1
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Serairi L, Santillo C, Basset P, Lavorgna M, Pace G. Boosting Contact Electrification by Amorphous Polyvinyl Alcohol Endowing Improved Contact Adhesion and Electrochemical Capacitance. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2403366. [PMID: 38651355 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Ion conductive hydrogels are relevant components in wearable, biocompatible, and biodegradable electronics. Polyvinyl-alcohol (PVA) homopolymer is often the favored choice for integration into supercapacitors and energy harvesters as in sustainable triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). However, to further improve hydrogel-based TENGs, a deeper understanding of the impact of their composition and structure on devices performance is necessary. Here, it is shown how ionic hydrogels based on an amorphous-PVA (a-PVA) allow to fabricate TENGs that outperform the one based on the homopolymer. When used as tribomaterial, the Li-doped a-PVA allows to achieve a twofold higher pressure sensitivity compared to PVA, and to develop a conformable e-skin. When used as an ionic conductor encased in an elastomeric tribomaterial, 100 mW cm-2 average power is obtained, providing 25% power increase compared to PVA. At the origin of such enhancement is the increased softness, stronger adhesive contact, higher ionic mobility (> 3,5-fold increase), and long-term stability achieved with Li-doped a-PVA. These improvements are attributed to the high density of hydroxyl groups and amorphous structure present in the a-PVA, enabling a strong binding to water molecules. This work discloses novel insights on those parameters allowing to develop easy-processable, stable, and highly conductive hydrogels for integration in conformable, soft, and biocompatible TENGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Serairi
- Univ Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, ESYCOM, Marne-la-Vallée, F-77454, France
| | - Chiara Santillo
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, P.le E. Fermi 1, Portici, 80055, Italy
| | - Philippe Basset
- Univ Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, ESYCOM, Marne-la-Vallée, F-77454, France
| | - Marino Lavorgna
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, P.le E. Fermi 1, Portici, 80055, Italy
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Via Previati, 1/E, Lecco, 23900, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Pace
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, National Research Council (IMM-CNR), Via C. Olivetti 2, Agrate, 20864, Italy
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2
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Ye Y, Hong Y, Liang Q, Wang Y, Wang P, Luo J, Yin A, Ren Z, Liu H, Qi X, He S, Yu S, Wei J. Bioinspired electrically stable, optically tunable thermal management electronic skin via interfacial self-assembly. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 660:608-616. [PMID: 38266342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ in the human body and serves vital functions such as sensation, thermal management, and protection. While electronic skin (E-skin) has made significant progress in sensory functions, achieving adaptive thermal management akin to human skin has remained a challenge. Drawing inspiration from squid skin, we have developed a hybrid electronic-photonic skin (hEP-skin) using an elastomer semi-embedded with aligned silver nanowires through interfacial self-assembly. With mechanically adjustable optical properties, the hEP-skin demonstrates adaptive thermal management abilities, warming in the range of +3.5°C for heat preservation and cooling in the range of -4.2°C for passive cooling. Furthermore, it exhibits an ultra-stable high electrical conductivity of ∼4.5×104 S/cm, even under stretching, bending or torsional deformations over 10,000 cycles. As a proof of demonstration, the hEP-skin successfully integrates stretchable light-emitting electronic skin with adaptive thermal management photonic skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ye
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yang Hong
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qimin Liang
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Peike Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jingjing Luo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ao Yin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhongqi Ren
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Haipeng Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xue Qi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Sisi He
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Suzhu Yu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Jun Wei
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.
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3
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Kwon H, Yang Y, Kim G, Gim D, Ha M. Anisotropy in magnetic materials for sensors and actuators in soft robotic systems. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:6778-6819. [PMID: 38502047 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05737b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The field of soft intelligent robots has rapidly developed, revealing extensive potential of these robots for real-world applications. By mimicking the dexterities of organisms, robots can handle delicate objects, access remote areas, and provide valuable feedback on their interactions with different environments. For autonomous manipulation of soft robots, which exhibit nonlinear behaviors and infinite degrees of freedom in transformation, innovative control systems integrating flexible and highly compliant sensors should be developed. Accordingly, sensor-actuator feedback systems are a key strategy for precisely controlling robotic motions. The introduction of material magnetism into soft robotics offers significant advantages in the remote manipulation of robotic operations, including touch or touchless detection of dynamically changing shapes and positions resulting from the actuations of robots. Notably, the anisotropies in the magnetic nanomaterials facilitate the perception and response with highly selective, directional, and efficient ways used for both sensors and actuators. Accordingly, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of the origins of magnetic anisotropy from both intrinsic and extrinsic factors and summarizes diverse magnetic materials with enhanced anisotropy. Recent developments in the design of flexible sensors and soft actuators based on the principle of magnetic anisotropy are outlined, specifically focusing on their applicabilities in soft robotic systems. Finally, this review addresses current challenges in the integration of sensors and actuators into soft robots and offers promising solutions that will enable the advancement of intelligent soft robots capable of efficiently executing complex tasks relevant to our daily lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeokju Kwon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeonhee Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
| | - Geonsu Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dongyeong Gim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
| | - Minjeong Ha
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
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4
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He X, Cui Z, Zhang F, Li Y, Tu J, Cao J, Wang J, Qiao Y, Xi P, Xu T, Chen X, Zhang X. Multiscale Heterogeneities-Based Piezoresistive Interfaces with Ultralow Detection Limitation and Adaptively Switchable Pressure Detectability. ACS NANO 2024; 18:8296-8306. [PMID: 38452476 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Mechanical compliance and electrical enhancement are crucial for pressure sensors to promote performances when perceiving external stimuli. Here we propose a bioinspired multiscale heterogeneity-based interface to adaptively regulate its structure layout and switch to desirable piezoresistive behaviors with ultralow detection limitation. In such a multiscale heterogeneities system, the micro-/nanoscale spiny Ag-MnO2 heterostructure contributes to an ultralow detection limitation of 0.008 Pa and can perceive minor pressure increments under preloads with high resolution (0.0083%). The macroscale heterogeneous orientation of the cellular backbone enables anisotropic deformation, allowing the sensor to switch to rational sensitivity and working range (e.g., 580 kPa-1 for 0-20 kPa/54 kPa-1 for 60-140 kPa) as required. The sensor's stepwise activation progresses from the micro-/nanoscale heterostructure to the macroscale heterogeneous orientation, which can adaptively match diverse sensing tasks in complex applications scenarios. This multiscale heterogeneous and switchable design holds immense potential in the development of intelligent electromechanical devices, including wearable sensors, soft robotics, and smart actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuecheng He
- The Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zequn Cui
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Feilong Zhang
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yanzhen Li
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jiaqi Tu
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jinwei Cao
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jianwu Wang
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yuchun Qiao
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Pengxu Xi
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Tailin Xu
- The Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xueji Zhang
- The Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
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5
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Lee J, Miri S, Bayro A, Kim M, Jeong H, Yeo WH. Biosignal-integrated robotic systems with emerging trends in visual interfaces: A systematic review. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2024; 5:011301. [PMID: 38510371 PMCID: PMC10903439 DOI: 10.1063/5.0185568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Human-machine interfaces (HMI) are currently a trendy and rapidly expanding area of research. Interestingly, the human user does not readily observe the interface between humans and machines. Instead, interactions between the machine and electrical signals from the user's body are obscured by complex control algorithms. The result is effectively a one-way street, wherein data is only transmitted from human to machine. Thus, a gap remains in the literature: how can information be effectively conveyed to the user to enable mutual understanding between humans and machines? Here, this paper reviews recent advancements in biosignal-integrated wearable robotics, with a particular emphasis on "visualization"-the presentation of relevant data, statistics, and visual feedback to the user. This review article covers various signals of interest, such as electroencephalograms and electromyograms, and explores novel sensor architectures and key materials. Recent developments in wearable robotics are examined from control and mechanical design perspectives. Additionally, we discuss current visualization methods and outline the field's future direction. While much of the HMI field focuses on biomedical and healthcare applications, such as rehabilitation of spinal cord injury and stroke patients, this paper also covers less common applications in manufacturing, defense, and other domains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sina Miri
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Allison Bayro
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Myunghee Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Heejin Jeong
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed:; ; and
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed:; ; and
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6
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Shao B, Lu MH, Wu TC, Peng WC, Ko TY, Hsiao YC, Chen JY, Sun B, Liu R, Lai YC. Large-area, untethered, metamorphic, and omnidirectionally stretchable multiplexing self-powered triboelectric skins. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1238. [PMID: 38336848 PMCID: PMC10858173 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45611-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Large-area metamorphic stretchable sensor networks are desirable in haptic sensing and next-generation electronics. Triboelectric nanogenerator-based self-powered tactile sensors in single-electrode mode constitute one of the best solutions with ideal attributes. However, their large-area multiplexing utilizations are restricted by severe misrecognition between sensing nodes and high-density internal circuits. Here, we provide an electrical signal shielding strategy delivering a large-area multiplexing self-powered untethered triboelectric electronic skin (UTE-skin) with an ultralow misrecognition rate (0.20%). An omnidirectionally stretchable carbon black-Ecoflex composite-based shielding layer is developed to effectively attenuate electrostatic interference from wirings, guaranteeing low-level noise in sensing matrices. UTE-skin operates reliably under 100% uniaxial, 100% biaxial, and 400% isotropic strains, achieving high-quality pressure imaging and multi-touch real-time visualization. Smart gloves for tactile recognition, intelligent insoles for gait analysis, and deformable human-machine interfaces are demonstrated. This work signifies a substantial breakthrough in haptic sensing, offering solutions for the previously challenging issue of large-area multiplexing sensing arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Shao
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Ming-Han Lu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Chen Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chen Peng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Yu Ko
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chi Hsiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Yeu Chen
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, i-Center for Advanced Science and Technology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Baoquan Sun
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, PR China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China.
- Macau Institute of Materials Science and Engineering MUST-SUDA Joint Research Center for Advanced Functional Materials Macau University of Science and Technology Macau, 999078, Macao, PR China.
| | - Ruiyuan Liu
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, PR China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China.
| | - Ying-Chih Lai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, i-Center for Advanced Science and Technology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.
- Department of Physics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.
