dispersity (Đ < 1.2) polymers spanning a wide range of molar masses (2-11 kg mol-1) were synthesized. With facile access to α-Si-H and ω-norbornene functionalized PDMS macromonomers (H-PDMS-Nb), the synthesis of well-defined supersoft (G' = 30 kPa) PDMS bottlebrush networks, which are difficult to prepare using established strategies, was demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Okayama
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Taejun Eom
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Michael Czuczola
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Allison Abdilla
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Jacob R. Blankenship
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Kaitlin R. Albanese
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Christopher M. Bates
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials
Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials
Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
VanDonselaar KR, Bellido-Aguilar DA, Safaripour M, Kim H, Watkins JJ, Crosby AJ, Webster DC, Croll AB. Silicone elastomers and the Persson-Brener adhesion model. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:184708. [PMID: 37955325 DOI: 10.1063/5.0172415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Many modern anti-icing and anti-fouling coatings rely on soft, low surface energy elastomeric materials such as polydimethylsiloxane for their functionality. While the low surface energy is desirable for reducing adhesion, very little work considers the larger contribution to adhesive failure caused by the viscoelastic nature of elastomers. Here we examine several different siloxane elastomers using a JKR adhesion test, which was operated over a range of different speeds and temperatures. Additionally, we characterize the dynamic mechanical modulus over a large range of frequencies for each material. We note that surface energies of the materials are all similar, but variation in adhesion strength is clear in the data. The variation at low speeds is related to elastomer architecture but the speed dependence itself is independent of architecture. Qualitative correlations are noted between the JKR adhesion measurements and the dynamic moduli. Finally, an attempt is made to directly compare moduli and adhesion through the recent Persson-Brener model. Approximations of the model are shown to be inaccurate. The full model is found to be accurate at low speeds, although it fails to precisely capture higher speed behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt R VanDonselaar
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, USA
| | - Daniel A Bellido-Aguilar
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, USA
| | - Maryam Safaripour
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, USA
| | - Hyemin Kim
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, USA
| | - James J Watkins
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, USA
| | - Alfred J Crosby
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, USA
| | - Dean C Webster
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, USA
| | - Andrew B Croll
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, USA
- Materials and Nanotechnology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Asadi V, Dolleman R, van der Gucht J, Kodger TE. 3D printable soft and solvent-free thermoplastic elastomer containing dangling bottlebrush chains. MATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 4:5535-5545. [PMID: 38013845 PMCID: PMC10642180 DOI: 10.1039/d3ma00335c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Polymer networks containing bottlebrush chains are emerging materials with exceptionally soft and highly tunable mechanical properties. However, such materials have not been extensively implemented in functional processing techniques such as three-dimensional (3D) printing. Here, we introduce a new design of soft and solvent-free polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based thermoplastic elastomer which contains dangling and space-filling bottlebrush chains, featuring a yield stress and a rapid recovery after stress removal; both required for high spatial fidelity 3D printing. The developed material is composed of two copolymers; the main building block is a diblock copolymer with linear polystyrene (PS) block and bottlebrush PDMS block (PS-b-bbPDMS) while the second component is PS-b-PDMS-b-PS triblock, self-assembling to a physical network. This design provides independent tunability of each structural parameter on the molecular level, hence, macroscopic control of the materials' mechanical properties. Multiple self-supportive 3D structures with spanning elements are 3D printed at elevated temperatures using a developed material with a low shear modulus of G' = 3.3 kPa containing 3 : 1 molar ratio of diblock to triblock copolymers without the need for volatile solvent, or post-treatment. This 3D printing compatible design opens new opportunities to utilize the distinctive mechanical properties of bottlebrush materials for applications such as soft tissue scaffolds, sensors, actuators, and soft robots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Asadi
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research Stippeneng 4 6708 WE Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Renee Dolleman
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research Stippeneng 4 6708 WE Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Jasper van der Gucht
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research Stippeneng 4 6708 WE Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Thomas E Kodger
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research Stippeneng 4 6708 WE Wageningen The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tang L, Lei Z, Wu Y, Chen J, Jiao W. SIS-Based Electrostatic Spinning High-Safety Lithium-Ion Battery Separators. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:13459-13465. [PMID: 37705208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
