1
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Yao X, Chen H, Qin H, Cong HP. Nanocomposite Hydrogel Actuators with Ordered Structures: From Nanoscale Control to Macroscale Deformations. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2300414. [PMID: 37365950 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Flexible intelligent actuators with the characteristics of flexibility, safety and scalability, are highly promising in industrial production, biomedical fields, environmental monitoring, and soft robots. Nanocomposite hydrogels are attractive candidates for soft actuators due to their high pliability, intelligent responsiveness, and capability to execute large-scale rapid reversible deformations under external stimuli. Here, the recent advances of nanocomposite hydrogels as soft actuators are reviewed and focus is on the construction of elaborate and programmable structures by the assembly of nano-objects in the hydrogel matrix. With the help of inducing the gradient or oriented distributions of the nanounits during the gelation process by the external forces or molecular interactions, nanocomposite hydrogels with ordered structures are achieved, which can perform bending, spiraling, patterned deformations, and biomimetic complex shape changes. Given great advantages of these intricate yet programmable shape-morphing, nanocomposite hydrogel actuators have presented high potentials in the fields of moving robots, energy collectors, and biomedicines. In the end, the challenges and future perspectives of this emerging field of nanocomposite hydrogel actuators are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Haili Qin
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Huai-Ping Cong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
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2
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Reid A, Windmill J. Impact of Beam Shape on Print Accuracy in Digital Light Processing Additive Manufacture. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2024; 11:517-528. [PMID: 38689905 PMCID: PMC11057548 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2022.0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Photopolymerization-based additive manufacturing requires selectively exposing a feedstock resin to ultraviolet (UV) light, which in digital light processing is achieved either using a digital micromirror device or a digital mask. The minimum tolerances and resolution for a multilayer process are separate for resolution through the Z-axis, looking through the thickness of a printed part, and resolution in the XY-axes, in the plane of the printed layer. The former depends wholly on the rate of attenuation of the incident UV light through the material relative to the mechanical motion of the build layer, while the latter is determined by a two-dimensional pattern of irradiance on the resin formed by the digital micromirror device or the digital mask. The size or the spacing of elements or pixels of this digital mask is frequently given by manufacturers as the "resolution" of the device, however, in practice the achievable resolution is first determined by the beam distribution from each pixel. The beam distribution is, as standard, modeled as a two-parameter Gaussian distribution but the key parameters of peak intensity and standard deviation of the beam are hidden to the user and difficult to measure directly. The ability of models based on the Gaussian distribution to correctly predict the polymerization of printed features in the microscale is also typically poor. In this study, we demonstrate an alternative model of beam distribution based on a heavy-tailed Lorentzian model, which is able to more accurately predict small build areas for both positive and negative features. We show a simple calibration method to derive the key space parameters of the beam distribution from measurements of a single-layer printed model. We propose that the standard Gaussian model is insufficient to accurately predict a print outcome as it neglects higher-order terms, such as beam skew and kurtosis, and in particular failing to account for the relatively heavy tails of the beam distribution. Our results demonstrate how the amendments to the beam distribution can avoid errors in microchannel formation, and better estimates of the true XY-axes resolution of the printer. The results can be used as the basis for voxel-based models of print solidification that allow software prediction of the photopolymerization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Reid
- Center for Ultrasonic Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James Windmill
- Center for Ultrasonic Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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3
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Wu X, Guan X, Chen S, Jia J, Chen C, Zhang J, Zhao C. Shape memory hydrogels with remodelable permanent shapes and programmable cold-induced shape recovery behavior. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:294-303. [PMID: 38088869 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01429k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Most shape memory polymers apply glass transition or crystallization of domains to fix temporary shapes and shape recovery is induced by heating, which hinders their application under heat-intolerant conditions. Moreover, the permanent shapes of polymers normally cannot be altered arbitrarily after fabrication. Herein, we present a novel shape memory hydrogel with a remodelable permanent shape and programmable cold-induced shape recovery behavior. Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) hydrogel is prepared in the presence of diethylenetriamine (DETA) and subsequently treated with calcium acetate (Ca(Ac)2). The charge-assisted hydrogen bonding between PAA and DETA imparts the hydrogel with remodelability, while the heat-induced hydrophobic aggregation of polymer chains and acetate groups results in shape fixation by heating and shape recovery by cooling. Afterwards, programmable deformable devices are obtained by assembling hydrogel blocks with different concentrations of Ca(Ac)2. This design strategy promotes the development of shape memory polymers with diverse potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjun Wu
- School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Impact and Safety Engineering, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Xin Guan
- School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Impact and Safety Engineering, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Shushu Chen
- School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Impact and Safety Engineering, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Jiangpeng Jia
- School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Impact and Safety Engineering, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Chongyi Chen
