1
|
Sevcik MJ, Golson J, Bjerke G, Snyder I, Taylor G, Wilson F, Rabinowitz GI, Kline DJ, Grapes MD, Sullivan KT, Belof JL, Eliasson V. Dual feed progressive cavity pump extrusion system for functionally graded direct ink write 3D printing. HARDWAREX 2024; 17:e00515. [PMID: 38384284 PMCID: PMC10878996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Material extrusion Additive Manufacturing (AM), is one of the most widely practiced methods of AM. Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) is what most associate with AM, as it is relatively inexpensive, and highly accessible, involving feeding plastic filament into a hot-end that melts and extrudes from a nozzle as the toolhead moves along the toolpath. Direct Ink Write (DIW) 3D printing falls into this same category of AM, however is primarily practiced in laboratory settings to construct novel parts from flowable feedstock materials. DIW printers are relatively expensive and often depend on custom software to print a part, limiting user-specificity. There have been recent advancements in multi-material and functionally graded DIW, but the systems are highly custom and the methods used to achieve multi-material prints are openly available to the public. The following article outlines the construction and operation method of a DIW system that is capable of printing that can produce compositionally-graded components using a dual feed progressive cavity pump extruder equipped with a dynamic mixer. The extruder and its capabilities to vary material composition while printing are demonstrated using a Prusa i3 MK3S+ desktop fused filament fabrication printer as the gantry system. This provides users ease of operation, and the capability of further tailoring to specific needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max J. Sevcik
- Colorado School of Mines Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, United States of America
| | - Jacob Golson
- Colorado School of Mines Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, United States of America
| | - Gabriel Bjerke
- Colorado School of Mines Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, United States of America
| | - Isaac Snyder
- Colorado School of Mines Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, United States of America
| | - Gage Taylor
- Colorado School of Mines Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, United States of America
| | - Finnegan Wilson
- Colorado School of Mines Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, United States of America
| | - Grace I. Rabinowitz
- Colorado School of Mines Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, United States of America
| | - Dylan J. Kline
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Grapes
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, United States of America
| | - Kyle T. Sullivan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, United States of America
| | - Jonathan L. Belof
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, United States of America
| | - Veronica Eliasson
- Colorado School of Mines Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yu C, Gu B, Bao M, Chen J, Shi W, Ye J, Zhang W. In Situ Electrochemical Construction of CuN 3@CuCl Hybrids for Controllable Energy Release and Self-Passivation Ability. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:1642-1651. [PMID: 38198689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Advanced energetic materials (EMs) play a crucial role in the advancement of microenergetic systems as actuation parts, igniters, propulsion units, and power. The sustainable electrosynthesis of EMs has gained momentum and achieved substantial improvements in the past decade. This study presents the facile synthesis of a new type of high-performance CuN3@CuCl hybrids via a co-electrodeposition methodology utilizing porous Cu as the sacrificial template. The composition, morphology, and energetic characteristics of the CuN3@CuCl hybrids can be easily tuned by adjusting the deposition times. The resulting hybrids demonstrate remarkable energy output (1120 J·g-1) and good laser-induced initiating ability. As compared with porous CuN3, the uniform doping of inert CuCl enhances the electrostatic safety of the hybridized material without compromising its overall energetic characteristics. Notably, the special oxidizing behavior of CuCl gradually lowers the susceptibility of the hybrid material to laser and electrostatic stimulation. This has significant implications for the passivation or self-destruction of highly sensitive EMs. Overall, this study pioneers a new path for the development of MEMS-compatible EMs, facilitating further microenergetic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunpei Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Bonan Gu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Minghao Bao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Junhong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Wei Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jiahai Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim HS, Kim SH. Additive Manufacturing and Combustion Characteristics of Polyethylene Oxide/Aluminum/Copper Oxide-Based Energetic Nanocomposites for Enhancing the Propulsion of Small Projectiles. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1052. [PMID: 36985946 PMCID: PMC10055762 DOI: 10.3390/nano13061052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The application of nanoscale energetic materials (nEMs) composed of metal and oxidizer nanoparticles (NPs) in thermal engineering systems is limited by their relatively high sensitivity and complex three-dimensional (3D) formability. Polymers can be added to nEMs to lower the sensitivity and improve the formability of 3D structures. In this study, the effect of the addition of polyethylene oxide (PEO; polymer) on the combustion characteristics of aluminum (Al; fuel)/copper oxide (CuO; oxidizer)-based nEMs is investigated. With an increase in the PEO content, the resulting PEO/nEM composites are desensitized to relatively high electrical spark discharges. However, the maximum explosion-induced pressure decreases significantly, and the combustion flame fails to propagate when the PEO content exceeds 15 wt.%. Therefore, the optimal PEO content in a nEM matrix must be accurately determined to achieve a compromise between sensitivity and reactivity. To demonstrate their potential application as composite solid propellants (CSPs), 3D-printed disks composed of PEO/nEM composites were assembled using additive manufacturing. They were cross-stacked with conventional potassium nitrate (KNO3)/sucrose (C12H22O11)-based disk-shaped CSPs in a combustion chamber of small rocket motors. Propulsion tests indicated that the specific impulse of KNSU/PEO/nEM (nEMs: 3.4 wt.%)-based CSPs was at a maximum value, which is approximately three times higher than that of KNSU CSPs without nEMs. This suggests that the addition of an optimized amount of polymer to nEMs is beneficial for various CSPs with compromised sensitivity and reactivity and excellent 3D formability, which can significantly enhance the propulsion of small projectiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ho Sung Kim