As an important component, the properties of separators directly affect the capacity, life, and safety performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The high thermal stability and safety application value of the thermoplastic elastomer poly(styrene-b-isoprene-b-styrene) block copolymer (SIS) with different block ratios were explored to enhance the thermal stability and mechanical strength of the cross-linked polyacrylonitrile (PAN) membranes by vulcanization cross-linking and heat treatment. Among these membranes, the sample named the S/PAN/SIS-4019 separator was confirmed to be a self-closing separator that can cope with the thermal runaway, attributing to the continued fusion of the SIS soft and hard segments in the cross-linked structure under high-temperature heat treatment. Moreover, the tensile strength of S/PAN/SIS-4019 separator increased to 17.49 MPa, which was better than that of Celgard 2400, PAN, and other inlay separators. Using S/PAN/SIS-4019 as a battery separator, lithium-ion batteries showed a superior electrochemical performance compared to the usage of Celgard 2400. Owing to the stable pore structure and thermally protected self-shutdown mechanism, the overall properties of the obtained cross-linked separator were improved in terms of higher thermal stability, high ionic conductivity, and electrochemical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liping Tang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, 643000 Zigong, Sichuan, P. R. China
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory for Corrosion and Protection of Material, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, 643000 Zigong, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Lei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, 643000 Zigong, Sichuan, P. R. China
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory for Corrosion and Protection of Material, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, 643000 Zigong, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Yankang Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, 643000 Zigong, Sichuan, P. R. China
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory for Corrosion and Protection of Material, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, 643000 Zigong, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, 643000 Zigong, Sichuan, P. R. China
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory for Corrosion and Protection of Material, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, 643000 Zigong, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Wei Jiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, 643000 Zigong, Sichuan, P. R. China
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory for Corrosion and Protection of Material, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, 643000 Zigong, Sichuan, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Haque Chowdhury MA, Tasnim N, Hossain M, Habib A. Flexible, stretchable, and single-molecule-sensitive SERS-active sensor for wearable biosensing applications. RSC Adv 2023; 13:20787-20798. [PMID: 37441043 PMCID: PMC10334262 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03050d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of wearable sensors for remote patient monitoring and personalized medicine has led to a revolution in biomedical technology. Plasmonic metasurfaces that enhance Raman scattering signals have recently gained attention as wearable sensors. However, finding a flexible, sensitive, and easy-to-fabricate metasurface has been a challenge for decades. In this paper, a novel wearable device, the flexible, stretchable, and single-molecule-sensetive SERS-active sensor, is proposed. This device offers an unprecedented SERS enhancement factor in the order of 1011, along with other long-desired characteristics for SERS applications such as a high scattering to absorption ratio (∼2.5) and a large hotspot volume (40 nm × 40 nm × 5 nm). To achieve flexibility, we use polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as the substrate, which is stable, transparent, and biologically compatible. Our numerical calculations show that the proposed sensor offers reliable SERS performance even under bending (up to 100° angles) or stretching (up to 50% stretch). The easy-to-fabricate and flexible nature of our sensor offers a promising avenue for developing highly sensitive wearable sensors for a range of applications, particularly in the field of personalized medicine and remote patient monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nishat Tasnim
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Dhaka Dhaka-1000 Bangladesh
| | - Mainul Hossain
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Dhaka Dhaka-1000 Bangladesh
| | - Ahsan Habib
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Dhaka Dhaka-1000 Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Xiong H, Yue T, Wu Q, Zhang L, Xie Z, Liu J, Zhang L, Wu J. Self-healing bottlebrush polymer networks enabled via a side-chain interlocking design. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:2128-2138. [PMID: 36946355 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00274h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Exploring novel healing mechanisms is a constant impetus for the development of self-healing materials. Herein, we find that side-chain interlocking of bottlebrush polymers can form a dynamic network and thereby serve as a driving force for the self-healing process of the materials. Molecular dynamics simulation indicates that the interlocking is formed by the interpenetration between the long side chains of adjacent molecules and stabilized by van der Waals interactions and molecular entanglements of side chains. The interlocking can be tailored by changing the length and density of the side chains through atom transfer radical polymerization. As a result, the optimized bottlebrush polymer shows a healing efficiency of up to 100%. Unlike chemical interactions, side-chain interlocking eliminates the introduction of specific chemical groups. Therefore, bottlebrush polymers can even self-heal under harsh aqueous conditions, including acid and alkali solutions. Moreover, the highly dynamic side-chain interlocking enables bottlebrush polymers to efficiently dissipate vibration energy, and thus they can be used as damping materials. Collectively, side-chain interlocking expands the scope of physical interactions in self-healing materials and hews out a versatile way for polymers to accomplish self-healing capability in various environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065, P. R. China.
| | - Tongkui Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Interdisciplinary Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029, P. R. China.
| | - Qi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065, P. R. China.
| | - Linjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065, P. R. China.
| | - Zhengtian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Interdisciplinary Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029, P. R. China.
| | - Liqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Interdisciplinary Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029, P. R. China.