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7
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Gu L, Wang Y, Yang M, Xu H, Zhang W, Ren Z, Meng L, Cui N, Liu J. Hierarchical Wrinkles with Piezopotential Enhanced Surface Tribopolarity for High-Performance Self-Powered Pressure Sensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:3901-3910. [PMID: 38206311 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Achieving both high sensitivity and wide detecting range is significant for the applications of triboelectric nanogenerator-based self-powered pressure sensors (TPSs). However, most of the previous designs with high sensitivity usually struggle in a narrow pressure detection range (<30 kPa) while expanding the detection range normally sacrifices the sensitivity. To overcome this well-known obstacle, herein, piezopotential enhanced triboelectric effect realized by a rationally designed PDMS/ZnO NWs hierarchical wrinkle structure was exploited to develop a TPS (PETPS) with both high sensitivity and wide detecting range. In this PETPS design, the piezopotential derived from the deformation of ZnO NWs enhances its tribo-charge transferring ability; meanwhile, the hierarchical structure helps to establish a dynamically self-adjustable contact area. Benefiting from these advantages, the PETPS simultaneously achieves high sensitivity (0.26 nC cm-2 kPa-1 from 1 to 25 kPa, and 0.02 nC cm-2 kPa-1 from 25 to 476 kPa), fast response (46 ms), wide sensing range (1 to 476 kPa), and good stability (over 4000 cycles). In addition, the output charge density that is independent of the speed rate of driven force was adopted as the sensing signal of PETPS to replace the commonly used peak voltage/current values, enabling it more adaptive to accurately detect pressure variation in real applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Gu
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Maosen Yang
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Hang Xu
- Research Center for Humanoid Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311100, China
| | - Weiqiang Zhang
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Zewei Ren
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Leixin Meng
- Research Center for Humanoid Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311100, China
| | - Nuanyang Cui
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Jinmei Liu
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
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8
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Kang M, Qu R, Sun X, Yan Y, Ma Z, Wang H, Yan K, Zhang W, Deng Y. Self-Powered Temperature Electronic Skin Based on Island-Bridge Structure and Bi-Te Micro-Thermoelectric Generator for Distributed Mini-Region Sensing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2309629. [PMID: 37956453 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Thermoelectric (TE) effect based temperature sensor can accurately convert temperature signal into voltage without external power supply, which have great application prospects in self-powered temperature electronic skin (STES). But the fabrication of stretchable and distributed STES still remains a challenge. Here, a novel STES design strategy is proposed by combining flexible island-bridge structure with BiTe-based micro-thermoelectric generator (µ-TEG). Furthermore, a 4 × 4 vertical temperature sensor array with good stretchability and distributed sensing property has been fabricated for the first time. The interfacial chemical bonds located between the rigid islands (µ-TEG) and the flexible substrate (polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS) endow the STES with excellent stretchability, and its sensing performance remains unchanged under 30% strain (the maximum strain of human skin). Moreover, the STES sensing unit possesses high sensitivity (729 µV K-1 ), rapid response time (0.157 s), and high spatial resolution (2.75 × 2.75 mm2 ). As a proof of concept, this work demonstrates the application of the STES in the detection of mini-region heat sources in various scenarios including noncontact spatial temperature responsing, intelligent robotic thermosensing, and wearable temperature sensing. Such an inspiring design strategy is expected to provide guidance for the design and fabrication of wearable self-powered temperature sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Kang
- Research Institute for Frontier Science, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ruixiang Qu
- Research Center for Humanoid Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Xiaowen Sun
- Research Institute for Frontier Science, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yuedong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing Materials and Chip Integration Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Innovation Institute of Beihang University, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Zhijun Ma
- Research Center for Humanoid Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - He Wang
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing Materials and Chip Integration Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Innovation Institute of Beihang University, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Kaifen Yan
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing Materials and Chip Integration Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Innovation Institute of Beihang University, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing Materials and Chip Integration Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Innovation Institute of Beihang University, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Yuan Deng
- Research Institute for Frontier Science, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing Materials and Chip Integration Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Innovation Institute of Beihang University, Hangzhou, 310051, China
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9
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Hegde C, Su J, Tan JMR, He K, Chen X, Magdassi S. Sensing in Soft Robotics. ACS NANO 2023; 17:15277-15307. [PMID: 37530475 PMCID: PMC10448757 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Soft robotics is an exciting field of science and technology that enables robots to manipulate objects with human-like dexterity. Soft robots can handle delicate objects with care, access remote areas, and offer realistic feedback on their handling performance. However, increased dexterity and mechanical compliance of soft robots come with the need for accurate control of the position and shape of these robots. Therefore, soft robots must be equipped with sensors for better perception of their surroundings, location, force, temperature, shape, and other stimuli for effective usage. This review highlights recent progress in sensing feedback technologies for soft robotic applications. It begins with an introduction to actuation technologies and material selection in soft robotics, followed by an in-depth exploration of various types of sensors, their integration methods, and the benefits of multimodal sensing, signal processing, and control strategies. A short description of current market leaders in soft robotics is also included in the review to illustrate the growing demands of this technology. By examining the latest advancements in sensing feedback technologies for soft robots, this review aims to highlight the potential of soft robotics and inspire innovation in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidanand Hegde
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ
alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Jiangtao Su
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ
alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Joel Ming Rui Tan
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ
alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Ke He
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ
alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ
alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Shlomo Magdassi
- Singapore-HUJ
alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Singapore 138602, Singapore
- Casali
Center for Applied Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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10
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Wu T, Deng H, Sun Z, Zhang X, Lee C, Zhang X. Intelligent soft robotic fingers with multi-modality perception ability. iScience 2023; 26:107249. [PMID: 37502261 PMCID: PMC10368832 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the context of industry 4.0, automatic sorting is becoming prevalent in production lines. Herein, we developed a bionic sensing system to achieve real-time object recognition. The system consists of 9 single-layer triboelectric nanogenerators (SL-TENGs) as touch sensors and 3 comb-shaped TENGs (CS-TENGs) as bending sensors, with a sensitivity of 110 V/kPa and stable output after 20,000 press cycles. These sensors were attached to a manipulator composed of three soft actuators, serving as soft robotic fingers. An enhanced electrical output of these sensors was achieved successfully, demonstrating their feasibility in detecting grasping location, contact pressure, and bending curvature. A one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) with 98.96% accuracy extracted information from the sensors, enabling the manipulator to serve as an intelligent sensing system with multi-modality perception ability. This robotic manipulator successfully integrated TENG-based self-powered sensors, soft actuators, and artificial intelligence, demonstrating the potential for future digital twin applications, particularly in automatic component sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongjing Wu
- School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Haitao Deng
- School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Zhongda Sun
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Xinran Zhang
- School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Xiaosheng Zhang
- School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
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11
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Choi D, Lee Y, Lin ZH, Cho S, Kim M, Ao CK, Soh S, Sohn C, Jeong CK, Lee J, Lee M, Lee S, Ryu J, Parashar P, Cho Y, Ahn J, Kim ID, Jiang F, Lee PS, Khandelwal G, Kim SJ, Kim HS, Song HC, Kim M, Nah J, Kim W, Menge HG, Park YT, Xu W, Hao J, Park H, Lee JH, Lee DM, Kim SW, Park JY, Zhang H, Zi Y, Guo R, Cheng J, Yang Z, Xie Y, Lee S, Chung J, Oh IK, Kim JS, Cheng T, Gao Q, Cheng G, Gu G, Shim M, Jung J, Yun C, Zhang C, Liu G, Chen Y, Kim S, Chen X, Hu J, Pu X, Guo ZH, Wang X, Chen J, Xiao X, Xie X, Jarin M, Zhang H, Lai YC, He T, Kim H, Park I, Ahn J, Huynh ND, Yang Y, Wang ZL, Baik JM, Choi D. Recent Advances in Triboelectric Nanogenerators: From Technological Progress to Commercial Applications. ACS NANO 2023; 17:11087-11219. [PMID: 37219021 PMCID: PMC10312207 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Serious climate changes and energy-related environmental problems are currently critical issues in the world. In order to reduce carbon emissions and save our environment, renewable energy harvesting technologies will serve as a key solution in the near future. Among them, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), which is one of the most promising mechanical energy harvesters by means of contact electrification phenomenon, are explosively developing due to abundant wasting mechanical energy sources and a number of superior advantages in a wide availability and selection of materials, relatively simple device configurations, and low-cost processing. Significant experimental and theoretical efforts have been achieved toward understanding fundamental behaviors and a wide range of demonstrations since its report in 2012. As a result, considerable technological advancement has been exhibited and it advances the timeline of achievement in the proposed roadmap. Now, the technology has reached the stage of prototype development with verification of performance beyond the lab scale environment toward its commercialization. In this review, distinguished authors in the world worked together to summarize the state of the art in theory, materials, devices, systems, circuits, and applications in TENG fields. The great research achievements of researchers in this field around the world over the past decade are expected to play a major role in coming to fruition of unexpectedly accelerated technological advances over the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwhi Choi
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering (Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, South Korea
| | - Younghoon Lee
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Soft Robotics Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea
| | - Zong-Hong Lin
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering (Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, South Korea
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan
University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Frontier
Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Sumin Cho
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering (Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, South Korea
| | - Miso Kim
- School
of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic
of Korea
- SKKU
Institute of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST), Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, South Korea
| | - Chi Kit Ao
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore
| | - Siowling Soh
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore
| | - Changwan Sohn
- Division
of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jeonbuk
National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, South Korea
- Department
of Energy Storage/Conversion Engineering of Graduate School (BK21
FOUR), Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, South Korea
| | - Chang Kyu Jeong
- Division
of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jeonbuk
National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, South Korea
- Department
of Energy Storage/Conversion Engineering of Graduate School (BK21
FOUR), Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, South Korea
| | - Jeongwan Lee
- Department
of Physics, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, South Korea
| | - Minbaek Lee
- Department
of Physics, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, South Korea
| | - Seungah Lee
- School
of Materials Science & Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, South Korea
| | - Jungho Ryu
- School
of Materials Science & Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, South Korea
| | - Parag Parashar
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan
University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yujang Cho
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea
Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro,
Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewan Ahn
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea
Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro,
Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Doo Kim
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea
Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro,
Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Feng Jiang
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
- Institute of Flexible
Electronics Technology of Tsinghua, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, China
| | - Pooi See Lee
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Gaurav Khandelwal
- Nanomaterials
and System Lab, Major of Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Applied
Energy System, Jeju National University, Jeju 632-43, South Korea
- School
of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G128QQ, U. K.