- Research Center for Energy Convergence Technology, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyung Kim
- Research Center for Energy Convergence Technology, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanoenergy Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Polis M, Stolarczyk A, Glosz K, Jarosz T. Quo Vadis, Nanothermite? A Review of Recent Progress. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15093215. [PMID: 35591548 PMCID: PMC9105280 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
One of the groups of pyrotechnic compositions is thermite compositions, so-called thermites, which consist of an oxidant, usually in the form of a metal oxide or salt, and a free metal, which is the fuel. A characteristic feature of termite combustion reactions, apart from their extremely high exothermicity, is that they proceed, for the most part, in liquid and solid phases. Nanothermites are compositions, which include at least one component whose particles size is on the order of nanometers. The properties of nanothermites, such as high linear burning velocities, high reaction heats, high sensitivity to stimuli, low ignition temperature, ability to create hybrid compositions with other high-energy materials allow for a wide range of applications. Among the applications of nanothermites, one should mention igniters, detonators, microdetonators, micromotors, detectors, elements of detonation chain or elements allowing self-destruction of systems (e.g., microchips). The aim of this work is to discuss the preparation methods, research methods, direction of the future development, eventual challenges or problems and to highlight the applications and emerging novel avenues of use of these compositions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Polis
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry, Explosive Techniques Research Group, 42-693 Krupski Młyn, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (T.J.)
| | - Agnieszka Stolarczyk
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (A.S.); (K.G.)
| | - Karolina Glosz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (A.S.); (K.G.)
| | - Tomasz Jarosz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (A.S.); (K.G.)
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (T.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao W, Yan Y, Chen X, Wang T. Combining printing and nanoparticle assembly: Methodology and application of nanoparticle patterning. Innovation (N Y) 2022; 3:100253. [PMID: 35602121 PMCID: PMC9117940 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2022.100253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional nanoparticles (NPs) with unique photoelectric, mechanical, magnetic, and chemical properties have attracted considerable attention. Aggregated NPs rather than individual NPs are generally required for sensing, electronics, and catalysis. However, the transformation of functional NP aggregates into scalable, controllable, and affordable functional devices remains challenging. Printing is a promising additive manufacturing technology for fabricating devices from NP building blocks because of its capabilities for rapid prototyping and versatile multifunctional manufacturing. This paper reviews recent advances in NP patterning based on the combination of self-assembly and printing technologies (including two-, three-, and four-dimensional printing), introduces the basic characteristics of these methods, and discusses various fields of NP patterning applications. Nanoparticles (NPs) printing assembly is a good solution for patterned devices NPs assembly can be combined with 2D, 3D, and 4D printing technologies A variety of ink-dispersed NPs are available for printing assembly NPs printing assembly technology is applied for nanosensing, energy storage, photodetector
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Life and Health Research Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yanling Yan
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Province Industrial Technology Research Institute of Resources and Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Material Processing & Mold (Ministry of Education), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Life and Health Research Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Life and Health Research Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Tie Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Life and Health Research Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
- Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jiao Y, Li S, Li G, Luo Y. Effect of fluoropolymer content on thermal and combustion performance of direct writing high-solid nanothermite composite. RSC Adv 2022; 12:5612-5618. [PMID: 35425591 PMCID: PMC8981270 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08970f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The addition of fluoropolymers can improve the reactivity of Al and enhance the combustion performance of thermites. The thermal and combustion properties of F2311/Al/CuO with different mass fractions of F2311 were systematically studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuke Jiao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shengnan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Guoping Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Key Laboratory for Ministry of Education of High Energy Density Materials, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yunjun Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Key Laboratory for Ministry of Education of High Energy Density Materials, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ervin MH. Factors Affecting Substrate Heating with Printed Thermites. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202100231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H. Ervin