- School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Impact and Safety Engineering, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Chuanzhuang Zhao
- School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Impact and Safety Engineering, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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4
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Peng W, Mu H, Liang X, Zhang X, Zhao Q, Xie T. Digital Laser Direct Writing of Internal Stress in Shape Memory Polymer for Anticounterfeiting and 4D Printing. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1698-1704. [PMID: 38039381 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are a type of smart shape-shifting material that can respond to various stimuli. Their shape recovery pathway is determined by the internal stress stored in the temporary shapes. Thus, manipulating the internal stress is key to the potential applications of SMPs. This is commonly achieved by the types of deformation forces applied during the programming stage. In contrast, we present here a digital laser direct writing method to selectively induce thermal relaxation of internal stress stored in the two-dimensional (2D) shape of a thermoplastic SMP. The internal stress field, while invisible under natural light, can be visualized under polarized light. Consequently, the digital stress pattern can be used for anticounterfeiting. In addition, further uniform heating induces the release of the programmed internal stress within the 2D film. This triggers its transformation into a three-dimensional (3D) shape, enabling 4D printing. The simplicity and versatility of our approach in manipulating internal stress and shape-shifting make it attractive for potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Textile Technology, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Hongfeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xin Liang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Textile Technology, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Xianming Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Textile Technology, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Tao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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5
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Chen S, Scholiers V, Zhang M, Zhang J, Zhu J, Prez FED, Pan X. Thermally Responsive Selenide-containing Materials Based on Transalkylation of Selenonium Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309652. [PMID: 37851486 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Covalent adaptable networks (CANs) possess unique properties as a result of their internal dynamic bonds, such as self-healing and reprocessing abilities. In this study, we report a thermally responsive C-Se dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) that relies on the transalkylation exchange between selenonium salts and selenides, which undergo a fast transalkylation reaction in the absence of any catalyst. Additionally, we demonstrate the presence of a dissociative mechanism in the absence of selenide groups. After incorporation of this DCC into selenide-containing polymer materials, it was observed that the cross-linked networks display varying dynamic exchange rates when using different alkylation reagents, suggesting that the reprocessing capacity of selenide-containing materials can be regulated. Also, by incorporating selenonium salts into polymer materials, we observed that the materials exhibited good healing ability at elevated temperatures as well as excellent solvent resistance at ambient temperature. This novel dynamic covalent chemistry thus provides a straightforward method for the healing and reprocessing of selenide-containing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Department Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Polymer Chemistry Research group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-bis, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vincent Scholiers
- Polymer Chemistry Research group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-bis, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mengyao Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Department Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jiandong Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Department Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Department Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Filip E Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-bis, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xiangqiang Pan
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Department Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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6
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Liu Y, Yang B, Song C, Zhao Q, Xie T, Fang Z, Wu J. Multishape Programming of Shape Memory Polymer Assemblies Fabricated by Vat Photopolymerization-Based 3D Printing and Interfacial Welding. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 38037349 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The combination of three-dimensional (3D) printing and shape memory polymers (SMP) enables programmable shape morphing of complex 3D structures, which is commonly termed four-dimensional (4D) printing. The process requirements of vat photopolymerization-based 3D printing impose limitations on the molecular structure design of SMPs, making it challenging to achieve triple- or multiple-shaped memory effects. Herein, we printed SMPs with different Tg values and obtained an SMP assembly through interfacial welding. The welding process is facilitated by the dynamic exchange of hindered urethane bonds at the interface. The resulting SMP assembly exhibits a quadruple shape memory effect, enabling programmable sequential deformation. The advantage of this approach is that the molecular design and the corresponding thermodynamic properties of different welding SMP components can be independently adjusted, enabling a greater range of shape and functional variations in the final 3D SMP assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqi Liu
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Biru Yang
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Chuhan Song
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Tao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zizheng Fang
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, No. 733, Jianshe San Road, Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou 311200, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingjun Wu
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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7