| | - Sang-Jae Kim
- Nanomaterials
and System Lab, Major of Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Applied
Energy System, Jeju National University, Jeju 632-43, South Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Kim
- Electronic
Materials Research Center, Korea Institute
of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Physics, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Cheol Song
- Electronic
Materials Research Center, Korea Institute
of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- KIST-SKKU
Carbon-Neutral Research Center, Sungkyunkwan
University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic
of Korea
| | - Minje Kim
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Chungnam National University, 34134, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Junghyo Nah
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Chungnam National University, 34134, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Wook Kim
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, South Korea
| | - Habtamu Gebeyehu Menge
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Tae Park
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Wei Xu
- Research
Centre for Humanoid Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311100, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Hao
- Department
of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic
University, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Hyosik Park
- Department
of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu
Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyuck Lee
- Department
of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu
Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Min Lee
- School
of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic
of Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Kim
- School
of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic
of Korea
- SKKU
Institute of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST), Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, South Korea
- Samsung
Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, 115, Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, South Korea
- SKKU
Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, South Korea
| | - Ji Young Park
- School
of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic
of Korea
| | - Haixia Zhang
- National
Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication;
Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, School
of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yunlong Zi
- Thrust
of Sustainable Energy and Environment, The
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangdong 511400, China
| | - Ru Guo
- Thrust
of Sustainable Energy and Environment, The
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangdong 511400, China
| | - Jia Cheng
- State
Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ze Yang
- State
Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yannan Xie
- College
of Automation & Artificial Intelligence, State Key Laboratory
of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of
Advanced Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Jiangsu
National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Sangmin Lee
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-ang University, 84, Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Jihoon Chung
- Department
of Mechanical Design Engineering, Kumoh
National Institute of Technology (KIT), 61 Daehak-ro, Gumi, Gyeongbuk 39177, South Korea
| | - Il-Kwon Oh
- National
Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Mechanical and Aerospace
Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of
Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Ji-Seok Kim
- National
Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Mechanical and Aerospace
Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of
Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Tinghai Cheng
- Beijing
Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
| | - Qi Gao
- Beijing
Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
| | - Gang Cheng
- Key
Lab for Special Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, National
& Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-efficiency
Display and Lighting Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering,
and Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and
Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Guangqin Gu
- Key
Lab for Special Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, National
& Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-efficiency
Display and Lighting Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering,
and Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and
Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Minseob Shim
- Department
of Electronic Engineering, College of Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, 501, Jinjudae-ro, Gaho-dong, Jinju 52828, South Korea
| | - Jeehoon Jung
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, College of Information and Biotechnology, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology
(UNIST), 50, UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Changwoo Yun
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, College of Information and Biotechnology, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology
(UNIST), 50, UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Chi Zhang
- CAS
Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano
Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of
Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School
of Nanoscience and Technology, University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guoxu Liu
- CAS
Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano
Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of
Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School
of Nanoscience and Technology, University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yufeng Chen
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Suhan Kim
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- School
of Nanoscience and Technology, University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS
Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing
Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Jun Hu
- School
of Nanoscience and Technology, University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS
Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing
Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Xiong Pu
- School
of Nanoscience and Technology, University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS
Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing
Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Zi Hao Guo
- School
of Nanoscience and Technology, University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS
Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing
Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jun Chen
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xing Xie
- School
of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Mourin Jarin
- School
of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Hulin Zhang
- College
of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University
of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Chih Lai
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National
Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- i-Center
for Advanced Science and Technology, National
Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Innovation
and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Tianyiyi He
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, 117576, Singapore
| | - Hakjeong Kim
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, South Korea
| | - Inkyu Park
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced
Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Junseong Ahn
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced
Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Nghia Dinh Huynh
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, South Korea
| | - Ya Yang
- CAS
Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano
Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of
Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School
of Nanoscience and Technology, University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center
on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing
Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School
of Nanoscience and Technology, University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jeong Min Baik
- School
of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic
of Korea
- SKKU
Institute of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST), Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, South Korea
- KIST-SKKU
Carbon-Neutral Research Center, Sungkyunkwan
University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic
of Korea
| | - Dukhyun Choi
- SKKU
Institute of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST), Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, South Korea
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, South Korea
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12
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Wang X, Qin Q, Lu Y, Mi Y, Meng J, Zhao Z, Wu H, Cao X, Wang N. Smart Triboelectric Nanogenerators Based on Stimulus-Response Materials: From Intelligent Applications to Self-Powered Systems. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1316. [PMID: 37110900 PMCID: PMC10141953 DOI: 10.3390/nano13081316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Smart responsive materials can react to external stimuli via a reversible mechanism and can be directly combined with a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) to deliver various intelligent applications, such as sensors, actuators, robots, artificial muscles, and controlled drug delivery. Not only that, mechanical energy in the reversible response of innovative materials can be scavenged and transformed into decipherable electrical signals. Because of the high dependence of amplitude and frequency on environmental stimuli, self-powered intelligent systems may be thus built and present an immediate response to stress, electrical current, temperature, magnetic field, or even chemical compounds. This review summarizes the recent research progress of smart TENGs based on stimulus-response materials. After briefly introducing the working principle of TENG, we discuss the implementation of smart materials in TENGs with a classification of several sub-groups: shape-memory alloy, piezoelectric materials, magneto-rheological, and electro-rheological materials. While we focus on their design strategy and function collaboration, applications in robots, clinical treatment, and sensors are described in detail to show the versatility and promising future of smart TNEGs. In the end, challenges and outlooks in this field are highlighted, with an aim to promote the integration of varied advanced intelligent technologies into compact, diverse functional packages in a self-powered mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Wang
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qinghao Qin
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yin Lu
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yajun Mi
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiajing Meng
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zequan Zhao
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Han Wu
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xia Cao
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Ning Wang
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China;
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13
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Li J, Li J, Tang Y, Liu Z, Zhang Z, Wu H, Shen B, Su M, Liu M, Li F. Touchable Gustation via a Hoffmeister Gel Iontronic Sensor. ACS NANO 2023; 17:5129-5139. [PMID: 36876910 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A particular sense, touchable gustation, was achieved. We proposed a chemical-mechanical interface strategy with an iontronic sensor device. A conductive hydrogel, amino trimethylene phosphonic acid (ATMP) assisted poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), was employed as the dielectric layer of the gel iontronic sensor. The Hofmeister effect of the ATMP-PVA hydrogel was well investigated to establish the quantitative description of the gel elasticity modulus to chemical cosolvents. The mechanical properties of hydrogels can be transduced extensively and reversibly by regulating the aggregation state of polymer chains with hydrated ions or cosolvents. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of ATMP-PVA hydrogel microstructures stained with different soaked cosolvents present different networks. The information on different chemical components will be stored in the ATMP-PVA gels. The flexible gel iontronic sensor with a hierarchical pyramid structure performed high linear sensitivity of 3224.2 kPa-1 and wide pressure response in the range of 0-100 kPa. The finite element analysis proved the pressure distribution at the gel interface of the gel iontronic sensor and the capacitation-stress response relation. Various cations, anions, amino acids, and saccharides can be discriminated, classified, and quantified with the gel iontronic sensor. The Hofmeister effect regulated chemical-mechanical interface performs the response and conversion of biological/chemical signals into electrical output in real time. The particular function to tactile with gustation percept will contribute promising applications in the human-machine interaction, humanoid robot, clinic treatment, or athletic training optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Su Bingtian Center for Speed Research and Training, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jianliang Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Su Bingtian Center for Speed Research and Training, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yongtao Tang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Su Bingtian Center for Speed Research and Training, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Su Bingtian Center for Speed Research and Training, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zilu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Su Bingtian Center for Speed Research and Training, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Hao Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Su Bingtian Center for Speed Research and Training, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bin Shen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Su Bingtian Center for Speed Research and Training, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Meng Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mingjie Liu
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Fengyu Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Su Bingtian Center for Speed Research and Training, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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14
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Lu T, Ji S, Jin W, Yang Q, Luo Q, Ren TL. Biocompatible and Long-Term Monitoring Strategies of Wearable, Ingestible and Implantable Biosensors: Reform the Next Generation Healthcare. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2991. [PMID: 36991702 PMCID: PMC10054135 DOI: 10.3390/s23062991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Sensors enable the detection of physiological indicators and pathological markers to assist in the diagnosis, treatment, and long-term monitoring of diseases, in addition to playing an essential role in the observation and evaluation of physiological activities. The development of modern medical activities cannot be separated from the precise detection, reliable acquisition, and intelligent analysis of human body information. Therefore, sensors have become the core of new-generation health technologies along with the Internet of Things (IoTs) and artificial intelligence (AI). Previous research on the sensing of human information has conferred many superior properties on sensors, of which biocompatibility is one of the most important. Recently, biocompatible biosensors have developed rapidly to provide the possibility for the long-term and in-situ monitoring of physiological information. In this review, we summarize the ideal features and engineering realization strategies of three different types of biocompatible biosensors, including wearable, ingestible, and implantable sensors from the level of sensor designing and application. Additionally, the detection targets of the biosensors are further divided into vital life parameters (e.g., body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate), biochemical indicators, as well as physical and physiological parameters based on the clinical needs. In this review, starting from the emerging concept of next-generation diagnostics and healthcare technologies, we discuss how biocompatible sensors revolutionize the state-of-art healthcare system unprecedentedly, as well as the challenges and opportunities faced in the future development of biocompatible health sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Lu
- School of Integrated Circuit and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shourui Ji
- School of Integrated Circuit and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weiqiu Jin
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Qisheng Yang
- School of Integrated Circuit and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qingquan Luo
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuit and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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15