- M/S: FCDD-RLS-EM US Army Research Laboratory 2800 Powder Mill Road Adelphi MD 20783-1138
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Deng Y, Wu X, Deng P, Guan F, Ren H. Fabrication of Energetic Composites with 91% Solid Content by 3D Direct Writing. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12101160. [PMID: 34683211 PMCID: PMC8540018 DOI: 10.3390/mi12101160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Direct writing is a rapidly developing manufacturing technology that is convenient, adaptable and automated. It has been used in energetic composites to manufacture complex structures, improve product safety, and reduce waste. This work is aimed at probing the formability properties and combustion performances of aluminum/ammonium perchlorate with a high solid content for direct writing fabrication. Four kinds of samples with different solid content were successfully printed by adjusting printing parameters and inks formulas with excellent rheological behavior and combustion properties. A high solid content of 91% was manufactured and facile processed into complex structures. Micromorphology, rheology, density, burning rate, heat of combustion and combustion performance were evaluated to characterized four kinds of samples. As the solid content increases, the density, burning rate and heat of combustion are greatly enhanced. Based on 3D direct writing technology, complex energetic 3D structures with 91% solid content are shaped easier and more flexibly than in traditional manufacturing process, which provides a novel way for the manufacture of complicated structures of energetic components.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang H, Kline DJ, Rehwoldt MC, Zachariah MR. Carbon Fibers Enhance the Propagation of High Loading Nanothermites: In Situ Observation of Microscopic Combustion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:30504-30511. [PMID: 34170673 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in formulating and manufacturing energetic materials lies in the balance between total energy density, energy release rate, and mechanical integrity. In this work, carbon fibers are embedded into ∼90 wt % loading Al/CuO nanothermite sticks through a simple extrusion direct writing technique. With only ∼2.5 wt % carbon fiber addition, the burn rate and heat flux were promoted >2×. In situ microscopic observation of combustion shows that the carbon fiber intercept ejected hot agglomerates near the burning surface and enhanced heat feedback to the unreacted material. This study outlines how these approaches may enhance the propagation and reduce the two-phase flow losses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Wang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Dylan J Kline
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Miles C Rehwoldt
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Michael R Zachariah
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pouchairet JL, Rossi C. PyroMEMS as Future Technological Building Blocks for Advanced Microenergetic Systems. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12020118. [PMID: 33498708 PMCID: PMC7911588 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For the past two decades, many research groups have investigated new methods for reducing the size and cost of safe and arm-fire systems, while also improving their safety and reliability, through batch processing. Simultaneously, micro- and nanotechnology advancements regarding nanothermite materials have enabled the production of a key technological building block: pyrotechnical microsystems (pyroMEMS). This building block simply consists of microscale electric initiators with a thin thermite layer as the ignition charge. This microscale to millimeter-scale addressable pyroMEMS enables the integration of intelligence into centimeter-scale pyrotechnical systems. To illustrate this technological evolution, we hereby present the development of a smart infrared (IR) electronically controllable flare consisting of three distinct components: (1) a controllable pyrotechnical ejection block comprising three independently addressable small-scale propellers, all integrated into a one-piece molded and interconnected device, (2) a terminal function block comprising a structured IR pyrotechnical loaf coupled with a microinitiation stage integrating low-energy addressable pyroMEMS, and (3) a connected, autonomous, STANAG 4187 compliant, electronic sensor arming and firing block.
Collapse
|
11
|
Kabra S, Gharde S, Gore PM, Jain S, Khire VH, Kandasubramanian B. Recent trends in nanothermites: Fabrication, characteristics and applications. NANO EXPRESS 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2632-959x/abbce7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Energetic materials (EMs) are a group of distinctive materials that release an enormous amount of amassed chemical energy in a short time when incited by external mechanical or thermal factors. They comprise of propellants, explosives, and pyrotechnics. Unlike conventional micro-energetic materials, nano energetic materials (nEMs), due to their smaller particle size ranging from 1–100 nm, exhibit higher specific surface area (~10–50 m2 g−1), reduced ignition temperatures from 2350 K to approx.1000 K for particle size from 100 μm to 100 nm respectively, higher energy densities (up to 50 MJ kg−1), burning rates ~30.48 mm s−1 at 6.894 kPa with specific impulses up to 542 s (5320 m s−1), low impact sensitivity (<4–35 J). Such exceptional properties of nano energetic composites, i.e., thermites (a combination of metal-fuel/metal oxide particles), find applications, namely in, munitions, pyrotechnics, energetic micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) chips. This review provides valuable insight into the synthesis methods of nano energetic composite systems (e.g., Al/CuO, Al/KMnO4, Al/Fe2O3, Al/SnO2, Silicon-based systems), their characteristic properties, behavior under certain conditions and applications. Furthermore, the review converses about the advancements made in the last few decades by many researchers, along with the technological gaps that need to be addressed for futuristic applications.