| | - Jinrong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang Z, Wang Y, Su Y, Xing Q, Müller AJ. Strain controlled shear hardening behavior in suspensions of alumina spheres in a polydimethylsiloxane oligomer matrix. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.6033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zefan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen China
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Science Shenzhen China
| | - Yu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Yunlan Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Qian Xing
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Alejandro J. Müller
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Donostia‐San Sebastián Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science Bilbao Spain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Xu P, Wang S, Lin A, Min HK, Zhou Z, Dou W, Sun Y, Huang X, Tran H, Liu X. Conductive and elastic bottlebrush elastomers for ultrasoft electronics. Nat Commun 2023; 14:623. [PMID: 36739447 PMCID: PMC9899285 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36214-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding biological systems and mimicking their functions require electronic tools that can interact with biological tissues with matched softness. These tools involve biointerfacing materials that should concurrently match the softness of biological tissue and exhibit suitable electrical conductivities for recording and reading bioelectronic signals. However, commonly employed intrinsically soft and stretchable materials usually contain solvents that limit stability for long-term use or possess low electronic conductivity. To date, an ultrasoft (i.e., Young's modulus <30 kPa), conductive, and solvent-free elastomer does not exist. Additionally, integrating such ultrasoft and conductive materials into electronic devices is poorly explored. This article reports a solvent-free, ultrasoft and conductive PDMS bottlebrush elastomer (BBE) composite with single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as conductive fillers. The conductive SWCNT/BBE with a filler concentration of 0.4 - 0.6 wt% reveals an ultralow Young's modulus (<11 kPa) and satisfactory conductivity (>2 S/m) as well as adhesion property. Furthermore, we fabricate ultrasoft electronics based on laser cutting and 3D printing of conductive and non-conductive BBEs and demonstrate their potential applications in wearable sensing, soft robotics, and electrophysiological recording.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Shaojia Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Angela Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Hyun-Kee Min
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Zhanfeng Zhou
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Wenkun Dou
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Xi Huang
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Helen Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada.
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada.
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Nian S, Huang B, Freychet G, Zhernenkov M, Cai LH. Unexpected Folding of Bottlebrush Polymers in Melts. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Nian
- Soft Biomatter Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia22904, United States
| | - Baiqiang Huang
- Soft Biomatter Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia22904, United States
| | - Guillaume Freychet
- National Synchrotron Light Source-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York11973, United States
| | - Mikhail Zhernenkov
- National Synchrotron Light Source-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York11973, United States
| | - Li-Heng Cai
- Soft Biomatter Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia22904, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia22904, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia22904, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lan X, Li W, Ye C, Boetje L, Pelras T, Silvianti F, Chen Q, Pei Y, Loos K. Scalable and Degradable Dextrin-Based Elastomers for Wearable Touch Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:4398-4407. [PMID: 36514844 PMCID: PMC9880951 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Elastomer-based wearables can improve people's lives; however, frictional wear caused by manipulation may pose significant concerns regarding their durability and sustainability. To address the aforementioned issue, a new class of advanced scalable supersoft elastic transparent material (ASSETm) is reported, which offers a unique combination of scalability (20 g scale), stretchability (up to 235%), and enzymatic degradability (up to 65% in 30 days). The key feature of our design is to render native dextrin hydrophobic, which turns it into a macroinitiator for bulk ring-opening polymerization. Based on ASSETm, a self-powered touch sensor (ASSETm-TS) for touch sensing and non-contact approaching detection, possessing excellent electrical potential (up to 65 V) and rapid response time (60 ms), is fabricated. This work is a step toward developing sustainable soft electronic systems, and ASSETm's tunability enables further improvement of electrical outputs, enhancing human-interactive applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Lan
- Macromolecular
Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced
Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen9747AG, The
Netherlands
| | - Wenjian Li
- Advanced
Production Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen9747AG, The Netherlands
| | - Chongnan Ye
- Macromolecular
Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced
Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen9747AG, The
Netherlands
| | - Laura Boetje
- Macromolecular
Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced
Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen9747AG, The
Netherlands
| | - Théophile Pelras
- Macromolecular
Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced
Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen9747AG, The
Netherlands
| | - Fitrilia Silvianti
- Macromolecular
Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced
Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen9747AG, The
Netherlands
| | - Qi Chen
- Macromolecular
Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced
Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen9747AG, The
Netherlands
| | - Yutao Pei
- Advanced
Production Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen9747AG, The Netherlands
| | - Katja Loos
- Macromolecular
Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced
Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen9747AG, The
Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zuo J, Shen Y, Wang L, Yang Q, Cao Z, Song H, Ye Z, Zhang S. Flexible Electrochemical Sensor Constructed Using an Active Copper Center Instead of Unstable Molybdenum Carbide for Simultaneous Detection of Toxic Catechol and Hydroquinone. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
26
|
Kamble YL, Walsh DJ, Guironnet D. Precision of Architecture-Controlled Bottlebrush Polymer Synthesis: A Monte Carlo Analysis. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yash Laxman Kamble
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Dylan J. Walsh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Damien Guironnet