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Chou S, Lu H, Liu T, Chen Y, Fu Y, Shieh Y, Lai Y, Chen S. An Environmental-Inert and Highly Self-Healable Elastomer Obtained via Double-Terminal Aromatic Disulfide Design and Zwitterionic Crosslinked Network for Use as a Triboelectric Nanogenerator. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2202815. [PMID: 36453583 PMCID: PMC9839881 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Due to the ongoing development of portable/mobile electronics, sources to power have received widespread attention. Compared to chemical batteries as power sources, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) possess lots of advantages, including the ability to harvest energy via human motions, flexible structures, environment-friendliness, and long-life characteristics. Although many self-healable TENGs are reported, the achievement of a muscle-like elasticity and the ability to recover from inevitable damage under extreme conditions (such as a high/low temperature and/or humidity) remain a challenge. Herein, a "double-terminal aromatic disulfide" on a structure with zwitterions as branched chains is reported to engineer the high-efficient self-healable elastomer for application in a flexible TENG. The as-designed material exhibits a repeatable elastic recovery (at 250% elongation) and a self-healing efficiency with an ultimate tensile stress of 96% over 2 h, representing an improvement on previously reported disulfide-based elastomers. The elastomer can autonomously recover by 50% even at a subzero temperature of -30 °C within 24 h. The elastomer-based TENG, as a self-driven sensor for detecting human behavior, is demonstrated to exhibit stable outputs and self-healing in the temperature range of -30 to 60 °C, and so is expected to promote the development of self-powered electronics for next-generation human-machine communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syun‐Hong Chou
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityHsinchu30010Taiwan
| | - Hong‐Wei Lu
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung40227Taiwan
| | - Ta‐Chung Liu
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipei112304Taiwan
| | - Yi‐Ting Chen
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung40227Taiwan
| | - Yen‐Lin Fu
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityHsinchu30010Taiwan
| | - Yung‐Hsin Shieh
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu300044Taiwan
| | - Ying‐Chih Lai
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung40227Taiwan
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculturei‐Center for Advanced Science and TechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung40227Taiwan
| | - San‐Yuan Chen
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityHsinchu30010Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical ScienceChina Medical UniversityTaichung City406040Taiwan
- Frontier Research Centre on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of MattersNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu300044Taiwan
- School of DentistryCollege of Dental MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung City80708Taiwan
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16
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Zhang S, Ke X, Jiang Q, Chai Z, Wu Z, Ding H. Fabrication and Functionality Integration Technologies for Small-Scale Soft Robots. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200671. [PMID: 35732070 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Small-scale soft robots are attracting increasing interest for visible and potential applications owing to their safety and tolerance resulting from their intrinsic soft bodies or compliant structures. However, it is not sufficient that the soft bodies merely provide support or system protection. More importantly, to meet the increasing demands of controllable operation and real-time feedback in unstructured/complicated scenarios, these robots are required to perform simplex and multimodal functionalities for sensing, communicating, and interacting with external environments during large or dynamic deformation with the risk of mismatch or delamination. Challenges are encountered during fabrication and integration, including the selection and fabrication of composite/materials and structures, integration of active/passive functional modules with robust interfaces, particularly with highly deformable soft/stretchable bodies. Here, methods and strategies of fabricating structural soft bodies and integrating them with functional modules for developing small-scale soft robots are investigated. Utilizing templating, 3D printing, transfer printing, and swelling, small-scale soft robots can be endowed with several perceptual capabilities corresponding to diverse stimulus, such as light, heat, magnetism, and force. The integration of sensing and functionalities effectively enhances the agility, adaptability, and universality of soft robots when applied in various fields, including smart manufacturing, medical surgery, biomimetics, and other interdisciplinary sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xingxing Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Qin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Zhiping Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Han Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
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17
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Xia N, Zhu G, Wang X, Dong Y, Zhang L. Multicomponent and multifunctional integrated miniature soft robots. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:7464-7485. [PMID: 36189642 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00891b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Miniature soft robots with elaborate structures and programmable physical properties could conduct micromanipulation with high precision as well as access confined and tortuous spaces, which promise benefits in medical tasks and environmental monitoring. To improve the functionalities and adaptability of miniature soft robots, a variety of integrated design and fabrication strategies have been proposed for the development of miniaturized soft robotic systems integrated with multicomponents and multifunctionalities. Combining the latest advancement in fabrication technologies, intelligent materials and active control methods enable these integrated robotic systems to adapt to increasingly complex application scenarios including precision medicine, intelligent electronics, and environmental and proprioceptive sensing. Herein, this review delivers an overview of various integration strategies applicable for miniature soft robotic systems, including semiconductor and microelectronic techniques, modular assembly based on self-healing and welding, modular assembly based on bonding agents, laser machining techniques, template assisted methods with modular material design, and 3D printing techniques. Emerging applications of the integrated miniature soft robots and perspectives for the future design of small-scale intelligent robots are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng Xia
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Guangda Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yue Dong
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Chow Yuk Ho Technology Center for Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK T Stone Robotics Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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18
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Fu X, Zhuang Z, Zhao Y, Liu B, Liao Y, Yu Z, Yang P, Liu K. Stretchable and Self-Powered Temperature-Pressure Dual Sensing Ionic Skins Based on Thermogalvanic Hydrogels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:44792-44798. [PMID: 36153954 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c11124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tactile sensors with both temperature- and pressure-responsive capabilities are critical to enabling future smart artificial intelligence. These sensors can mimic haptic functions of human skin and inevitably suffer from tensile deformation during operation. However, almost all actual multifunctional tactile sensors are either nonstretchable or the sensing signals interfere with each other when stretched. Herein, we propose a stretchable and self-powered temperature-pressure dual functional sensor based on thermogalvanic hydrogels. The sensor operates properly under stretching, which relies on the thermogalvanic effect and constant elastic modulus of hydrogels. The thermogalvanic hydrogel elastomer exhibits an equivalent Seebeck coefficient of -1.21 mV K-1 and a pressure sensitivity of 0.056 kPa-1. Combined with unit array integration, the multifunctional sensor can be used for accurately recording tactile information on human skin and spatial perception. This work provides a conceptual framework and systematic design for stretchable artificial skin, interactive wearables, and smart robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifan Fu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Machinery Transients, School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zihan Zhuang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Machinery Transients, School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Machinery Transients, School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Binghan Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Machinery Transients, School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yutian Liao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Machinery Transients, School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zehua Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Machinery Transients, School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Peihua Yang
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Kang Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Machinery Transients, School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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19
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Liu W, Duo Y, Liu J, Yuan F, Li L, Li L, Wang G, Chen B, Wang S, Yang H, Liu Y, Mo Y, Wang Y, Fang B, Sun F, Ding X, Zhang C, Wen L. Touchless interactive teaching of soft robots through flexible bimodal sensory interfaces. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5030. [PMID: 36028481 PMCID: PMC9412806 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32702-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a multimodal flexible sensory interface for interactively teaching soft robots to perform skilled locomotion using bare human hands. First, we develop a flexible bimodal smart skin (FBSS) based on triboelectric nanogenerator and liquid metal sensing that can perform simultaneous tactile and touchless sensing and distinguish these two modes in real time. With the FBSS, soft robots can react on their own to tactile and touchless stimuli. We then propose a distance control method that enabled humans to teach soft robots movements via bare hand-eye coordination. The results showed that participants can effectively teach a self-reacting soft continuum manipulator complex motions in three-dimensional space through a "shifting sensors and teaching" method within just a few minutes. The soft manipulator can repeat the human-taught motions and replay them at different speeds. Finally, we demonstrate that humans can easily teach the soft manipulator to complete specific tasks such as completing a pen-and-paper maze, taking a throat swab, and crossing a barrier to grasp an object. We envision that this user-friendly, non-programmable teaching method based on flexible multimodal sensory interfaces could broadly expand the domains in which humans interact with and utilize soft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Youning Duo
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Feiyang Yuan
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lei Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Luchen Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Bohan Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Institute of Semiconductors, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangdong, 510075, China
| | - Yuchen Liu
- School of General Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yanru Mo
- School of General Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yun Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Bin Fang
- Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fuchun Sun
- Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xilun Ding
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China.,School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li Wen
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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20
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Super stretchability, strong adhesion, flexible sensor based on Fe3+ dynamic coordination sodium alginate/polyacrylamide dual-network hydrogel. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Wakabayashi S, Arie T, Akita S, Nakajima K, Takei K. A Multitasking Flexible Sensor via Reservoir Computing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201663. [PMID: 35442552 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Natural disasters are reported globally, and one source of severe damage to cities is flooding caused by locally heavy rain. Sharing of local weather information can save lives. However, it is difficult to collect local weather information in real-time because such data collection requires bulky, expensive sensors. For local, real-time monitoring of heavy rain and wind, a sensor system should be simple and low-cost so that it can be attached to a variety of surfaces, including roofs, vehicles, and umbrellas. To develop simple, low-cost multitasking sensors located on nonplanar surfaces, a flexible rain sensor to monitor waterdrop volume and wind velocity is devised. To monitor both simultaneously, a laser-induced graphene-based superhydrophobic conductive film is introduced. Using the superhydrophobic surface, water dynamics are measured when waterdrops collide with the sensor surface, and obtained time-series data are processed using "reservoir computing" to extract the volume and velocity from a single sensor as multitasking electronics. As a proof-of-concept, it is shown that the sensor measures continuous, long-term volume and wind-change dynamics. The results demonstrate feasibility of multitasking electronics with reservoir computing to reduce sensor integration complexity with low power consumption for both sensor and signal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Wakabayashi
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Takayuki Arie
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Seiji Akita
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Kohei Nakajima
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- Next Generation Artificial Intelligence Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kuniharu Takei
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
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22
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Transparent, highly stretchable, adhesive, and sensitive ionic conductive hydrogel strain sensor for human motion monitoring. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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23
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Cheng Y, Li L, Liu Z, Yan S, Cheng F, Yue Y, Jia S, Wang J, Gao Y, Li L. 3D Porous MXene Aerogel through Gas Foaming for Multifunctional Pressure Sensor. Research (Wash D C) 2022. [DOI: 10.34133/2022/9843268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of smart wearable electronic devices puts forward higher requirements for future flexible electronics. The design of highly sensitive and high-performance flexible pressure sensors plays an important role in promoting the development of flexible electronic devices. Recently, MXenes with excellent properties have shown great potential in the field of flexible electronics. However, the easy-stacking inclination of nanomaterials limits the development of their excellent properties and the performance improvement of related pressure sensors. Traditional methods for constructing 3D porous structures have the disadvantages of complexity, long period, and difficulty of scalability. Here, the gas foaming strategy is adopted to rapidly construct 3D porous MXene aerogels. Combining the excellent surface properties of MXenes with the porous structure of aerogel, the prepared MXene aerogels are successfully used in high-performance multifunctional flexible pressure sensors with high sensitivity (306 kPa-1), wide detection range (2.3 Pa to 87.3 kPa), fast response time (35 ms), and ultrastability (>20,000 cycles), as well as self-healing, waterproof, cold-resistant, and heat-resistant capabilities. MXene aerogel pressure sensors show great potential in harsh environment detection, behavior monitoring, equipment recovery, pressure array identification, remote monitoring, and human-computer interaction applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfa Cheng
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Li Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zunyu Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shuwen Yan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Feng Cheng
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yang Yue
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Shuangfeng Jia
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Electron Microscopy, MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures and the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Electron Microscopy, MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures and the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yihua Gao
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Luying Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
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24
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Ling Q, Liu W, Liu J, Zhao L, Ren Z, Gu H. Highly Sensitive and Robust Polysaccharide-Based Composite Hydrogel Sensor Integrated with Underwater Repeatable Self-Adhesion and Rapid Self-Healing for Human Motion Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:24741-24754. [PMID: 35580208 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tough, biocompatible, and conductive hydrogel-based strain sensors are attractive in the fields of human motion detection and wearable electronics, whereas it is still a great challenge to simultaneously integrate underwater adhesion and self-healing properties into one hydrogel sensor. Here, a highly stretchable, sensitive, and multifunctional polysaccharide-based dual-network hydrogel sensor was constructed using dialdehyde carboxymethyl cellulose (DCMC), chitosan (CS), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), and aluminum ions (Al3+). The obtained DCMC/CS/PAA (DCP) composite hydrogels exhibit robust mechanical strength and good adhesive and self-healing properties, due to the reversible dynamic chemical bonds and physical interactions such as Schiff base bonds and metal coordination. The conductivity of hydrogel is 2.6 S/m, and the sensitivity (gauge factor (GF)) is up to 15.56. Notably, the DCP hydrogel shows excellent underwater repeatable adhesion to animal tissues and good self-healing properties in water (self-healing rate > 90%, self-healing time < 10 min). The DCP hydrogel strain sensor can sensitively monitor human motion including finger bending, smiling, and wrist pulse, and it can steadily detect human movement underwater. This work is expected to provide a new strategy for the design of high-performance intelligent sensors, particularly for applications in wet and underwater environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangjun Ling