Collapse
|
12
|
Ma X, Li Y, Hussain I, Shen R, Yang G, Zhang K. Core-Shell Structured Nanoenergetic Materials: Preparation and Fundamental Properties. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001291. [PMID: 32557860 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Energetic materials, including explosives, pyrotechnics, and propellants, are widely used in mining, demolition, automobile airbags, fireworks, ordnance, and space technology. Nanoenergetic materials (nEMs) have a high reaction rate and high energy density, which are both adjustable to a large extent. Structural control over nEMs to achieve improved performance and multifunctionality leads to a fascinating research area, namely, nanostructured energetic materials. Among them, core-shell structured nEMs have gained considerable attention due to their improved material properties and combined multiple functionalities. Various nEMs with core-shell structures have been developed through diverse synthesis routes, among which core-shell structured nEMs associated with explosives and metastable intermolecular composites (MICs) are extensively studied due to their good tunability and wide applications, as well as excellent energetic (e.g., enhanced heat release and combustion) and/or mechanical properties. Herein, the preparation methods and fundamental properties of the abovementioned kinds of core-shell structured nEMs are summarized and the reasons behind the satisfactory performance clarified, based on which suggestions regarding possible future research directions are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Yuxiang Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Iftikhar Hussain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Ruiqi Shen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Guangcheng Yang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Kaili Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yu C, Ren W, Wu G, Zhang W, Hu B, Ni D, Zheng Z, Ma K, Ye J, Zhu C. A Facile Preparation and Energetic Characteristics of the Core/Shell CoFe 2O 4/Al Nanowires Thermite Film. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E516. [PMID: 32443658 PMCID: PMC7281481 DOI: 10.3390/mi11050516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, CoFe2O4 is selected for the first time to synthesize CoFe2O4/Al nanothermite films via an integration of nano-Al with CoFe2O4 nanowires (NWs), which can be prepared through a facile hydrothermal-annealing route. The resulting nanothermite film demonstrates a homogeneous structure and an intense contact between the Al and CoFe2O4 NWs at the nanoscale. In addition, both thermal analysis and laser ignition test reveal the superb energetic performances of the prepared CoFe2O4/Al NWs nanothermite film. Within different thicknesses of nano-Al for the CoFe2O4/Al NWs nanothermite films investigated here, the maximum heat output has reached as great as 2100 J·g-1 at the optimal thickness of 400 nm for deposited Al. Moreover, the fabrication strategy for CoFe2O4/Al NWs is also easy and suitable for diverse thermite systems based upon other composite metal oxides, such as MnCo2O4 and NiCo2O4. Importantly, this method has the featured advantages of simple operation and compatibility with microsystems, both of which may further facilitate potential applications for functional energetic chips.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunpei Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (C.Y.); (G.W.); (B.H.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.); (J.Y.); (C.Z.)
| | - Wei Ren
- Shaanxi Applied Physics and Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710061, China;
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Ganggang Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (C.Y.); (G.W.); (B.H.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.); (J.Y.); (C.Z.)
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (C.Y.); (G.W.); (B.H.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.); (J.Y.); (C.Z.)
| | - Bin Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (C.Y.); (G.W.); (B.H.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.); (J.Y.); (C.Z.)
| | - Debin Ni
- Shaanxi Applied Physics and Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710061, China;
| | - Zilong Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (C.Y.); (G.W.); (B.H.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.); (J.Y.); (C.Z.)
| | - Kefeng Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (C.Y.); (G.W.); (B.H.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.); (J.Y.); (C.Z.)