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Michels L, Bronkhorst J, Kasteel M, de Jong D, Albada B, Ketelaar T, Govers F, Sprakel J. Molecular sensors reveal the mechano-chemical response of Phytophthora infestans walls and membranes to mechanical and chemical stress. Cell Surf 2022; 8:100071. [PMID: 35059532 PMCID: PMC8760408 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2021.100071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans, causal agent of late blight in potato and tomato, remains challenging to control. Unravelling its biomechanics of host invasion, and its response to mechanical and chemical stress, could provide new handles to combat this devastating pathogen. Here we introduce two fluorescent molecular sensors, CWP-BDP and NR12S, that reveal the micromechanical response of the cell wall-plasma membrane continuum in P. infestans during invasive growth and upon chemical treatment. When visualized by live-cell imaging, CWP-BDP reports changes in cell wall (CW) porosity while NR12S reports variations in chemical polarity and lipid order in the plasma membrane (PM). During invasive growth, mechanical interactions between the pathogen and a surface reveal clear and localized changes in the structure of the CW. Moreover, the molecular sensors can reveal the effect of chemical treatment to CW and/or PM, thereby revealing the site-of-action of crop protection agents. This mechano-chemical imaging strategy resolves, non-invasively and with high spatio-temporal resolution, how the CW-PM continuum adapts and responds to abiotic stress, and provides information on the dynamics and location of cellular stress responses for which, to date, no other methods are available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Michels
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jochem Bronkhorst
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michiel Kasteel
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Djanick de Jong
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bauke Albada
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tijs Ketelaar
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joris Sprakel
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Preparation of degradable bio-based silicone/epoxy hybrid resins towards low dielectric composites. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
29
|
Clarke BR, Kim H, Ilton M, Watkins JJ, Crosby AJ, Tew GN. The Impact of Polymerization Chemistry on the Mechanical Properties of Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Bottlebrush Elastomers. Macromolecules 2022. [PMID: 37502106 PMCID: PMC10373355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We compare the low-strain mechanical properties of bottlebrush elastomers (BBEs) synthesized using ring-opening metathesis and free radical polymerization. Through comparison of experimentally measured elastic moduli and those predicted by an ideal, affine model, we evaluate the efficiency of our networks in forming stress-supporting strands. This comparison allowed us to develop a structural efficiency ratio that facilitates the prediction of mechanical properties relative to polymerization chemistry (e.g., softer BBEs when polymerizing under dilute conditions). This work highlights the impact that polymerization chemistry has on the structural efficiency ratio and the resultant mechanical properties of BBEs with identical side chains, providing another "knob" by which to control polymer network properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon R. Clarke
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Hyemin Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Mark Ilton
- Department of Physics, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - James J. Watkins
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Alfred J. Crosby
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Gregory N. Tew
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Jang J, Choi C, Kim KW, Okayama Y, Lee JH, Read de Alaniz J, Bates CM, Kim JK. Triboelectric Nanogenerators: Enhancing Performance by Increasing the Charge-Generating Layer Compressibility. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:1291-1297. [DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junho Jang
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Hybrid Nano Materials by High-level Architectural Design of Block Copolymer, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chungryong Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61 Daehak-ro, Gumi, Gyeongbuk39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon-Woo Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Hybrid Nano Materials by High-level Architectural Design of Block Copolymer, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang37673, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Ju Hyun Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Hybrid Nano Materials by High-level Architectural Design of Block Copolymer, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang37673, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Jin Kon Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Hybrid Nano Materials by High-level Architectural Design of Block Copolymer, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang37673, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bian P, McCarthy TJ. Hemisilicone Elastomers That Are Recyclable to the Monomer. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:1245-1251. [PMID: 36227579 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Methyl-, vinyl-, and hydride-terminated polymers of the heterocyclic monomer, 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-2,5-disila-1-oxacyclopentane (c-M2E) were prepared by sulfuric acid-catalyzed, ring-opening equilibration with the end-capping agents hexamethyldisiloxane (MM), divinyltetramethyldisiloxane (MVMV), and tetramethyldisiloxane (MHMH), respectively. The molecular weights of the polymers were controlled by adjusting the ratio of monomer to end-capping agent. All of these polymers are oils and exhibit molecular weight-dependent viscosities that are qualitatively similar to those of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based analogs prepared by the same reaction using octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) instead of c-M2E. Vinyl end-capped polymers with a range of molecular weights were cross-linked by platinum-catalyzed hydrosilylation with tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (DH4) to prepare a series of transparent solid elastomers with moduli that increase with decreasing molecular weight. These studies suggest that reactive polymers prepared from c-M2E may be useful resins in two-part curable elastomer formulations. Several experiments, as well as the over 60-year-old initial synthesis of this polymer, suggest that the recyclability of these resins and elastomers may be practical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Bian
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Thomas J McCarthy
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lu H, Chen R, He MW, Liu H, Xue YH. A possible strategy for generating polymer chains with an entanglement-free structure. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:6888-6898. [PMID: 36043893 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00897a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We propose a possible strategy that may experimentally generate long polymeric chains with an entanglement-free structure. The basic idea is designing the conditions to restrict polymer chains from growing along the surface with an obviously concave curvature. This strategy is proved to effectively reduce the chance of forming both inter- and intra-molecular entanglements, which is quite similar to the self-avoiding random walking of chains on a two dimensional plane. We believe that this kind of chain growth strategy may supply a kind of possible explanation on the formation of the entanglement-free structure of chromosomes, which also have tremendously large molecular weight. Besides, this study also guides experimentalists on synthesizing specific entanglement-free functional polymeric or biological materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lu
- Information Science School, Guangdong University of Finance and Economics, Guangzhou 510320, China.
