1
|
Piot M, Alonso JE, Zanoni KPS, Rodkey N, Ventosinos F, Roldán-Carmona C, Sessolo M, Bolink H. Fast Coevaporation of 1 μm Thick Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS Energy Lett 2023; 8:4711-4713. [PMID: 37969254 PMCID: PMC10644377 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.3c01724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Coevaporation of perovskite films allows for a fine control over the material stoichiometry and thickness but is typically slow, leading to several-hour processes to obtain thick films required for photovoltaic applications. In this work, we demonstrate the coevaporation of perovskite layers using faster deposition rates, obtaining 1 μm thick films in approximately 50 min. We observed distinct structural properties and obtained devices with efficiency exceeding 19%, demonstrating the relevance of this deposition process from a material perspective and also in view of potential industrialization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Piot
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, C/Catedrático J. Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | | | - Kassio P. S. Zanoni
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, C/Catedrático J. Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Nathan Rodkey
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, C/Catedrático J. Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Federico Ventosinos
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, C/Catedrático J. Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Cristina Roldán-Carmona
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, C/Catedrático J. Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Michele Sessolo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, C/Catedrático J. Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Henk Bolink
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, C/Catedrático J. Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
de Araujo LO, Rêgo CRC, Wenzel W, Silveira DN, Piotrowski MJ, Sabino FP, Pramudya Y, Guedes-Sobrinho D. How cation nature controls the bandgap and bulk Rashba splitting of halide perovskites. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:1395-1403. [PMID: 36805580 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Because of instability issues presented by metal halide perovskites based on methylammonium (MA), its replacement to Cs $$ \mathrm{Cs} $$ has emerged as an alternative to improve the materials' durability. However, the impact of this replacement on electronic properties, especially gap energy and bulk Rashba splitting remains unclear since electrostatic interactions from organic cations can play a crucial role. Through first-principles calculations, we investigated how organic/inorganic cations impact the electronic properties of MAPbI 3 $$ {\mathrm{MAPbI}}_3 $$ and CsPbI 3 $$ {\mathrm{CsPbI}}_3 $$ perovskites. Although at high temperatures the organic cation can assume spherical-like configurations due to its rotation into the cages, our results provide a complete electronic mechanism to show, from a chemical perspective based on ab initio calculations at 0 K $$ 0\ \mathrm{K} $$ , how the MA $$ \mathrm{MA} $$ dipoles suppression can reduce the MAPbI 3 $$ {\mathrm{MAPbI}}_3 $$ gap energy by promoting a degeneracy breaking in the electronic states from the PbI 3 $$ {\mathrm{PbI}}_3 $$ framework, while the dipole moment reinforcement is crucial to align theory ↔ $$ \leftrightarrow $$ experiment, increasing the bulk Rashba splitting through higher Pb $$ \mathrm{Pb} $$ off-centering motifs. The lack of permanent dipole moment in Cs $$ \mathrm{Cs} $$ results in CsPbI 3 $$ {\mathrm{CsPbI}}_3 $$ polymorphs with a pronounced Pb $$ \mathrm{Pb} $$ on-centering-like feature, which causes suppression in their respective bulk Rashba effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Celso R C Rêgo
- Institute of Nanotechnology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - W Wenzel
- Institute of Nanotechnology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Danilo N Silveira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando P Sabino
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Yohanes Pramudya
- Institute of Nanotechnology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Qin W, Ali W, Wang J, Liu Y, Yan X, Zhang P, Feng Z, Tian H, Yin Y, Tian W, Li C. Suppressing non-radiative recombination in metal halide perovskite solar cells by synergistic effect of ferroelasticity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:256. [PMID: 36650201 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35837-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The low fraction of non-radiative recombination established the foundation of metal halide perovskite solar cells. However, the origin of low non-radiative recombination in metal halide perovskite materials is still not well-understood. Herein, we find that the non-radiative recombination in twinning-tetragonal phase methylammonium lead halide (MAPbIxCl3-x) is apparently suppressed by applying an electric field, which leads to a remarkable increase of the open-circuit voltage from 1.12 V to 1.26 V. Possible effects of ionic migration and light soaking on the open-circuit voltage enhancement are excluded experimentally by control experiments. Microscopic and macroscopic characterizations reveal an excellent correlation between the ferroelastic lattice deformation and the suppression of non-radiative recombination. The calculation result suggests the existence of lattice polarization in self-stabilizable deformed domain walls, indicating the charge separation that facilitated by lattice polarization is accountable for the suppressed non-radiative recombination. This work provides an understanding of the excellent performance of metal halide perovskite solar cells.