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Wentao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jiachang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhijun Ren
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Haibin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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25
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Zhou L, Liu D, Ren L, Xue H, Li B, Niu S, Liu Q, Han Z, Ren L. Reconfigurable Fiber Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Self-Powered Defect Detection. ACS NANO 2022; 16:7721-7731. [PMID: 35437990 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With the extensive applications of portable, wearable, and stretchable electronics, the fiber triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has been developed particularly and rapidly. However, variable stiffness or even switchable stiffness for the fiber TENG is also urgently needed in some specific service conditions. Here, the functional, reconfigurable fiber TENG is presented for harvesting mechanical energy and self-powered sensors. It is mainly composed of soft tubes with filled low-melting-point alloy (LMPA), conductive wire, and electrically heated wire. Under an input frequency of 3 Hz, this fiber TENG produces a maximum peak power density of 348.5 μW/m. Due to its excellent reconfigurable characteristics, it can be switched back and forth in many different application situations. It can be intelligently used not only as a self-powered tactile and mechanical sensor but also as a self-powered splint for postdisaster relief work. Besides, the cracking detection of a gear and a lead screw is also realized using this fiber TENG. This work strongly promotes the application of variable stiffness LMPAs in the TENG, especially for the reconfigurable fiber TENG. It also promotes the potential self-powered applications of the TENG in the fields of sensors and detection, such as mechanical flaw detection and self-powered tactile detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Delei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Lili Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Hao Xue
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Shichao Niu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zhiwu Han
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Luquan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
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26
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Dong K, Peng X, Cheng R, Ning C, Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Wang ZL. Advances in High-Performance Autonomous Energy and Self-Powered Sensing Textiles with Novel 3D Fabric Structures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109355. [PMID: 35083786 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The seamless integration of emerging triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) technology with traditional wearable textile materials has given birth to the next-generation smart textiles, i.e., textile TENGs, which will play a vital role in the era of Internet of Things and artificial intelligences. However, low output power and inferior sensing ability have largely limited the development of textile TENGs. Among various approaches to improve the output and sensing performance, such as material modification, structural design, and environmental management, a 3D fabric structural scheme is a facile, efficient, controllable, and scalable strategy to increase the effective contact area for contact electrification of textile TENGs without cumbersome material processing and service area restrictions. Herein, the recent advances of the current reported textile TENGs with 3D fabric structures are comprehensively summarized and systematically analyzed in order to clarify their superiorities over 1D fiber and 2D fabric structures in terms of power output and pressure sensing. The forward-looking integration abilities of the 3D fabrics are also discussed at the end. It is believed that the overview and analysis of textile TENGs with distinctive 3D fabric structures will contribute to the development and realization of high-power output micro/nanowearable power sources and high-quality self-powered wearable sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Dong
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
- College of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Peng
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
- College of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Renwei Cheng
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
- College of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chuan Ning
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
- College of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yang Jiang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
- College of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yihan Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
- College of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
- College of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- CUSTech Institute of Technology, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325024, P. R. China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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27
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Textile-Based Flexible Capacitive Pressure Sensors: A Review. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12091495. [PMID: 35564203 PMCID: PMC9103991 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Flexible capacitive pressure sensors have been widely used in electronic skin, human movement and health monitoring, and human–machine interactions. Recently, electronic textiles afford a valuable alternative to traditional capacitive pressure sensors due to their merits of flexibility, light weight, air permeability, low cost, and feasibility to fit various surfaces. The textile-based functional layers can serve as electrodes, dielectrics, and substrates, and various devices with semi-textile or all-textile structures have been well developed. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent developments in textile-based flexible capacitive pressure sensors. The latest research progresses on textile devices with sandwich structures, yarn structures, and in-plane structures are introduced, and the influences of different device structures on performance are discussed. The applications of textile-based sensors in human wearable devices, robotic sensing, and human–machine interaction are then summarized. Finally, evolutionary trends, future directions, and challenges are highlighted.
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28
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Shi Q, Yang Y, Sun Z, Lee C. Progress of Advanced Devices and Internet of Things Systems as Enabling Technologies for Smart Homes and Health Care. ACS MATERIALS AU 2022; 2:394-435. [PMID: 36855708 PMCID: PMC9928409 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.2c00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the Internet of Things (IoT) era, various devices (e.g., sensors, actuators, energy harvesters, etc.) and systems have been developed toward the realization of smart homes/buildings and personal health care. These advanced devices can be categorized into ambient devices and wearable devices based on their usage scenarios, to enable motion tracking, health monitoring, daily care, home automation, fall detection, intelligent interaction, assistance, living convenience, and security in smart homes. With the rapidly increasing number of such advanced devices and IoT systems, achieving fully self-sustained and multimodal intelligent systems is becoming more and more important to realize a sustainable and all-in-one smart home platform. Hence, in this Review, we systematically present the recent progress of the development of advanced materials, fabrication techniques, devices, and systems for enabling smart home and health care applications. First, advanced polymer, fiber, and fabric materials as well as their respective fabrication techniques for large-scale manufacturing are discussed. After that, functional devices classified into ambient devices (at home ambiance such as door, floor, table, chair, bed, toilet, window, wall, etc.) and wearable devices (on body parts such as finger, wrist, arm, throat, face, back, etc.) are presented for diverse monitoring and auxiliary applications. Next, the current developments of self-sustained systems and intelligent systems are reviewed in detail, indicating two promising research directions in this field. Last, conclusions and outlook pinpointed on the existing challenges and opportunities are provided for the research community to consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongfeng Shi
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore,Center
for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore,Suzhou
Research Institute (NUSRI), National University
of Singapore, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yanqin Yang
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore,Center
for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore,Suzhou
Research Institute (NUSRI), National University
of Singapore, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhongda Sun
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore,Center
for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore,Suzhou
Research Institute (NUSRI), National University
of Singapore, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore,Center
for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore,Suzhou
Research Institute (NUSRI), National University
of Singapore, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China,NUS
Graduate School - Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore,
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29
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Lu J, Hu S, Li W, Wang X, Mo X, Gong X, Liu H, Luo W, Dong W, Sima C, Wang Y, Yang G, Luo JT, Jiang S, Shi Z, Zhang G. A Biodegradable and Recyclable Piezoelectric Sensor Based on a Molecular Ferroelectric Embedded in a Bacterial Cellulose Hydrogel. ACS NANO 2022; 16:3744-3755. [PMID: 35234032 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c07614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Currently, various electronic devices make our life more and more safe, healthy, and comfortable, but at the same time, they produce a large amount of nondegradable and nonrecyclable electronic waste that threatens our environment. In this work, we explore an environmentally friendly and flexible mechanical sensor that is biodegradable and recyclable. The sensor consists of a bacterial cellulose (BC) hydrogel as the matrix and imidazolium perchlorate (ImClO4) molecular ferroelectric as the functional element, the hybrid of which possesses a high sensitivity of 4 mV kPa-1 and a wide operational range from 0.2 to 31.25 kPa, outperforming those of most devices based on conventional functional biomaterials. Moreover, the BC hydrogel can be fully degraded into glucose and oligosaccharides, while ImClO4 can be recyclable and reused for the same devices, leaving no environmentally hazardous electronic waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Lu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Engineering Research Center for Functional Ceramics MOE and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Sanming Hu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wenru Li
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Engineering Research Center for Functional Ceramics MOE and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xuefang Wang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Engineering Research Center for Functional Ceramics MOE and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiwei Mo
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Engineering Research Center for Functional Ceramics MOE and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xuetian Gong
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Engineering Research Center for Functional Ceramics MOE and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Huan Liu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Engineering Research Center for Functional Ceramics MOE and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wei Luo
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Engineering Research Center for Functional Ceramics MOE and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wen Dong
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Engineering Research Center for Functional Ceramics MOE and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chaotan Sima
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Engineering Research Center for Functional Ceramics MOE and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yaojin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Guang Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jing-Ting Luo
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Education Ministry and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shenglin Jiang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Engineering Research Center for Functional Ceramics MOE and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhijun Shi
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Guangzu Zhang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Engineering Research Center for Functional Ceramics MOE and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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30
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Yang P, Shi Y, Li S, Tao X, Liu Z, Wang X, Wang ZL, Chen X. Monitoring the Degree of Comfort of Shoes In-Motion Using Triboelectric Pressure Sensors with an Ultrawide Detection Range. ACS NANO 2022; 16:4654-4665. [PMID: 35171554 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Shoes play an important role in sports and human daily life. Here, an in-shoe sensor pad (ISSP) attached to the vamp lining is based on a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) for monitoring the real-time stress distribution on the top side of a foot. Each sensor unit on this ISSP is an air-capsule TENG (AC-TENG) consisting of activated carbon/polyurethane (AC/PU) and microsphere array electrodes. The detection range of each AC-TENG reaches 7.27 MPa, which is enough for monitoring the pressure change during different sports. This multifunctional ISSP can realize many typical functions of conventional smart shoes, including step counting and human-machine interaction. Moreover, it can also reveal special information, including the fitness of shoes, the stress concentration on toes, and the in-motion comfort degree. The signal processing and data transmission modules in the system have a hybrid power supply with wireless power transfer, while the real-time information about feet can be observed on a cell phone. Hence, this ISSP provides a potential approach to study the feet motion and comfort degree of shoes in long-term operations, which can guide both athlete training and the customized design of shoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100083 Beijing, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Yuxiang Shi
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100083 Beijing, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Shuyao Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100083 Beijing, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Xinglin Tao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100083 Beijing, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoqi Liu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100083 Beijing, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Xingling Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100083 Beijing, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100083 Beijing, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100083 Beijing, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
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31
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Fan X, Zhao L, Ling Q, Gu H. Tough, Self-Adhesive, Antibacterial, and Recyclable Supramolecular Double Network Flexible Hydrogel Sensor Based on PVA/Chitosan/Cyclodextrin. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Qiangjun Ling
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Haibin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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32
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Recent Advances in Electronic Skins with Multiple-Stimuli-Responsive and Self-Healing Abilities. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15051661. [PMID: 35268894 PMCID: PMC8911295 DOI: 10.3390/ma15051661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electronic skin (e-skin) has provided a revolutionized way to intelligently sense environmental stimuli, which shows prospective applications in health monitoring, artificial intelligence and prosthetics fields. Drawn inspiration from biological skins, developing e-skin with multiple stimuli perception and self-healing abilities not only enrich their bionic multifunctionality, but also greatly improve their sensory performance and functional stability. In this review, we highlight recent important developments in the material structure design strategy to imitate the fascinating functionalities of biological skins, including molecular synthesis, physical structure design, and special biomimicry engineering. Moreover, their specific structure-property relationships, multifunctional application, and existing challenges are also critically analyzed with representative examples. Furthermore, a summary and perspective on future directions and challenges of biomimetic electronic skins regarding function construction will be briefly discussed. We believe that this review will provide valuable guidance for readers to fabricate superior e-skin materials or devices with skin-like multifunctionalities and disparate characteristics.