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ran Chen
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, China
| | - Min-Wei He
- Information Science School, Guangdong University of Finance and Economics, Guangzhou 510320, China.
| | - Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yao-Hong Xue
- Information Science School, Guangdong University of Finance and Economics, Guangzhou 510320, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Nian S, Cai LH. Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Self-Assembled Bottlebrush Polymer Networks. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Nian
- Soft Biomatter Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Li-Heng Cai
- Soft Biomatter Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Fang Y, Xia J. Highly Stretchable, Soft, and Clear Viscoelastic Film with Good Recoverability for Flexible Display. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:38398-38408. [PMID: 35947040 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c11141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The advancement of flexible electronic devices has prompted new material development for the display application. For flexible display, a suitable clear viscoelastic film (CVF) is essential to bond different layers in a display stack in order to improve the visualization and durability during the repeated folding process. However, it is challenging to integrate different properties in the CVF by overcoming many contradictory requirements, such as low modulus/glass transition temperature (Tg) and high adhesion or high recoverability and good stress-relaxation. In this work, a CVF was prepared using an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) with bimodal chain length distribution, and it exhibited several favorable properties. The bimodal elastomer was composed of short-chain polyurethane (PU) and long-chain polyacrylate. The long-chain polyacrylate network provided a large amount of entanglement that conferred stretchability, adhesion, and stress-relaxation, whereas the short PU chain network acted as an entropy spring and contributed mostly to the recoverability. The experimental data suggested the presence of a hydrogen-bonding interaction and interlocked polymer chains between the two networks. When the components of the IPN are adjusted, the CVF can simultaneously achieve good stress-relaxation, high strain recovery at large strain (1000%), high toughness, clarity, and adhesion. Moreover, the CVF displayed low glass transition temperature (-57 °C) and low storage modulus (20 to 30 kPa at room temperature). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report using the IPN concept to prepare a CVF with well-balanced properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Fang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jianhui Xia
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kim AR, Mitra SK, Zhao B. Capillary pressure mediated long-term dynamics of thin soft films. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 628:788-797. [PMID: 36029593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The conventional solid-solid contact is well studied in the literature. However, a number of practical applications, such as adhesive patches and biomimetic surfaces, require a much deeper understanding of soft contact where there is a distinct time-dependent adhesion behavior due to the dual-phase structure (solids and liquids). To understand this, currently existing solid-solid contact behavior is extrapolated to soft contact, wherein the size-effect of the gel film and the preload are typically neglected. When introducing the finite-size effect and preload, gels could experience distinctive long-term contact dynamics in contact with another material. EXPERIMENTS We reconstruct the evolving surface profile of the gel films intercalated between a glass sphere and glass slide using dual wavelength-reflection interference contrast microscopy. The macro-sized glass sphere compresses the gel. The indentation depth is comparable to the gel film thickness, wherein the conventional contact theories are inapplicable. FINDINGS The gel surface experiences two deformation stages. The natural preload and elastic force develop the contact area in the early state. In the later state, the viscous free molecules of the gel develop the ridge. We discover that the residual surface stress relaxes over 85 hr. Our findings on the long-term gel deformation provide a new perspective on soft adhesion, from developing soft adhesives to understanding biological tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A-Reum Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Sushanta K Mitra
- Department of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Boxin Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Asadi V, Li X, Ruggeri FS, Zuilhof H, van der Gucht J, Kodger TE. Synthesis of well-defined linear-bottlebrush-linear triblock copolymer towards architecturally-tunable soft materials. Polym Chem 2022; 13:4666-4674. [PMID: 36092984 PMCID: PMC9379773 DOI: 10.1039/d2py00841f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Linear-bottlebrush-linear (LBBL) triblock copolymers are emerging systems for topologically-tunable elastic materials. In this paper, a new synthetic methodology is presented to synthesize LBBL polystyrene-block-bottlebrushpolydimethylsiloxane-block-polystyrene (PS-b-bbPDMS-b-PS) triblock copolymer via the "grafting onto" approach where the precursors are individually synthesized through living anionic polymerization and selective coupling reaction. In this two-step approach, polystyrene-block-polymethylvinylsiloxane (PS-b-PMVS) diblock copolymer with a low dispersity couples with another living PS block to form PS-b-PMVS-b-PS triblock copolymer. Secondly, this is followed by grafting of separately prepared monohydride-terminated PDMS chains with controllable grafting density through a hydrosilylation reaction. In addition to fully tunable architectural parameters, this approach permits a quantitative determination of the ratio of diblock and triblock bottlebrush copolymers and consistency between batches, highlighting the feasibility for scaled-up production. These LBBL triblock copolymers self-assemble into soft, low-modulus thermoplastic elastomers, and the precise knowledge of the composition is crucial for correlating microstructure to mechanical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Asadi
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research Stippeneng 4 6708 WE Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Xuecong Li
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research Stippeneng 4 6708 WE Wageningen The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research Stippeneng 4 6708 WE Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Simone Ruggeri
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research Stippeneng 4 6708 WE Wageningen The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research Stippeneng 4 6708 WE Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research Stippeneng 4 6708 WE Wageningen The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University 21589 Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Jasper van der Gucht