Collapse
|
4
|
Held V, Mrkyvkova N, Nádaždy P, Vegso K, Vlk A, Ledinský M, Jergel M, Chumakov A, Roth SV, Schreiber F, Siffalovic P. Evolution of Structure and Optoelectronic Properties During Halide Perovskite Vapor Deposition. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:11905-11912. [PMID: 36525260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of perovskite-based solar cells has increased dramatically over the past decade to as high as 25%, making them very attractive for commercial use. Vapor deposition is a promising technique that potentially enables fabrication of perovskite solar cells on large areas. However, to implement a large-scale deposition method, understanding and controlling the specific growth mechanisms are essential for the reproducible fabrication of high-quality layers. Here, we study the structural and optoelectronic kinetics of MAPbI3, employing in-situ photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and grazing-incidence small/wide-angle X-ray scattering (GI-SAXS/WAXS) simultaneously during perovskite vapor deposition. Such a unique combination of techniques reveals MAPbI3 formation from the early stages and uncovers the morphology, crystallographic structure, and defect density evolution. Furthermore, we show that the nonmonotonous character of PL intensity contrasts with the increasing volume of the perovskite phase during the growth, although bringing valuable information about the presence of defect states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Held
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Nada Mrkyvkova
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11Bratislava, Slovakia
- Center for Advanced Materials Application, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Nádaždy
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11Bratislava, Slovakia
- Center for Advanced Materials Application, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Karol Vegso
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11Bratislava, Slovakia
- Center for Advanced Materials Application, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Aleš Vlk
- Laboratory of Thin Films, Institute of Physics, ASCR, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Ledinský
- Laboratory of Thin Films, Institute of Physics, ASCR, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matej Jergel
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11Bratislava, Slovakia
- Center for Advanced Materials Application, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrei Chumakov
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg22607, Germany
| | - Stephan V Roth
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg22607, Germany
| | - Frank Schreiber
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Siffalovic
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11Bratislava, Slovakia
- Center for Advanced Materials Application, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Castro-Méndez AF, Perini CAR, Hidalgo J, Ranke D, Vagott JN, An Y, Lai B, Luo Y, Li R, Correa-Baena JP. Formation of a Secondary Phase in Thermally Evaporated MAPbI 3 and Its Effects on Solar Cell Performance. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:34269-34280. [PMID: 35561234 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Thermal evaporation is a promising deposition technique to scale up perovskite solar cells (PSCs) to large areas, but the lack of understanding of the mechanisms that lead to high-quality evaporated methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI3) films gives rise to devices with efficiencies lower than those obtained by spin coating. This work investigates the crystalline properties of MAPbI3 deposited by the thermal coevaporation of PbI2 and MAI, where the MAI evaporation rate is controlled by setting different temperatures for the MAI source and the PbI2 deposition rate is controlled with a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). Using grazing incident wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), we identify the formation of a secondary orthorhombic phase (with a Pnma space group) that appears at MAI source temperatures below 155 °C. With synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence (XRF) microscopy, we show that the changes in crystalline phases are not necessarily due to changes in stoichiometry. The films show a stochiometric composition when the MAI source is heated between 140 to 155 °C, and the samples become slightly MAI rich at 165 °C. Increasing the MAI temperature beyond 165 °C introduces an excess of MAI in the film, which promotes the formation of films with low crystallinity that contain low-dimensional perovskites. When they are incorporated in solar cells, the films deposited at 165 °C result in the champion power conversion efficiency, although the presence of a small amount of low-dimensional perovskite may lead to a lower open-circuit voltage. We hypothesize that the formation of secondary phases in evaporated films limits the performance of PSCs and that their formation can be suppressed by controlling the MAI source temperature, bringing the film toward a phase-pure tetragonal structure. Control of the phases during perovskite evaporation is therefore crucial to obtain high-performance solar cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés-Felipe Castro-Méndez
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, North Avenue NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Carlo A R Perini
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, North Avenue NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Juanita Hidalgo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, North Avenue NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Daniel Ranke
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, North Avenue NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jacob N Vagott
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, North Avenue NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yu An
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, North Avenue NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Barry Lai
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Yanqi Luo
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ruipeng Li
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Juan-Pablo Correa-Baena
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, North Avenue NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lu Y, Li G, Fu S, Fang S, Li L. CsCu 2I 3 Nanocrystals: Growth and Structural Evolution for Tunable Light Emission. ACS Omega 2021; 6:544-552. [PMID: 33458506 PMCID: PMC7807798 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
CsCu2I3 mixed with Cs3Cu2I5 has shown potential applications as white-light-emitting materials, while their growth, structural evolution behaviors, and their impact on photoluminescence of CsCu2I3 nanocrystals (NCs) are still not known. In this work, we investigated the growth and structural evolution of CsCu2I3 nanocrystals with increasing reaction temperature. At low temperature and in the presence of a high dosage of oleic acid and oleylamine, Cs3Cu2I5 nanoparticles, rather than CsCu2I3 NCs, preferred to form in the hot-injection reaction system. Increasing the reaction temperature promoted the formation of CsCu2I3 nanorods. Phase-pure CsCu2I3 nanorods were steadily obtained at 180 °C. Structural evolution from less copper-containing NCs to copper-rich ones in the low-temperature reaction condition is highly related to the coordination of copper ions with OAm. More importantly, accompanying the growth of nanorods and structural evolution from Cu3Cs2I5 to CsCu2I3, the color of photoluminescence emission of NCs changed from blue to nearly white and to yellow, but their photoluminescence quantum yield decreased from 36.00 to 9.86%. The finding in this work would give a view to the structural evolution of copper-containing perovskite-like halides, being helpful for adjusting their photoluminescence in white LEDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yantong Lu
- State
Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College
of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Guangshe Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College
of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Sixian Fu
- State
Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College
of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Shaofan Fang
- International
Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science
and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R.