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Neumann M, di Marco G, Iudin D, Viola M, van Nostrum CF, van Ravensteijn BGP, Vermonden T. Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels: The Dynamic Smart Biomaterials of Tomorrow. Macromolecules 2023; 56:8377-8392. [PMID: 38024154 PMCID: PMC10653276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c00967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, stimuli-responsive hydrogels are increasingly studied as biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine purposes. Smart hydrogels can not only replicate the physicochemical properties of the extracellular matrix but also mimic dynamic processes that are crucial for the regulation of cell behavior. Dynamic changes can be influenced by the hydrogel itself (isotropic vs anisotropic) or guided by applying localized triggers. The resulting swelling-shrinking, shape-morphing, as well as patterns have been shown to influence cell function in a spatiotemporally controlled manner. Furthermore, the use of stimuli-responsive hydrogels as bioinks in 4D bioprinting is very promising as they allow the biofabrication of complex microstructures. This perspective discusses recent cutting-edge advances as well as current challenges in the field of smart biomaterials for tissue engineering. Additionally, emerging trends and potential future directions are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Neumann
- Department of Pharmaceutics,
Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht 3508 TB, The Netherlands
| | - Greta di Marco
- Department of Pharmaceutics,
Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht 3508 TB, The Netherlands
| | - Dmitrii Iudin
- Department of Pharmaceutics,
Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht 3508 TB, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Viola
- Department of Pharmaceutics,
Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht 3508 TB, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelus F. van Nostrum
- Department of Pharmaceutics,
Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht 3508 TB, The Netherlands
| | - Bas G. P. van Ravensteijn
- Department of Pharmaceutics,
Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht 3508 TB, The Netherlands
| | - Tina Vermonden
- Department of Pharmaceutics,
Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht 3508 TB, The Netherlands
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8
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Huang YS, Zhou Y, Zeng X, Zhang D, Wu S. Reversible Crosslinking of Commodity Polymers via Photocontrolled Metal-Ligand Coordination for High-Performance and Recyclable Thermoset Plastics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2305517. [PMID: 37401043 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Thermoset plastics, highly desired for their stability, durability, and chemical resistance, are currently consumed in over 60 million tons annually across the globe, but they are difficult to recycle due to their crosslinked structures. The development of recyclable thermoset plastics is an important but challenging task. In this work, recyclable thermoset plastics are prepared by crosslinking a commodity polymer, polyacrylonitrile (PAN), with a small percentage of a Ru complex via nitrile-Ru coordination. PAN is obtained from industry and the Ru complex is synthesized in one step, which enables the production of recyclable thermoset plastics in an efficient way. In addition, the thermoset plastics exhibit impressive mechanical performance, boasting a Young's modulus of 6.3 GPa and a tensile strength of 109.8 MPa. Moreover, they can be de-crosslinked when exposed to both light and a solvent and can then be re-crosslinked upon heating. This reversible crosslinking mechanism enables the recycling of thermosets from a mixture of plastic waste. The preparation of recyclable thermosets from other commodity polymers such as poly(styrene-coacrylonitrile) (SAN) resins and polymer composites through reversible crosslinking is also demonstrated. This study shows that reversible crosslinking via metal-ligand coordination is a new strategy for designing recyclable thermosets using commodity polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Shuai Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xiaolong Zeng
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Dachuan Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Si Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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9
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Wang D, Chen Z, Li M, Hou Z, Zhan C, Zheng Q, Wang D, Wang X, Cheng M, Hu W, Dong B, Shi F, Sitti M. Bioinspired rotary flight of light-driven composite films. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5070. [PMID: 37604907 PMCID: PMC10442326 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40827-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Light-driven actuators have great potential in different types of applications. However, it is still challenging to apply them in flying devices owing to their slow response, small deflection and force output and low frequency response. Herein, inspired by the structure of vine maple seeds, we report a helicopter-like rotary flying photoactuator (in response to 0.6 W/cm2 near-infrared (NIR) light) with ultrafast rotation (~7200 revolutions per minute) and rapid response (~650 ms). This photoactuator is operated based on a fundamentally different mechanism that depends on the synergistic interactions between the photothermal graphene and the hygroscopic agar/silk fibroin components, the subsequent aerodynamically favorable airscrew formation, the jet propulsion, and the aerodynamics-based flying. The soft helicopter-like photoactuator exhibits controlled flight and steering behaviors, making it promising for applications in soft robotics and other miniature devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials & Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhaomin Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials & Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Mingtong Li
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Zhen Hou
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials & Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Changsong Zhan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials & Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Qijun Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Dalei Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials & Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials & Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Mengjiao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wenqi Hu
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bin Dong
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials & Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
| | - Feng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
- School of Medicine and College of Engineering, Koç University, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey.