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33
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Ultra-fast preparation of multifunctional conductive hydrogels with high mechanical strength, self-healing and self-adhesive properties based on Tara Tannin-Fe3+ dynamic redox system for strain sensors applications. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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34
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Chen Y, Gao Z, Zhang F, Wen Z, Sun X. Recent progress in self-powered multifunctional e-skin for advanced applications. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2022; 2:20210112. [PMID: 37324580 PMCID: PMC10191004 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20210112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electronic skin (e-skin), new generation of flexible wearable electronic devices, has characteristics including flexibility, thinness, biocompatibility with broad application prospects, and a crucial place in future wearable electronics. With the increasing demand for wearable sensor systems, the realization of multifunctional e-skin with low power consumption or even autonomous energy is urgently needed. The latest progress of multifunctional self-powered e-skin for applications in physiological health, human-machine interaction (HMI), virtual reality (VR), and artificial intelligence (AI) is presented here. Various energy conversion effects for the driving energy problem of multifunctional e-skin are summarized. An overview of various types of self-powered e-skins, including single-effect e-skins and multifunctional coupling-effects e-skin systems is provided, where the aspects of material preparation, device assembly, and output signal analysis of the self-powered multifunctional e-skin are described. In the end, the existing problems and prospects in this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon‐Based Functional Materials and DevicesSoochow UniversitySuzhouP. R. China
| | - Zhengqiu Gao
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon‐Based Functional Materials and DevicesSoochow UniversitySuzhouP. R. China
| | - Fangjia Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon‐Based Functional Materials and DevicesSoochow UniversitySuzhouP. R. China
| | - Zhen Wen
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon‐Based Functional Materials and DevicesSoochow UniversitySuzhouP. R. China
| | - Xuhui Sun
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon‐Based Functional Materials and DevicesSoochow UniversitySuzhouP. R. China
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35
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Triboelectric Nanogenerators as Active Tactile Stimulators for Multifunctional Sensing and Artificial Synapses. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22030975. [PMID: 35161721 PMCID: PMC8840436 DOI: 10.3390/s22030975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The wearable tactile sensors have attracted great attention in the fields of intelligent robots, healthcare monitors and human-machine interactions. To create active tactile sensors that can directly generate electrical signals in response to stimuli from the surrounding environment is of great significance. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have the advantages of high sensitivity, fast response speed and low cost that can convert any type of mechanical motion in the surrounding environment into electrical signals, which provides an effective strategy to design the self-powered active tactile sensors. Here, an overview of the development in TENGs as tactile stimulators for multifunctional sensing and artificial synapses is systematically introduced. Firstly, the applications of TENGs as tactile stimulators in pressure, temperature, proximity sensing, and object recognition are introduced in detail. Then, the research progress of TENGs as tactile stimulators for artificial synapses is emphatically introduced, which is mainly reflected in the electrolyte-gate synaptic transistors, optoelectronic synaptic transistors, floating-gate synaptic transistors, reduced graphene oxides-based artificial synapse, and integrated circuit-based artificial synapse and nervous systems. Finally, the challenges of TENGs as tactile stimulators for multifunctional sensing and artificial synapses in practical applications are summarized, and the future development prospects are expected.
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36
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Zhang F, Yang K, Pei Z, Wu Y, Sang S, Zhang Q, Jiao H. A highly accurate flexible sensor system for human blood pressure and heart rate monitoring based on graphene/sponge. RSC Adv 2022; 12:2391-2398. [PMID: 35425225 PMCID: PMC8979096 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08608a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of wearable devices has shown tremendous dynamism, which places greater demands on the accuracy and consistency of sensors. This work reports a flexible sensing system for human health monitoring of parameters such as human pulse waveform, blood pressure and heart rate. The signal acquisition part is a vertically structured piezoresistive micro-pressure flexible sensor. To ensure accuracy, the sensors are filled with melamine sponge covered by graphene nanoconductive materials as the conductive layer, and ecoflex material acts as the flexible substrate. The flexible sensors fabricated under the 3D printing mold-assisted method exhibited high accuracy, good repeatability and remarkable response to micro-pressure. However, when used for human pulse signal measurement, the sensors are affected by unavoidable interference. In order to collect human health data accurately, signal acquisition and processing systems were constructed. The system allows for the accurate acquisition of human pulse signals, accompanied by the function of non-invasive, real-time and continuous detection of human blood pressure heart rate parameters. By comparing with an Omron blood pressure monitor, the blood pressure heart rate index error of the flexible sensing system does not exceed 3%. We fabricated a flexible sensing system, including the preparation of sensors and construction of the signal processing computing platform, which enabled human health monitoring by collecting pulse signals.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- MicroNano System Research Center, College of Information Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Kun Yang
- MicroNano System Research Center, College of Information Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Zhen Pei
- MicroNano System Research Center, College of Information Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yuguang Wu
- MicroNano System Research Center, College of Information Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Shengbo Sang
- MicroNano System Research Center, College of Information Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- MicroNano System Research Center, College of Information Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Huameng Jiao
- MicroNano System Research Center, College of Information Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
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37
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Liu Y, Xu D, Ding Y, Lv X, Huang T, Yuan B, Jiang L, Sun X, Yao Y, Tang J. A conductive polyacrylamide hydrogel enabled by dispersion-enhanced MXene@chitosan assembly for highly stretchable and sensitive wearable skin. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:8862-8870. [PMID: 34671799 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01798e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
MXene is recognized as an ideal material for sensitive wearable strain sensors because of its unique advantages of conductivity, hydrophilicity and mechanical properties. However, conventional hydrogel sensors utilizing MXene as a conductive material inevitably encounter the excessive accumulation of MXene nanosheets during the process of synthesis, which limits the electron transmission, reduces the conductivity, and concurrently weakens the mechanical capability and sensitivity of sensors. Herein, we construct a dispersion-enhanced MXene hydrogel (DEMH) through a chitosan-induced self-assembly strategy for the first time. Charge transfer is carried out through the flow of a material or a collection of material microstructures, and thus the highly interconnected 3D MXene@Chitosan network provides fast transport channels for electrons, and the DEMH exhibits excellent conductivity and sensibility simultaneously. Besides, the electrostatic self-assembly between MXene and chitosan, and the supramolecular interactions between MXene, chitosan and polyacrylamide chain segment result in excellent mechanical strength (of up to 1900%) and flexibility of DEMH. Furthermore, the introduction of chitosan which possesses a high density of positively charged groups and MXene with semiconducting properties also endows sensor versatility, such as self-adhesion properties and antibacterial activity. This work develops a simple and cut-price strategy for combining MXene unaggregated into a hydrogel as a sensor with high conductivity, sensibility and flexibility. A simple and inexpensive strategy for avoiding self-stacking of two-dimensional conductive materials is proposed, which paves the way for a broad range of applications in electronic skin, human motion detection and intelligent devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Liu
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Daren Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Qianjin Avenue 2699, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Lv
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Tingting Huang
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Bolei Yuan
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Lin Jiang
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Xueying Sun
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yuanqing Yao