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research Stippeneng 4 6708 WE Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Thomas E Kodger
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research Stippeneng 4 6708 WE Wageningen The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Beebe JM, Ahn D, Eldred DV, Fielitz AJ, Heyl TR, Lee M, Mangold S, Pearce EZ, Reinhardt CW, Roggenbuck C, Scherzer JM, Shull KR, Silvaroli AJ, Tan YJ, Wang M. Photocured Simultaneous and Sequential PDMS/PMMA Interpenetrating Polymer Networks. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M. Beebe
- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48686, United States
| | - Dongchan Ahn
- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48686, United States
| | - Donald V. Eldred
- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48686, United States
| | | | - Tyler R. Heyl
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Myoungbae Lee
- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48686, United States
| | - Shane Mangold
- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48686, United States
| | - Eric Z. Pearce
- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48686, United States
| | | | | | | | - Kenneth R. Shull
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anthony J. Silvaroli
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yu-Jing Tan
- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48686, United States
| | - Muzhou Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Cazacu M, Dascalu M, Stiubianu GT, Bele A, Tugui C, Racles C. From passive to emerging smart silicones. REV CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2021-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Amassing remarkable properties, silicones are practically indispensable in our everyday life. In most classic applications, they play a passive role in that they cover, seal, insulate, lubricate, water-proof, weather-proof etc. However, silicone science and engineering are highly innovative, seeking to develop new compounds and materials that meet market demands. Thus, the unusual properties of silicones, coupled with chemical group functionalization, has allowed silicones to gradually evolve from passive materials to active ones, meeting the concept of “smart materials”, which are able to respond to external stimuli. In such cases, the intrinsic properties of polysiloxanes are augmented by various chemical modifications aiming to attach reactive or functional groups, and/or by engineering through proper cross-linking pattern or loading with suitable fillers (ceramic, magnetic, highly dielectric or electrically conductive materials, biologically active, etc.), to add new capabilities and develop high value materials. The literature and own data reflecting the state-of-the art in the field of smart silicones, such as thermoplasticity, self-healing ability, surface activity, electromechanical activity and magnetostriction, thermo-, photo-, and piezoresponsivity are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cazacu
- Department of Inorganic Polymers , “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41A , 700487 Iasi , Romania
| | - Mihaela Dascalu
- Department of Inorganic Polymers , “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41A , 700487 Iasi , Romania
| | - George-Theodor Stiubianu
- Department of Inorganic Polymers , “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41A , 700487 Iasi , Romania
| | - Adrian Bele
- Department of Inorganic Polymers , “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41A , 700487 Iasi , Romania
| | - Codrin Tugui
- Department of Inorganic Polymers , “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41A , 700487 Iasi , Romania
| | - Carmen Racles
- Department of Inorganic Polymers , “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41A , 700487 Iasi , Romania
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wang J, O'Connor TC, Grest GS, Ge T. Superstretchable Elastomer from Cross-linked Ring Polymers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:237801. [PMID: 35749195 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.237801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The stretchability of polymeric materials is critical to many applications such as flexible electronics and soft robotics, yet the stretchability of conventional cross-linked linear polymers is limited by the entanglements between polymer chains. We show using molecular dynamics simulations that cross-linked ring polymers are significantly more stretchable than cross-linked linear polymers. Compared to linear polymers, the entanglements between ring polymers do not act as effective cross-links. As a result, the stretchability of cross-linked ring polymers is determined by the maximum extension of polymer strands between cross-links, rather than between trapped entanglements as in cross-linked linear polymers. The more compact conformation of ring polymers before deformation also contributes to the increase in stretchability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiuling Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - Thomas C O'Connor
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Gary S Grest
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Ting Ge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Blosch SE, Scannelli SJ, Alaboalirat M, Matson JB. Complex Polymer Architectures Using Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization: Synthesis, Applications, and Practical Considerations. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Blosch
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Samantha J. Scannelli
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Mohammed Alaboalirat
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - John B. Matson
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Onoda M, Jia F, Takeoka Y, Macfarlane RJ. Controlling the dynamics of elastomer networks with multivalent brush architectures. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:3644-3648. [PMID: 35527518 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00328g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a design strategy for developing mechanically enhanced and dynamic polymer networks by incorporating a polymer with multivalent brush architecture. Different ratios of two types of imidazole functionalized polymers, specifically poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PnBA) and poly(poly(n-butyl acrylate)) (PPnBA) were blended with Zn(II) ions, thereby forming a series of elastomers with consistent composition but varying network topologies. As the weight fraction of PPnBA increased, the melting temperature, plateau modulus, and relaxation time of the melt increased because of the increase in the crosslinking density and coordination efficiency. Remarkably, however, the activation energy of the flow, Ea, decreased with increasing amounts of PPnBA despite the observed increases in mechanical properties. This unique behavior is attributed to the multivalent nature of the brush polymer, which allows the PPnBA to generate a higher crosslinking density than networks of linear PnBA, even though the brush polymers contain a lower weight fraction of the imidazole crosslinks. This method of lowering Ea, while improving the mechanical properties of the elastomers has great potential in the development of various soft materials such as self-healing or 3D-printable elastomeric structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michika Onoda