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10
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Sun X, Zhang M, Wei J, Yu Y. Multiple Shape Manipulation of Azobenzene-Containing Polyimide by Combining Shape Memory Effect, Photofixity, and Photodeformation. ACS Macro Lett 2023:921-927. [PMID: 37364290 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The integration of different shape manipulation could greatly expand the versatility and functionality of smart materials, for which the achievement of synergism of different shape control is crucial. Here, we seek to create one kind of polyimide with integrated multiple shape manipulations by constructing the chemical network bearing azobenzene as a side chain. Trifunctional cross-linkers serving as net points of the chemical network render polyimide thermal-induced shape memory effects, which enables shape transformation. Azobenzene as a photoresponsive group is employed to achieve the photofixity and reversible photodeformability. Such photosensitive behaviors are independent of molecular prealignment and remain available after thermally shaping and fixing. As a result, these noninterfering performances induced by heat and light allow us to arbitrarily combine them to meet different needs. By integrating different shape manipulations, various shape changes and functional execution are conveniently achieved. The combination of the shape memory effect with photofixity enables the setting of diverse shapes, while the merging of it with reversible deformation facilitates the construction of actuators capable of executing functions. This study provides a new approach for the preparation of multifunctional actuators and has potential applications in the field of intelligent drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejie Sun
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Menghan Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jia Wei
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yanlei Yu
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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11
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Xu R, Wu G, Jiang M, Cao S, Panahi-Sarmad M, Kamkar M, Xiao X. Multi-Stimuli Dually-Responsive Intelligent Woven Structures with Local Programmability for Biomimetic Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207900. [PMID: 36802163 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This work focuses on multi-stimuli-responsive materials with distinctive abilities, that is, color-changing and shape-memory. Using metallic composite yarns and polymeric/thermochromic microcapsule composite fibers, processed via a melt-spinning technique, an electrothermally multi-responsive fabric is woven. The resulting smart-fabric transfers from a predefined structure to an original shape while changing color upon heating or applying an electric field, making it appealing for advanced applications. The shape-memory and color-changing features of the fabric can be controlled by rationally controlling the micro-scale design of the individual fibers in the structure. Thus, the fibers' microstructural features are optimized to achieve excellent color-changing behavior along with shape fixity and recovery ratios of 99.95% and 79.2%, respectively. More importantly, the fabric's dual-response by electric field can be achieved by a low voltage of 5 V, which is smaller than the previously reported values. Above and beyond, the fabric is able to be meticulously activated by selectively applying a controlled voltage to any part of the fabric. The precise local responsiveness can be bestowed upon the fabric by readily controlling its macro-scale design. A biomimetic dragonfly with the shape-memory and color-changing dual-response ability is successfully fabricated, broadening the design and fabrication horizon of groundbreaking smart materials with multiple functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runxin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Guanzheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
- College of Textiles and Clothing, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu, 224051, P. R. China
| | - Mengmeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Shaojie Cao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Mahyar Panahi-Sarmad
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Milad Kamkar
- Multiscale Materials Design Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Xueliang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
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12
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Fang Z, Shi Y, Mu H, Lu R, Wu J, Xie T. 3D printing of dynamic covalent polymer network with on-demand geometric and mechanical reprogrammability. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1313. [PMID: 36899070 PMCID: PMC10006071 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Delicate geometries and suitable mechanical properties are essential for device applications of polymer materials. 3D printing offers unprecedented versatility, but the geometries and mechanical properties are typically fixed after printing. Here, we report a 3D photo-printable dynamic covalent network that can undergo two independently controllable bond exchange reactions, allowing reprogramming the geometry and mechanical properties after printing. Specifically, the network is designed to contain hindered urea bonds and pendant hydroxyl groups. The homolytic exchange between hindered urea bonds allows reconfiguring the printed shape without affecting the network topology and mechanical properties. Under different conditions, the hindered urea bonds are transformed into urethane bonds via exchange reactions with hydroxyl groups, which permits tailoring of the mechanical properties. The freedom to reprogram the shape and properties in an on-demand fashion offers the opportunity to produce multiple 3D printed products from one single printing step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizheng Fang
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, No. 733, Jianshe San Road, Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311200, China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310030, P.R. China
| | - Yunpeng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310030, P.R. China
| | - Hongfeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310030, P.R. China
| | - Runzhi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310030, P.R. China
| | - Jingjun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310030, P.R. China. .,Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, 1 Qianhu South Road, Ningbo, 315807, P.R. China.
| | - Tao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310030, P.R. China.