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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Li W, Li C, Zhang G, Li L, Huang K, Gong X, Zhang C, Zheng A, Tang Y, Wang Z, Tong Q, Dong W, Jiang S, Zhang S, Wang Q. Molecular Ferroelectric-Based Flexible Sensors Exhibiting Supersensitivity and Multimodal Capability for Detection. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2104107. [PMID: 34510578 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although excellent dielectric, piezoelectric, and pyroelectric properties matched with or even surpassing those of ferroelectric ceramics have been recently discovered in molecular ferroelectrics, their successful applications in devices are scarce. The fracture proneness of molecular ferroelectrics under mechanical loading precludes their applications as flexible sensors in bulk crystalline form. Here, self-powered flexible mechanical sensors prepared from the facile deposition of molecular ferroelectric [C(NH2 )3 ]ClO4 onto a porous polyurethane (PU) matrix are reported. [C(NH2 )3 ]ClO4 -PU is capable of detecting pressure of 3 Pa and strain of 1% that are hardly accessible by the state-of-the-art piezoelectric, triboelectric, and piezoresistive sensors, and presents the ability of sensing multimodal mechanical forces including compression, stretching, bending, shearing, and twisting with high cyclic stability. This scaling analysis corroborated with computational modeling provides detailed insights into the electro-mechanical coupling and establishes rules of engineering design and optimization for the hybrid sponges. Demonstrative applications of the [C(NH2 )3 ]ClO4 -PU array suggest potential uses in interactive electronics and robotic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenru Li
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Changhao Li
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Guangzu Zhang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Linkai Li
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xuetian Gong
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - An Zheng
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Yanxue Tang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Material and Device, Department of Physics, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Zhengzhi Wang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Qiaoling Tong
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Wen Dong
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Shenglin Jiang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Sulin Zhang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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Niu H, Zhang H, Yue W, Gao S, Kan H, Zhang C, Zhang C, Pang J, Lou Z, Wang L, Li Y, Liu H, Shen G. Micro-Nano Processing of Active Layers in Flexible Tactile Sensors via Template Methods: A Review. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2100804. [PMID: 34240560 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Template methods are regarded as an important method for micro-nano processing in the active layer of flexible tactile sensors. These template methods use physical/chemical processes to introduce micro-nano structures on the active layer, which improves many properties including sensitivity, response/recovery time, and detection limit. However, since the processing process and applicable conditions of the template method have not yet formed a perfect system, the development and commercialization of flexible tactile sensors based on the template method are still at a relatively slow stage. Despite the above obstacles, advances in microelectronics, materials science, nanoscience, and other disciplines have laid the foundation for various template methods, enabling the continuous development of flexible tactile sensors. Therefore, a comprehensive and systematic review of flexible tactile sensors based on the template method is needed to further promote progress in this field. Here, the unique advantages and shortcomings of various template methods are summarized in detail and discuss the research progress and challenges in this field. It is believed that this review will have a significant impact on many fields of flexible electronics, which is beneficial to promote the cross-integration of multiple fields and accelerate the development of flexible electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsen Niu
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Huiyun Zhang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Wenjing Yue
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Song Gao
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Hao Kan
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Chunwei Zhang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Congcong Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Jinbo Pang
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Zheng Lou
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Guozhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
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Wang ZL. From contact electrification to triboelectric nanogenerators. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2021; 84. [PMID: 34111846 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac0a50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Although the contact electrification (CE) (or usually called 'triboelectrification') effect has been known for over 2600 years, its scientific mechanism still remains debated after decades. Interest in studying CE has been recently revisited due to the invention of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), which are the most effective approach for converting random, low-frequency mechanical energy (called high entropy energy) into electric power for distributed energy applications. This review is composed of three parts that are coherently linked, ranging from basic physics, through classical electrodynamics, to technological advances and engineering applications. First, the mechanisms of CE are studied for general cases involving solids, liquids and gas phases. Various physics models are presented to explain the fundamentals of CE by illustrating that electron transfer is the dominant mechanism for CE for solid-solid interfaces. Electron transfer also occurs in the CE at liquid-solid and liquid-liquid interfaces. An electron-cloud overlap model is proposed to explain CE in general. This electron transfer model is extended to liquid-solid interfaces, leading to a revision of the formation mechanism of the electric double layer at liquid-solid interfaces. Second, by adding a time-dependent polarization termPscreated by the CE-induced surface electrostatic charges in the displacement fieldD, we expand Maxwell's equations to include both the medium polarizations due to electric field (P) and mechanical aggitation and medium boundary movement induced polarization term (Ps). From these, the output power, electromagnetic (EM) behaviour and current transport equation for a TENG are systematically derived from first principles. A general solution is presented for the modified Maxwell's equations, and analytical solutions for the output potential are provided for a few cases. The displacement current arising fromε∂E/∂t is responsible for EM waves, while the newly added term ∂Ps/∂t is responsible for energy and sensors. This work sets the standard theory for quantifying the performance and EM behaviour of TENGs in general. Finally, we review the applications of TENGs for harvesting all kinds of available mechanical energy that is wasted in our daily life, such as human motion, walking, vibration, mechanical triggering, rotating tires, wind, flowing water and more. A summary is provided about the applications of TENGs in energy science, environmental protection, wearable electronics, self-powered sensors, medical science, robotics and artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States of America
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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41
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Lu H, Yun G, Cole T, Ouyang Y, Ren H, Shu J, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Dickey MD, Li W, Tang SY. Reversible Underwater Adhesion for Soft Robotic Feet by Leveraging Electrochemically Tunable Liquid Metal Interfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:37904-37914. [PMID: 34319083 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soft crawling robots have potential applications for surveillance, rescue, and detection in complex environments. Despite this, most existing soft crawling robots either use nonadjustable feet to passively induce asymmetry in friction to actuate or are only capable of moving on surfaces with specific designs. Thus, robots often lack the ability to move along arbitrary directions in a two-dimensional (2D) plane or in unpredictable environments such as wet surfaces. Here, leveraging the electrochemically tunable interfaces of liquid metal, we report the development of liquid metal smart feet (LMSF) that enable electrical control of friction for achieving versatile actuation of prismatic crawling robots on wet slippery surfaces. The functionality of the LMSF is examined on crawling robots with soft or rigid actuators. Parameters that affect the performance of the LMSF are investigated. The robots with the LMSF prove capable of actuating across different surfaces in various solutions. Demonstration of 2D locomotion of crawling robots along arbitrary directions validates the versatility and reliability of the LMSF, suggesting broad utility in the development of advanced soft robotic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongda Lu
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Guolin Yun
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Tim Cole
- Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Yiming Ouyang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hongtai Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jian Shu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Shiwu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Weihua Li
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Shi-Yang Tang
- Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
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42
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Zhang D, Yang W, Gong W, Ma W, Hou C, Li Y, Zhang Q, Wang H. Abrasion Resistant/Waterproof Stretchable Triboelectric Yarns Based on Fermat Spirals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100782. [PMID: 34028894 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Emerging energy harvesting yarns, via triboelectric effects, have wide application prospects in new-generation wearable electronics. However, few studies have been carried out regarding simultaneously achieving high electrical performance, mechanical robustness, and comfortability in industrial-scalable yarn. Here, an electronic yarn twisted into Fermat spiral, which has outstanding dynamic structure stability, is reported. The Fermat-spiral-based energy yarns (FSBEY) can simultaneously realize ultrahigh abrasion resistance (over 5000 Martindale standard abrasion cycles), stable reversible strain (100%), and excellent electrical output. Considerably high output (105 V, ≈1.2 µA under 2 Hz) can be attained upon contacting a single yarn (30 cm) with latex material, which is superior to most state-of-the-art stretchable triboelectric yarns. The application of these FSBEY in wireless gesture recognition, smart screen information protection, and harvesting of energy from water dropletsis demonstrated. Moreover, textiles knitted from the FSBEY have distinguished waterproof nature and are breathable. This work shows a feasible proposal for building future "energy garments".