China
| | - Liping Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College
of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lee SW, Bae S, Kim D, Lee HS. Historical Analysis of High-Efficiency, Large-Area Solar Cells: Toward Upscaling of Perovskite Solar Cells. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2002202. [PMID: 33035369 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The status and problems of upscaling research on perovskite solar cells, which must be addressed for commercialization efforts to be successful, are investigated. An 804 cm2 perovskite solar module has been reported with 17.9% efficiency, which is significantly lower than the champion perovskite solar cell efficiency of 25.2% reported for a 0.09 cm2 aperture area. For the realization of upscaling high-quality perovskite solar cells, the upscaling and development history of conventional silicon, copper indium gallium sulfur/selenide and CdTe solar cells, which are already commercialized with modules of sizes up to ≈25 000 cm2 , are reviewed. GaAs, organic, dye-sensitized solar cells and perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells are also reviewed. The similarities of the operating mechanisms between the various solar cells and the origin of different development pathway are investigated, and the ideal upscaling direction of perovskite solar cells is subsequently proposed. It is believed that lessons learned from the historical analysis of various solar cells provide a fundamental diagnosis of relative and absolute development status of perovskite solar cells. The unique perspective proposed here can pave the way toward the upscaling of perovskite solar cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohyun Bae
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwan Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Energy and Environment (KU-KIST Green School), Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Seok Lee
- Graduate School of Energy and Environment (KU-KIST Green School), Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Roß M, Gil-Escrig L, Al-Ashouri A, Tockhorn P, Jošt M, Rech B, Albrecht S. Co-Evaporated p-i-n Perovskite Solar Cells beyond 20% Efficiency: Impact of Substrate Temperature and Hole-Transport Layer. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:39261-39272. [PMID: 32805961 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c10898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
For methylammonium lead iodide perovskite solar cells prepared by co-evaporation, power conversion efficiencies of over 20% have been already demonstrated, however, so far, only in n-i-p configuration. Currently, the overall major challenges are the complex evaporation characteristics of organic precursors that strongly depend on the underlying charge selective contacts and the insufficient reproducibility of the co-evaporation process. To ensure a reliable co-evaporation process, it is important to identify the impact of different parameters in order to develop a more detailed understanding. In this work, we study the influence of the substrate temperature, underlying hole-transport layer (polymer PTAA versus self-assembling monolayer molecule MeO-2PACz), and perovskite precursor ratio on the morphology, composition, and performance of co-evaporated p-i-n perovskite solar cells. We first analyze the evaporation of pure precursor materials and show that the adhesion of methylammonium iodide (MAI) is significantly reduced with increased substrate temperature, while it remains almost unaffected for lead iodide (PbI2). This substrate temperature-dependent evaporation behavior of MAI is also transferred to the co-evaporation process and can directly influence the perovskite composition. We demonstrate that the optimal substrate temperature window for perovskite deposition is close to room temperature. At high temperature, not enough MAI for precise stoichiometry is incorporated even with very high MAI rates. While, at temperatures below -25 °C, the conversion of MAI with PbI2 is inhibited, and an amorphous yet unreacted film is formed. We observe that perovskite composition and morphology vary widely between the organic hole-transport layers (HTLs) PTAA and MeO-2PACz. For all substrate temperatures, MeO-2PACz enables higher solar cell PCEs than PTAA. Through the combination of vapor-deposited perovskites and a self-assembled monolayer, we achieve a stabilized power conversion efficiency of 20.6%, which is the first reported PCE above 20% for evaporated perovskite solar cells in p-i-n architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Roß
- Young Investigator Group Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Kekuléstraße 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lidón Gil-Escrig
- Young Investigator Group Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Kekuléstraße 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Amran Al-Ashouri
- Young Investigator Group Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Kekuléstraße 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Tockhorn
- Institute for Silicon Photovoltaics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Kekuléstraße 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marko Jošt
- Young Investigator Group Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Kekuléstraße 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bernd Rech
- Institute for Silicon Photovoltaics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Kekuléstraße 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Technical University Berlin, Marchstraße 23, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Steve Albrecht
- Young Investigator Group Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Kekuléstraße 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Technical University Berlin, Marchstraße 23, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|