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13
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Pan B, Park SM, Ying WB, Yoon DK, Lee KJ. Azo-Functionalized Thermoplastic Polyurethane for Light-Driven Shape Memory Materials. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200650. [PMID: 36350231 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Shape memory polymers have great potential in the fields of soft robotics, injectable medical devices, and as essential materials for advanced electronic devices. Herein, light-triggered shape-memory thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is reported using azido TPU grafted by the photoswitchable azo compound. The trans-cis transitions of the azobenzene on the side chain of the TPU induce the recoiling of the main chain, leading to shaping memory behavior. Under UV irradiation, cis-azo allows the oriented main chain to recoil to release residual stress and realize light-triggered shape memory behavior. The facile method proposed here for the preparation of azo-functionalized TPU can provide viable opportunities for soft robotics and smart TPU applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohai Pan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Mo Park
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Wu Bin Ying
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Dong Ki Yoon
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Jin Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
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14
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Gao J, He Y, Cong X, Yi H, Guo J. Reconfigurable Fluorescent Liquid Crystal Elastomers for Integrated Visual and Haptic Information Storage. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:53348-53358. [PMID: 36395006 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The rapid advancements in information technology require new information storage and display materials. However, the development of on-demand information storage systems with multiple modes remains a significant challenge. As a pioneering approach, this study designed an integrated visual and haptic information storage and display using a reconfigurable fluorescent liquid crystal elastomer (FLCE) with dynamic covalent bonds. The FLCEs were fabricated in two steps of amine-acrylate aza-Michael addition and photopolymerization, and they simultaneously exhibited phototunable fluorescence caused by the reversible Z/E photoisomerization of the chromophores and a reprogrammable shape owing to the catalyst-free transesterification. In addition, we established various information storage and display modes featuring the characteristics of reversibly photoswitchable fluorescence, shape memory, and thermally reconfigurable shape with a reconfigurable FLCE system. Moreover, a strategy to display the information by incorporating both visual and haptic feedback is implemented for fulfilling the needs of the visually impaired and related users. Such reconfigurable FLCE systems will aid in the development of on-demand information storage, display, and protection devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fibers and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Yanrong He
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fibers and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Xiaoyang Cong
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fibers and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Huijie Yi
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fibers and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Jinbao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fibers and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
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15
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Li T, Yan S, Gao X, Zhou S, Li J, Ma X, Yin J, Jiang X. Photo-induced spatial gradient network for shape memory polymer with pattern-memorizing surface. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:3078-3086. [PMID: 36263734 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00943a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating a pattern-memorizing surface into a multi-functional shape memory polymer (SMP) offers various extraordinary opportunities for their engineering applications. However, current memory-patterned approaches prepared by artificial loading are at the cost of initial balance, whose potential is greatly limited by the internal relationship between thermodynamic equilibrium and the entropy-driven pattern-memorizing cycle. Here, a robust yet effective strategy is presented for fabricating a spontaneous pattern on a poly(styrene-block-butadiene-block-styrene) (SBS)-based SMP with a gradient crosslinking network via molecular diffusion for equilibrium. Benefiting from the photo-induced diffusion of maleimide, the resulting steady-state pattern as a permanent shape ensures the recovery of morphology, and the gradient network formed by the diffusion-regulated spatial Diels-Alder (D-A) crosslinking reaction makes the pattern memory cycle from existence to elimination possible. Furthermore, taking advantage of an uneven structural network, the shape reconfigurations from 2D patterned sheets to 3D configurations with a patterned surface can be achieved conveniently through a shape memory effect, simplifying programming setups. In addition, this type of 3D shape also can shift back to a 2D patterned film via an inverse D-A decrosslinking reaction upon thermal treatment. This straightforward approach for fabricating a pattern of a single layer on an SMP surface with a spatial gradient network opens a new avenue for functional smart materials, which expands the technological perspectives in many fields of flexible electronics, smart actuators, switching sensors and soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Li
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
| | - Shuzhen Yan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaxin Gao
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
| | - Shuai Zhou
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
| | - Jin Li
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
| | - Jie Yin
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
| | - Xuesong Jiang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
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16