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Weifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Wei Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Wanwan Ma
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Chengyi Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Yaogang Li
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Glasses Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Qinghong Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Glasses Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
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Sun Z, Zhu M, Zhang Z, Chen Z, Shi Q, Shan X, Yeow RCH, Lee C. Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) Enabled Virtual Shop Applications Using Self-Powered Sensor Enhanced Soft Robotic Manipulator. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100230. [PMID: 34037331 PMCID: PMC8292889 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Rapid advancements of artificial intelligence of things (AIoT) technology pave the way for developing a digital-twin-based remote interactive system for advanced robotic-enabled industrial automation and virtual shopping. The embedded multifunctional perception system is urged for better interaction and user experience. To realize such a system, a smart soft robotic manipulator is presented that consists of a triboelectric nanogenerator tactile (T-TENG) and length (L-TENG) sensor, as well as a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) pyroelectric temperature sensor. With the aid of machine learning (ML) for data processing, the fusion of the T-TENG and L-TENG sensors can realize the automatic recognition of the grasped objects with the accuracy of 97.143% for 28 different shapes of objects, while the temperature distribution can also be obtained through the pyroelectric sensor. By leveraging the IoT and artificial intelligence (AI) analytics, a digital-twin-based virtual shop is successfully implemented to provide the users with real-time feedback about the details of the product. In general, by offering a more immersive experience in human-machine interactions, the proposed remote interactive system shows the great potential of being the advanced human-machine interface for the applications of the unmanned working space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongda Sun
- Department of Electrical & Computer EngineeringNational University of Singapore4 Engineering Drive 3Singapore117576Singapore
- Institute of Manufacturing Technology and National University of Singapore (SIMTech‐NUS) Joint Lab on Large‐Area Flexible Hybrid ElectronicsNational University of Singapore4 Engineering Drive 3Singapore117576Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM)National University of Singapore5 Engineering Drive 1Singapore117608Singapore
- National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI)Suzhou Industrial ParkSuzhou215123China
| | - Minglu Zhu
- Department of Electrical & Computer EngineeringNational University of Singapore4 Engineering Drive 3Singapore117576Singapore
- Institute of Manufacturing Technology and National University of Singapore (SIMTech‐NUS) Joint Lab on Large‐Area Flexible Hybrid ElectronicsNational University of Singapore4 Engineering Drive 3Singapore117576Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM)National University of Singapore5 Engineering Drive 1Singapore117608Singapore
- National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI)Suzhou Industrial ParkSuzhou215123China
| | - Zixuan Zhang
- Department of Electrical & Computer EngineeringNational University of Singapore4 Engineering Drive 3Singapore117576Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM)National University of Singapore5 Engineering Drive 1Singapore117608Singapore
- National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI)Suzhou Industrial ParkSuzhou215123China
| | - Zhaocong Chen
- Department of Electrical & Computer EngineeringNational University of Singapore4 Engineering Drive 3Singapore117576Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM)National University of Singapore5 Engineering Drive 1Singapore117608Singapore
- National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI)Suzhou Industrial ParkSuzhou215123China
| | - Qiongfeng Shi
- Department of Electrical & Computer EngineeringNational University of Singapore4 Engineering Drive 3Singapore117576Singapore
- Institute of Manufacturing Technology and National University of Singapore (SIMTech‐NUS) Joint Lab on Large‐Area Flexible Hybrid ElectronicsNational University of Singapore4 Engineering Drive 3Singapore117576Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM)National University of Singapore5 Engineering Drive 1Singapore117608Singapore
- National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI)Suzhou Industrial ParkSuzhou215123China
| | - Xuechuan Shan
- Institute of Manufacturing Technology and National University of Singapore (SIMTech‐NUS) Joint Lab on Large‐Area Flexible Hybrid ElectronicsNational University of Singapore4 Engineering Drive 3Singapore117576Singapore
- Printed Intelligent Device GroupSingapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech)Agency for ScienceTechnology and Research (A*STAR)Singapore637662Singapore
| | - Raye Chen Hua Yeow
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNational University of Singapore#04‐08, Engineering Block 4, 4 Engineering Drive 3Singapore117583Singapore
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical & Computer EngineeringNational University of Singapore4 Engineering Drive 3Singapore117576Singapore
- Institute of Manufacturing Technology and National University of Singapore (SIMTech‐NUS) Joint Lab on Large‐Area Flexible Hybrid ElectronicsNational University of Singapore4 Engineering Drive 3Singapore117576Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM)National University of Singapore5 Engineering Drive 1Singapore117608Singapore
- National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI)Suzhou Industrial ParkSuzhou215123China
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Lu H, Zou Z, Wu X, Shi C, Liu Y, Xiao J. Biomimetic Prosthetic Hand Enabled by Liquid Crystal Elastomer Tendons. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:736. [PMID: 34201506 PMCID: PMC8306406 DOI: 10.3390/mi12070736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As one of the most important prosthetic implants for amputees, current commercially available prosthetic hands are still too bulky, heavy, expensive, complex and inefficient. Here, we present a study that utilizes the artificial tendon to drive the motion of fingers in a biomimetic prosthetic hand. The artificial tendon is realized by combining liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) and liquid metal (LM) heating element. A joule heating-induced temperature increase in the LCE tendon leads to linear contraction, which drives the fingers of the biomimetic prosthetic hand to bend in a way similar to the human hand. The responses of the LCE tendon to joule heating, including temperature increase, contraction strain and contraction stress, are characterized. The strategies of achieving a constant contraction stress in an LCE tendon and accelerating the cooling for faster actuation are also explored. This biomimetic prosthetic hand is demonstrated to be able to perform complex tasks including making different hand gestures, holding objects of different sizes and shapes, and carrying weights. The results can find applications in not only prosthetics, but also robots and soft machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Lu
- College of Mechanical Electrical and Vehicle Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (Z.Z.); (X.W.); (C.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Zhanan Zou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (Z.Z.); (X.W.); (C.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xingli Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (Z.Z.); (X.W.); (C.S.); (Y.L.)
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China
| | - Chuanqian Shi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (Z.Z.); (X.W.); (C.S.); (Y.L.)
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yimeng Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (Z.Z.); (X.W.); (C.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jianliang Xiao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (Z.Z.); (X.W.); (C.S.); (Y.L.)
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Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) is accelerating the development of unconventional computing paradigms inspired by the abilities and energy efficiency of the brain. The human brain excels especially in computationally intensive cognitive tasks, such as pattern recognition and classification. A long-term goal is de-centralized neuromorphic computing, relying on a network of distributed cores to mimic the massive parallelism of the brain, thus rigorously following a nature-inspired approach for information processing. Through the gradual transformation of interconnected computing blocks into continuous computing tissue, the development of advanced forms of matter exhibiting basic features of intelligence can be envisioned, able to learn and process information in a delocalized manner. Such intelligent matter would interact with the environment by receiving and responding to external stimuli, while internally adapting its structure to enable the distribution and storage (as memory) of information. We review progress towards implementations of intelligent matter using molecular systems, soft materials or solid-state materials, with respect to applications in soft robotics, the development of adaptive artificial skins and distributed neuromorphic computing.
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46
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Pei Z, Zhang Q, Li Q, Ji C, Liu Y, Yang K, Zhuo K, Zhang W, Sang S. A fully 3D printed electronic skin with bionic high resolution and air permeable porous structure. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 602:452-458. [PMID: 34144302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The bionic application of electronic skin (e-skin) requires a high resolution close to that of human skin, while its long-term attachment to human body or robotic skin requires a porous structure that is air permeable and enables hair growth. To simultaneously meet the requirements of high resolution and porous structure, as well as improve the sensing performance, we propose a fully 3D printed e-skin with high-resolution and air permeable porous structure. The flexible substrate and electrodes are 3D printed by a direct ink writing extrusion printer. The sensitive material is 3D printed by a self-made low-viscosity liquid extrusion 3D print module. This e-skin has a high sensor density of 100/cm2, which is close to the resolution of the human fingertip skin. The piezoresistive sensor units of e-skin exhibit a highly linear resistance response and a relatively performance consistency between devices. Owing to the porous and breathable structure, better human comfort and mechanical heat dissipation are realized. This high-resolution e-skin is successfully applied to identify small-sized objects with complex contours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Pei
- Micro-Nano System Research Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Micro-Nano System Research Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Micro-Nano System Research Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Chao Ji
- Micro-Nano System Research Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Micro-Nano System Research Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Micro-Nano System Research Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Kai Zhuo
- Micro-Nano System Research Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Wendong Zhang
- Micro-Nano System Research Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Shengbo Sang
- Micro-Nano System Research Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
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An J, Chen P, Wang Z, Berbille A, Pang H, Jiang Y, Jiang T, Wang ZL. Biomimetic Hairy Whiskers for Robotic Skin Tactility. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2101891. [PMID: 33963783 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Touch sensing is among the most important sensing capabilities of a human, and the same is true for smart robotics. Current research on tactile sensors is mainly concentrated on electronic skin (e-skin), but e-skin is prone to be easily dirtied, damaged, and disturbed after repeated usage, which greatly limits its practical applications in robotics. Here, by mimicking the way that animals explore the environment using hair-based sensors, a bendable biomimetic whisker mechanoreceptor (BWMR) is designed for robotic tactile sensing. Owing to the advantages of triboelectric nanogenerator technology, the BWMR can convert external mechanical stimuli into electrical signals without a power supply, which is conducive to its widespread applications in robots. Because of the leverage effect of the whisker, the BWMR can distinguish an exciting force of 1.129 μN by amplifying external weak signals, which can be further improved by increasing the whisker length. Real-time sensing is demonstrated using a BWMR, exhibiting its potential for robotic tactile systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie An
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pengfei Chen
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ziming Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Andy Berbille
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hao Pang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yang Jiang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
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Liu Z, Zhang R, Xiao Y, Li J, Chang W, Qian D, Liu Z. Somatosensitive film soft crawling robots driven by artificial muscle for load carrying and multi-terrain locomotion. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:1783-1794. [PMID: 34846507 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00457c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Somatosensitive soft crawling robotics is highly desired for load carrying and multi-terrain locomotion. The motor-driven skeleton robots and pneumatic robots are effective and well-developed, while the bulk size, rigidity, or complexity limit their applications. In this paper, a somatosensitive film soft crawling robot driven by an artificial muscle was developed, which can carry heavy loads and crawl on multiple terrains. A bow-shaped film skeleton connected with a twisted-fiber artificial muscle is not easily deformed while carrying a load. A strain sensor coating on the film skeleton was used to detect the body deformation of the robot and a controller was designed for feedback control to make the robot self-crawling. This film soft crawling robot was demonstrated to crawl on the multi-terrain such as flat, mountainous, and underwater, as well as surfaces with different roughness. This work provides a new design strategy for multi-functional compact soft crawling robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongsheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Ilami M, Bagheri H, Ahmed R, Skowronek EO, Marvi H. Materials, Actuators, and Sensors for Soft Bioinspired Robots. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2003139. [PMID: 33346386 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Biological systems can perform complex tasks with high compliance levels. This makes them a great source of inspiration for soft robotics. Indeed, the union of these fields has brought about bioinspired soft robotics, with hundreds of publications on novel research each year. This review aims to survey fundamental advances in bioinspired soft actuators and sensors with a focus on the progress between 2017 and 2020, providing a primer for the materials used in their design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Ilami
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Hosain Bagheri
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Reza Ahmed
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - E Olga Skowronek
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Hamid Marvi
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
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50
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Pal A, Restrepo V, Goswami D, Martinez RV. Exploiting Mechanical Instabilities in Soft Robotics: Control, Sensing, and Actuation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2006939. [PMID: 33792085 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The rapidly expanding field of soft robotics has provided multiple examples of how entirely soft machines and actuators can outperform conventional rigid robots in terms of adaptability, maneuverability, and safety. Unfortunately, the soft and flexible materials used in their construction impose intrinsic limitations on soft robots, such as low actuation speeds and low output forces. Nature offers multiple examples where highly flexible organisms exploit mechanical instabilities to store and rapidly release energy. Guided by these examples, researchers have recently developed a variety of strategies to overcome speed and power limitations in soft robotics using mechanical instabilities. These mechanical instabilities provide, through rapid transitions from structurally stable states, a new route to achieve high output power amplification and attain impressive actuation speeds. Here, an overview of the literature related to the development of soft robots and actuators that exploit mechanical instabilities to expand their actuation speed, output power, and functionality is presented. Additionally, strategies using structural phase transitions to address current challenges in the area of soft robotic control, sensing, and actuation are discussed. Approaches using instabilities to create entirely soft logic modules to imbue soft robots with material intelligence and distributed computational capabilities are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Pal
- School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, 315 N. Grant Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Vanessa Restrepo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Debkalpa Goswami
- School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, 315 N. Grant Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 45 Carleton Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Ramses V Martinez
- School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, 315 N. Grant Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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