| | - Jiahai Ye
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (C.Y.); (G.W.); (B.H.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.); (J.Y.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chenguang Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (C.Y.); (G.W.); (B.H.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.); (J.Y.); (C.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Elder B, Neupane R, Tokita E, Ghosh U, Hales S, Kong YL. Nanomaterial Patterning in 3D Printing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1907142. [PMID: 32129917 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The synergistic integration of nanomaterials with 3D printing technologies can enable the creation of architecture and devices with an unprecedented level of functional integration. In particular, a multiscale 3D printing approach can seamlessly interweave nanomaterials with diverse classes of materials to impart, program, or modulate a wide range of functional properties in an otherwise passive 3D printed object. However, achieving such multiscale integration is challenging as it requires the ability to pattern, organize, or assemble nanomaterials in a 3D printing process. This review highlights the latest advances in the integration of nanomaterials with 3D printing, achieved by leveraging mechanical, electrical, magnetic, optical, or thermal phenomena. Ultimately, it is envisioned that such approaches can enable the creation of multifunctional constructs and devices that cannot be fabricated with conventional manufacturing approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Elder
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Rajan Neupane
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Eric Tokita
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Udayan Ghosh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Samuel Hales
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Yong Lin Kong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jiang Y, Deng S, Hong S, Tiwari S, Chen H, Nomura KI, Kalia RK, Nakano A, Vashishta P, Zachariah MR, Zheng X. Synergistically Chemical and Thermal Coupling between Graphene Oxide and Graphene Fluoride for Enhancing Aluminum Combustion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:7451-7458. [PMID: 31950820 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metal combustion reaction is highly exothermic and is used in energetic applications, such as propulsion, pyrotechnics, powering micro- and nano-devices, and nanomaterials synthesis. Aluminum (Al) is attracting great interest in those applications because of its high energy density, earth abundance, and low toxicity. Nevertheless, Al combustion is hard to initiate and progresses slowly and incompletely. On the other hand, ultrathin carbon nanomaterials, such as graphene, graphene oxide (GO), and graphene fluoride (GF), can also undergo exothermic reactions. Herein, we demonstrate that the mixture of GO and GF significantly improves the performance of Al combustion as interactions between GO and GF provide heat and radicals to accelerate Al oxidation. Our experiments and reactive molecular dynamics simulation reveal that GO and GF have strong chemical and thermal couplings through radical reactions and heat released from their oxidation reactions. GO facilitates the dissociation of GF, and GF accelerates the disproportionation and oxidation of GO. When the mixture of GO and GF is added to micron-sized Al particles, their synergistic couplings generate reactive oxidative species, such as CFx and CFxOy, and heat, which greatly accelerates Al combustion. This work demonstrates a new area of using synergistic couplings between ultrathin carbon nanomaterials to accelerate metal combustion and potentially oxidation reactions of other materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Sili Deng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Sungwook Hong
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Department of Computer Science, Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, and Department of Biological Sciences , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
- Department of Physics and Engineering , California State University, Bakersfield , Bakersfield , California 93311 , United States
| | - Subodh Tiwari
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Department of Computer Science, Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, and Department of Biological Sciences , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Haihan Chen
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , University of California, Riverside , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
| | - Ken-Ichi Nomura
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Department of Computer Science, Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, and Department of Biological Sciences , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Rajiv K Kalia
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Department of Computer Science, Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, and Department of Biological Sciences , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Aiichiro Nakano
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Department of Computer Science, Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, and Department of Biological Sciences , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Priya Vashishta
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Department of Computer Science, Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, and Department of Biological Sciences , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Michael R Zachariah
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , University of California, Riverside , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
| | - Xiaolin Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bell TM, Williamson DM, Walley SM, Morgan CG, Kelly CL, Batchelor L. An Assessment of Printing Methods for Producing Two‐Dimensional Lead‐Free Functional Pyrotechnic Delay‐Lines for Mining Applications. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201900359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tuuli M. Bell
- PCS Fracture and Shock Physics Group, Cavendish LaboratoryUniversity of Cambridge J. J. Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - David M. Williamson
- PCS Fracture and Shock Physics Group, Cavendish LaboratoryUniversity of Cambridge J. J. Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - Stephen M. Walley
- PCS Fracture and Shock Physics Group, Cavendish LaboratoryUniversity of Cambridge J. J. Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
In-operando high-speed microscopy and thermometry of reaction propagation and sintering in a nanocomposite. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3032. [PMID: 31292432 PMCID: PMC6620330 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10843-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
An important proposed mechanism in nanothermites reactions - reactive sintering - plays a significant role on the combustion performance of nanothermites by rapidly melting and coalescing aggregated metal nanoparticles, which increases the initial size of the reacting composite powders before burning. Here, we demonstrate a high-speed microscopy/thermometry capability that enables ~ µs time and ~ µm spatial resolution as applied to highly exothermic reaction propagation to directly observe reactive sintering and the reaction front at high spatial and temporal resolution. Experiments on the Al+CuO nanocomposite system reveal a reaction front thickness of ~30 μm and temperatures in excess of 3000 K, resulting in a thermal gradient in excess of 107 K m-1. The local microscopic reactive sintering velocity is found to be an order of magnitude higher than macroscale flame velocity. In this observed mechanism, propagation is very similar to the general concept of laminar gas reaction theory in which reaction front velocity ~ (thermal diffusivity x reaction rate)1/2.
Collapse
|