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Si J, Zhao P, Guan J, Ji S, Xu H. Dynamic Fluorescent Patterning Based on Visible-Light-Responsive Diselenide Metathesis. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:13272-13278. [PMID: 36254851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A diselenide bond, as a dynamic covalent bond, is a versatile tool to construct smart interfaces, which can respond to visible light. In this work, we used microcontact printing (μCP) to construct diselenide patterns on quartz substrates. Fluorescent patterns were obtained on the modified surfaces via the visible-light-induced diselenide metathesis reaction, which allowed the patterning process to be fast, dynamically erasable, and compatible with different fluorescent molecules including rhodamine B and boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) used in this work. A variety of analytical methods offered comprehensive evidence for the success of the printing of diselenides here. We further printed diselenide and disulfide intersecting stripes on one single quartz substrate layer by layer and introduced rhodamine B and BODIPY to obtain a multicolored pattern simultaneously. By taking advantage of their responsiveness to different wavelengths, the composite pattern of disulfides and diselenides could be erased by two stepwise stages. The fluorescent images of the modified substrate showed a good agreement with the pattern of the poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamp, indicating the methodology with a potential application for information storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Si
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronic & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronic & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Guan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronic & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaobo Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronic & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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17
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Han Y, Cao Y, Lei H. Dynamic Covalent Hydrogels: Strong yet Dynamic. Gels 2022; 8:gels8090577. [PMID: 36135289 PMCID: PMC9498565 DOI: 10.3390/gels8090577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are crosslinked polymer networks with time-dependent mechanical response. The overall mechanical properties are correlated with the dynamics of the crosslinks. Generally, hydrogels crosslinked by permanent chemical crosslinks are strong but static, while hydrogels crosslinked by physical interactions are weak but dynamic. It is highly desirable to create synthetic hydrogels that possess strong mechanical stability yet remain dynamic for various applications, such as drug delivery cargos, tissue engineering scaffolds, and shape-memory materials. Recently, with the introduction of dynamic covalent chemistry, the seemingly conflicting mechanical properties, i.e., stability and dynamics, have been successfully combined in the same hydrogels. Dynamic covalent bonds are mechanically stable yet still capable of exchanging, dissociating, or switching in response to external stimuli, empowering the hydrogels with self-healing properties, injectability and suitability for postprocessing and additive manufacturing. Here in this review, we first summarize the common dynamic covalent bonds used in hydrogel networks based on various chemical reaction mechanisms and the mechanical strength of these bonds at the single molecule level. Next, we discuss how dynamic covalent chemistry makes hydrogel materials more dynamic from the materials perspective. Furthermore, we highlight the challenges and future perspectives of dynamic covalent hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueying Han
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250021, China
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (H.L.)
| | - Hai Lei
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (H.L.)
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18
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Wang Y, Lv L, Ren H, Zhao Q. Thermadapt Shape Memory Polymers Enabling Spatially Regulated Plasticity. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:1112-1116. [PMID: 36006777 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Converting planar polymer films into sophisticated 3D structures with a facile and effective method is highly challenging yet desirable for device applications in the real world. Dynamic covalent polymer networks enable permanent shape transformations from 2D sheets to 3D structures, but either sophisticated molecular design or a complex fabrication method is required. Here, we report a shape memory polymer cross-linked by ester bonds, which can be activated upon heating after photoexposure to release the catalyst for the transesterification. The region that is activated via the bond exchange can be patterned due to the spatial-temporal selectivity of the photoexposure. Accordingly, the material presents a localized heterogeneity in stress relaxation upon stretching. The exposed and the unexposed regions show respectively plastic deformation and elastic recovery after removal of the external force, which finally make the 2D sheet transform into a 3D structure. The decoupling of the activated region (photoexposure) and activated condition (heating) enables facile chemical design and fabrication for 2D-to-3D shape morphing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwei Wang
- Ningbo Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315807, P. R. China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Liying Lv
- Anhui Shanfu New Material Technology Inc. Co., Ltd., Huangshan 245200, P. R. China
| | - Hua Ren
- Ningbo Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315807, P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhao
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
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19
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Zhao P, Cao M, Liu C, Dai Y, Tan Y, Ji S, Xu H. Water-Enhanced and Remote Self-Healing Elastomers in Various Harsh Environments. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:27413-27420. [PMID: 35653653 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of underwater remote stimulus-responsive self-healing polymer materials for applications in inaccessible and urgent situations is very challenging because water can readily disturb traditional noncovalent bonds and absorb heat, UV light, IR light, and electromagnetic wave energy at the wave band of micrometers and millimeters. Herein, visible-light-responsive diselenide bonds are employed as the healing moieties to produce a water-enhanced and remote self-healing elastomer triggered by a blue laser, which possesses excellent underwater transmission capability. During healing, the strain at break reaches ∼200% in 5 min and its toughness almost fully recovers within 1 h, which is estimated to be the fastest reported to date for healing silicone elastomers with a healing efficiency above 90%. The remote underwater pipeline sealing is instantly accomplished with the diselenide-containing elastomers by a blue laser 3 m away, thereby providing a direction for future emergent healing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Muqing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiheng Dai