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Fei Jia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
| | - Yukikazu Takeoka
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Robert J Macfarlane
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Darby DR, Cai Z, Mason CR, Pham JT. Modulus and adhesion of Sylgard 184, Solaris, and Ecoflex 00‐30 silicone elastomers with varied mixing ratios. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Darby
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Zhuoyun Cai
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Christopher R. Mason
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Jonathan T. Pham
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Miao W, Yang B, Jin B, Ni C, Feng H, Xue Y, Zheng N, Zhao Q, Shen Y, Xie T. An Orthogonal Dynamic Covalent Polymer Network with Distinctive Topology Transformations for Shape- and Molecular Architecture Reconfiguration. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202109941. [PMID: 34985780 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bond exchange in a typical dynamic covalent polymer network allows access to macroscopic shape reconfigurability, but the network architecture is not altered. An alternative possibility is that the network architecture can be designed to switch to various topological states corresponding to different material properties. Achieving both in one network can expand the material scope, but their intrinsically conflicting mechanisms make it challenging. We design a dynamic covalent network that can undergo two orthogonal topological transformations, namely transesterification on the branched chains and olefin metathesis on the mainframe. This allows independent control of the macroscopic shape and molecular architecture. With this design, we illustrate a bottlebrush network with programmable shape and spatially definable mechanical properties. Our strategy paves a way to on-demand regulation of network polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wusha Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Binjie Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Chujun Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Haijun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yaoting Xue
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Ning Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Youqing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Tao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lou C, Liu E, Cheng T, Li J, Song H, Fan G, Huang L, Dong B, Liu X. Highly Stretchable and Self-Adhesive Elastomers Based on Polymer Chain Rearrangement for High-Performance Strain Sensors. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:5825-5835. [PMID: 35224343 PMCID: PMC8867587 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has been widely used in many fields. However, the polymerization process of the siloxane chain is highly complex, and it is challenging to enhance the mechanical properties of PDMS elastomers significantly. We found that adding a small amount of polyoxyethylene lauryl ether (Brij-35) into siloxane polymers can result in B-PDMS elastomers with high tensile properties and strong adhesion. It is worth noting that this is the first study to improve the mechanical properties of PDMS using Brij-35. Here, we intensely studied a variety of process conditions that influence the cross-linking of PDMS, emphasizing the modification mechanism of the polymer chain. The hydroxyl groups in Brij-35 and the platinum catalyst in PDMS form a complex, which inhibits the cross-linking process of PDMS, not only forming a heterogeneous cross-linking network in the B-PDMS but also disentangling the strongly wound siloxane polymer chain, thereby rearranging the PDMS polymer chains. Furthermore, in order to prepare a strain sensor based on the B-PDMS elastomer under safe and convenient conditions, we prepared laser-scribed graphene powder (LSGP) by laser-scribing of graphene oxide (GO) films, and the LSGP and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) endowed the B-PDMS elastomers with excellent electrical properties. The sensor could firmly adhere to the skin and generate a high-quality response to a variety of human motions, and it could drive the robotic hand to grasp and lift objects accurately. The high-performance strain sensors based on B-PDMS have broad applications in medical sensing and biopotential measurement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cunguang Lou
- College
of Electronic Information Engineering & Hebei Key Laboratory of
Digital Medical Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, P. R. China
| | - Enjie Liu
- College
of Electronic Information Engineering & Hebei Key Laboratory of
Digital Medical Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, P. R. China
| | - Tong Cheng
- College
of Electronic Information Engineering & Hebei Key Laboratory of
Digital Medical Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, P. R. China
| | - Jun Li
- College
of Electronic Information Engineering & Hebei Key Laboratory of
Digital Medical Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, P. R. China
| | - Hongzan Song
- College
of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, P. R. China
| | - Guangwei Fan
- College
of Electronic Information Engineering & Hebei Key Laboratory of
Digital Medical Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, P. R. China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department
of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University
of Massachusetts Medical School, Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Bin Dong
- College
of Electronic Information Engineering & Hebei Key Laboratory of
Digital Medical Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, P. R. China
- Affiliated
hospital of Hebei University, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, P. R. China
| | - Xiuling Liu
- College
of Electronic Information Engineering & Hebei Key Laboratory of
Digital Medical Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ma J, Ma T, Cheng J, Zhang J. Polymer Encapsulation Strategy toward 3D Printable, Sustainable, and Reliable Form-Stable Phase Change Materials for Advanced Thermal Energy Storage. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:4251-4264. [PMID: 35029103 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c23972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Form-stable phase change materials (PCMs) have garnered tremendous attention in thermal energy storage (TES) owing to their remarkable latent heat. However, the integration of intelligent manufacturing, recycling, and optimized multifunction is considered not feasible for form-stable PCMs due to the restriction of encapsulation technology. Here, an excellent polymer encapsulation strategy is proposed to prepare 3D printable, sustainable, and reliable form-stable PCMs (SiPCM-x), which are universal for petroleum-based and biobased long alkyl compounds. SiPCM-x have top-class latent heat, and the phase-change temperatures are tunable from body temperature to high temperature. The in situ formative bottlebrush phase-change polysiloxane networks are used as supporting materials, and the encapsulation mechanism is clarified. Sirbw-250 can be degraded and re-encapsulated to achieve recycling. Besides, Sirbw-250 is fabricated as the customer-designed objects with shape-changing behavior via 3D printing. By introducing the metal foams and nano-coatings, the resulting phase-change composites simultaneously exhibit excellent superhydrophobicity, mechanical properties, thermal conductivity, electromagnetic interference shielding behavior, and solar-, electric-, and magnetic-to-thermal energy conversion ability. Besides, S-Ni-SiPCM-250 can be applied in the wearable functional devices and movable solar-thermal charging. This strategy will lead to huge renovation in the TES field and provide an efficient guideline for designing advanced form-stable PCMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jue Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Junying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hu P, Albuquerque FB, Madsen J, Skov AL. Highly stretchable silicone elastomer applied in soft actuators. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2100732. [PMID: 35083804 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a highly stretchable silicone elastomer is incorporated into dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) in order to decrease operation voltages by applying high prestretches. Results show that the fabricated DEAs (5-mm-diameter circle active region) can be actuated to a lateral strain of 30% at 4.3 kV for a 122 μm-thick prestretched film, and to a lateral strain of 2.5% at only 250 V for a 6.9 μm-thick prestretched film. Due to the significant viscous component of the silicone elastomer, the DEAs respond more slowly (2-14 s to reach 90% of full strain) and show greater strain changes over time compared to conventional silicone-based DEAs. While this inherent viscosity is not universally favorable, it can be advantageous in applications where actuator damping is desirable. The studied DEAs' mean lifetimes under DC actuation range significantly-from 0.9 h to more than 123.0 h-depending mainly on initial electrical fields (17.8-36.3 V/μm). For instance, DEAs with a 150 μm initial thickness and a prestretch ratio of 3 show 1.4-2.6% lateral strains for the mean lifetime (123.0 h) at only 300 V. Given the strains achieved at low voltage, such DEAs show promise for applications that do not require fast response speeds. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Fabio Beco Albuquerque
- Soft Transducers Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Jeppe Madsen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Anne Ladegaard Skov
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Miao W, Yang B, Jin B, Ni C, Feng H, Xue Y, Zheng N, Zhao Q, Shen Y, Xie T. An Orthogonal Dynamic Covalent Polymer Network with Distinctive Topology Transformations for Shape‐ and Molecular Architecture Reconfiguration. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wusha Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Binjie Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Chujun Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Haijun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Yaoting Xue
- Institute of Applied Mechanics Department of Engineering Mechanics Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Ning Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Hangzhou 311215 China
| | - Youqing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Tao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Hangzhou 311215 China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hu P, Madsen J, Skov AL. One reaction to make highly stretchable or extremely soft silicone elastomers from easily available materials. Nat Commun 2022; 13:370. [PMID: 35042874 PMCID: PMC8766581 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly stretchable, soft silicone elastomers are of great interest for the fabrication of stretchable, soft devices. However, there is a lack of available chemistries capable of efficiently preparing silicone elastomers with superior stretchability and softness. Here we show an easy curing reaction to prepare silicone elastomers, in which a platinum-catalyzed reaction of telechelic/multi-hydrosilane (Si-H) functional polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) in the presence of oxygen and water leads to slow crosslinking. This curing chemistry allows versatile tailoring of elastomer properties, which exceed their intrinsic limitations. Specifically, both highly stretchable silicone elastomers (maximum strain of 2800%) and extremely soft silicone elastomers (lowest shear modulus of 1.2 kPa) are prepared by creating highly entangled elastomers and bottle-brush elastomers from commercial precursor polymers, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Hu
- Danish Polymer Centre, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, Søltofts Plads, Building 227, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Madsen
- Danish Polymer Centre, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, Søltofts Plads, Building 227, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anne Ladegaard Skov
- Danish Polymer Centre, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, Søltofts Plads, Building 227, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Hu B, Carrillo JM, Collins L, Silmore KS, Keum J, Bonnesen PV, Wang Y, Retterer S, Kumar R, Lokitz BS. Modular Approach for the Synthesis of Bottlebrush Diblock Copolymers from Poly(Glycidyl Methacrylate)-block-Poly(Vinyldimethylazlactone) Backbones. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hu
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jan-Michael Carrillo
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Liam Collins
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Kevin S. Silmore
- Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jong Keum
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Peter V. Bonnesen
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Scott Retterer
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Bradley S. Lokitz
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Alaboalirat M, Vu C, Matson JB. Radical–radical coupling effects in the direct-growth grafting-through synthesis of bottlebrush polymers using RAFT and ROMP. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00794k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The direct-growth technique was used to synthesize macromonomers from four classes of vinyl monomers, and the influence of monomer type and conversion on coupling reactions was followed in grafting-through ring-opening metathesis polymerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alaboalirat
- Department of Chemistry and, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, 1040 Drillfield Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Clark Vu
- Department of Chemistry and, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, 1040 Drillfield Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - John B. Matson
- Department of Chemistry and, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, 1040 Drillfield Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| |
Collapse
|