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yizheng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaobo Ji
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Huaping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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20
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Peng S, Sun Y, Ma C, Duan G, Liu Z, Ma C. Recent advances in dynamic covalent bond-based shape memory polymers. E-POLYMERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2022-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Dynamic covalent bond-based shape memory polymers (DCB-SMPs) are one of most important SMPs which have a wide potential application prospect. Different from common strong covalent bonds, DCBs own relatively weak bonding energy, similarly to the supramolecular interactions of noncovalent bonds, and can dynamically combine and dissociate these bonds. DCB-SMP solids, which can be designed to respond for different stimuli, can provide excellent self-healing, good reprocessability, and high mechanical performance, because DCBs can obtain dynamic cross-linking without sacrificing ultrahigh fixing rates. Furthermore, besides DCB-SMP solids, DCB-SMP hydrogels with responsiveness to various stimuli also have been developed recently, which have special biocompatible soft/wet states. Particularly, DCB-SMPs can be combined with emerging 3D-printing techniques to design various original shapes and subsequently complex shape recovery. This review has summarized recent research studies about SMPs based on various DCBs including DCB-SMP solids, DCB-SMP hydrogels, and the introduction of new 3D-printing techniques using them. Last but not least, the advantages/disadvantages of different DCB-SMPs have been analyzed via polymeric structures and the future development trends in this field have been predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University , Haikou 570228 , China
| | - Ye Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University , Haikou 570228 , China
| | - Chunming Ma
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials - Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Gaigai Duan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing , 210037 , China
| | - Zhenzhong Liu
- Research Institute of Zhejiang University-Taizhou , Taizhou 318000 , China
| | - Chunxin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University , Haikou 570228 , China
- Research Institute of Zhejiang University-Taizhou , Taizhou 318000 , China
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21
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Zhang X, Xue P, Yang X, Valenzuela C, Chen Y, Lv P, Wang Z, Wang L, Xu X. Near-Infrared Light-Driven Shape-Programmable Hydrogel Actuators Loaded with Metal-Organic Frameworks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:11834-11841. [PMID: 35192332 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Shape-programmable hydrogel-based soft actuators that can adaptively respond to external stimuli are of paramount significance for the development of bioinspired aquatic smart soft robots. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of near-infrared (NIR) light-driven hydrogel actuators through in situ photopolymerization of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) hydrogels loaded with metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) onto the surface of the poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) thin film. The MOFs can not only function as an excellent photothermal nanotransducer but also accelerate the adsorption/desorption of water due to their porous nanostructure, which speeds up the response rate of the actuators. Shape-programmable hydrogel actuators are fabricated by tailoring the patterning of PDMS thin film, and thus different shape-morphing modes such as directional bending and chiral twisting are observed under the NIR light irradiations. As the proof-of-concept demonstrations, an artificial hand, biomimetic mimosa, and flower are conceptualized with light-driven MOF-containing hydrogel actuators. Interestingly, we are able to achieve an octopus-inspired light-driven soft swimmer upon cyclic NIR illumination due to the fast photoresponsiveness of as-prepared hydrogel actuators. This work can offer insights for fabricating programmable and reconfigurable smart aquatic soft actuators, thus shining a light into their potential applications in emerging fields including soft robots, biomedical devices, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmu Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Pan Xue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Cristian Valenzuela
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yuanhao Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Pengfei Lv
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhaokai Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xinhua Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
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22
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Cao M, Zhao P, Liu C, Xia J, Xu H. When Dynamic Diselenide Bonds meet Dynamic Imine Bonds in Polymeric Materials. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200083. [PMID: 35257443 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In both natural and artificial functional systems, the cooperation between different dynamic interactions is of vital importance for realizing complicated functions. Dynamic covalent bonds are one kind of relatively stable dynamic interactions, and have shown synergistic effect in natural systems such as functional proteins. However, synergistic interactions between different dynamic covalent bonds in polymeric materials are still unclear. Herein, polymeric materials containing diselenide and imine bonds are prepared, and then the synergistic effect between the two dynamic covalent bonds is quantitatively evaluated in typical processes of dynamic materials. The results reveal that dynamic covalent bonds show weak synergistic effect in the degradation process, and have strong synergistic effect in stress relaxation process. Therefore, introducing multiple dynamic covalent bonds in polymeric materials could extensively enhance their dynamic properties. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muqing Cao
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahao Xia
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaping Xu
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
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23
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Sun XC, Zhang ZP, Sun ZJ, Zheng JX, Liu XQ, Xia H. Smart Diffraction Gratings based on the Shape Memory Effect. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2100863. [PMID: 35179256 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The shape memory effect is the capability of a structure or a material that can be deformed into a certain temporary shape under the external stimulus, and the shape will be fixed without the stimulus. The recovery process can be triggered by the same stimulus. The intelligent tunable device based on the shape memory effect has a wide range of applications in many fields. In the optical field, smart diffraction gratings can accomplish in-situ optical diffraction according to requirements, meeting the high demand in the next generation of smart optical systems. However, it is essential to construct high-precision grating structures based on shape memory materials. Here, a smart diffraction grating based on UV-curable shape memory polymer via two-beam interference is reported, with nano-scale precision, excellent deformability and recovery ability and adjustable spectroscopic performance. More importantly, based on the shape memory effect, grating structures that surpass the precision of the fabrication system can be obtained. The smart grating exhibits rapid deformation and recovery upon heating and long-term storage capability, which facilitates them to be applied in optics, electronics and integrated sensing. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Chao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Zhi-Juan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Jia-Xin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xue-Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Hong Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
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Truong VX, Barner-Kowollik C. Photodynamic covalent bonds regulated by visible light for soft matter materials. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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25
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Liu M, Chen S, Lin X, He H, Gao J, Zhai Y, Wu Y, Zhu J, Pan X. Diselenide–yne chemistry for selenium-containing linear polymer modification. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00621a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Selenium-containing brush polymers with diverse functional segments were easily prepared through diselenide–yne chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Sisi Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Lin
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Hanliang He
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
- The Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, 215028, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Biomaterial, College of Life Sciences, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, China
| | - Yonghua Zhai
- Department of Biomaterial, College of Life Sciences, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Biomaterial, College of Life Sciences, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Xiangqiang Pan
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
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Liu X, Song X, Chen B, Liu J, Feng Z, Zhang W, Zeng J, Liang L. Self-healing and shape-memory epoxy thermosets based on dynamic diselenide bonds. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.105121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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27
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Zhang C, Lu X, Wang Z, Xia H. Progress in Utilizing Dynamic Bonds to Fabricate Structurally Adaptive Self-Healing, Shape Memory, and Liquid Crystal Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 43:e2100768. [PMID: 34964192 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive structurally dynamic polymers are capable of mimicking the biological systems to adapt themselves to the surrounding environmental changes and subsequently exhibiting a wide range of responses ranging from self-healing to complex shape-morphing. Dynamic self-healing polymers (SHPs), shape-memory polymers (SMPs) and liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs), which are three representative examples of stimuli-responsive structurally dynamic polymers, have been attracting broad and growing interest in recent years because of their potential applications in the fields of electronic skin, sensors, soft robots, artificial muscles, and so on. We review recent advances and challenges in the developments towards dynamic SHPs, SMPs and LCEs, focusing on the chemistry strategies and the dynamic reaction mechanisms that enhance the performances of the materials including self-healing, reprocessing and reprogramming. We compare and discuss the different dynamic chemistries and their mechanisms on the enhanced functions of the materials, where three summary tables are presented: a library of dynamic bonds and the resulting characteristics of the materials. Finally, we provide a critical outline of the unresolved issues and future perspectives on the emerging developments. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xili Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zhanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Hesheng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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Xu B, Liu S, Li Y, Zhang J, Pan X, Zhu J. Synthesis of Precisely Structured Olefin Copolymers by Phenylseleno Oxidation Elimination. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis Department of Polymer Science and Engineering College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Shaoxiang Liu
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis Department of Polymer Science and Engineering College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Yingying Li
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis Department of Polymer Science and Engineering College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Jiandong Zhang
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis Department of Polymer Science and Engineering College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Xiangqiang Pan
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis Department of Polymer Science and Engineering College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhu
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis Department of Polymer Science and Engineering College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
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