1
|
Zhou W, Zhu S, Zhang Z, Zhu R, Chen B, Zhao J, Wei X, Lu H, Zheng B. Time-varying metasurface driven broadband radar jamming and deceptions. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:17911-17921. [PMID: 38858959 DOI: 10.1364/oe.521602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Conventional radar jamming and deception systems typically necessitate the custom design of complex circuits and algorithms to transmit an additional radio signal toward a detector. Consequently, they are often cumbersome, energy-intensive, and difficult to operate in broadband electromagnetic environment. With the ongoing trend of miniaturization of various devices and the improvement of radar system performance, traditional techniques no longer meet the requirements for broadband, seamless integration, and energy efficiency. Time-varying metasurfaces, capable of manipulating electromagnetic parameters in both temporal and spatial domains, have thus inspired many contemporary research studies to revisit established fields. In this paper, we introduce a time-varying metasurface driven radar jamming and deception system (TVM-RJD), which can perfectly overcome the aforementioned intrinsic challenges. Leveraging a programmable bias voltage, the TVM-RJD can alter the spectrum distribution of incident waves, thereby deceiving radar into making erroneous judgments about the target's location. Experimental outcomes affirm that the accuracy deviation of the TVM-RJD system is less than 0.368 meters, while achieving a remarkable frequency conversion efficiency of up to 96.67%. The TVM-RJD heralds the expansion into a wider application of electromagnetic spatiotemporal manipulation, paving the way for advancements in electromagnetic illusion, radar invisibility, etc.
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang Z, Wang Z, Zhang C, Yao Z, Zhang S, Wang R, Tian Z, Han J, Chang C, Lou J, Yan X, Qiu C. Advanced Terahertz Refractive Sensing And Fingerprint Recognition Through Metasurface-Excited Surface Waves. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308453. [PMID: 38180283 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
High-sensitive metasurface-based sensors are essential for effective substance detection and insightful bio-interaction studies, which compress light in subwavelength volumes to enhance light-matter interactions. However, current methods to improve sensing performance always focus on optimizing near-field response of individual meta-atom, and fingerprint recognition for bio-substances necessitates several pixelated metasurfaces to establish a quasi-continuous spectrum. Here, a novel sensing strategy is proposed to achieve Terahertz (THz) refractive sensing, and fingerprint recognition based on surface waves (SWs). Leveraging the long-range transmission, strong confinement, and interface sensitivity of SWs, a metasurface-supporting SWs excitation and propagation is experimentally verified to achieve sensing integrations. Through wide-band information collection of SWs, the proposed sensor not only facilitates refractive sensing up to 215.5°/RIU, but also enables the simultaneous resolution of multiple fingerprint information within a continuous spectrum. By covering 5 µm thickness of polyimide, quartz and silicon nitride layers, the maximum phase change of 91.1°, 101.8°, and 126.4° is experimentally obtained within THz band, respectively. Thus, this strategy broadens the research scope of metasurface-excited SWs and introduces a novel paradigm for ultrasensitive sensing functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeyan Zhang
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Innovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Zhibo Yao
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Technology (Ministry of Education of China), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Shoujun Zhang
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Technology (Ministry of Education of China), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ride Wang
- Innovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Zhen Tian
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Technology (Ministry of Education of China), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jiaguang Han
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Technology (Ministry of Education of China), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Chao Chang
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Innovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Jing Lou
- Innovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Xueqing Yan
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chengwei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zou Y, Jin H, Zhu R, Zhang T. Metasurface Holography with Multiplexing and Reconfigurability. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 14:66. [PMID: 38202521 PMCID: PMC10780441 DOI: 10.3390/nano14010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Metasurface holography offers significant advantages, including a broad field of view, minimal noise, and high imaging quality, making it valuable across various optical domains such as 3D displays, VR, and color displays. However, most passive pure-structured metasurface holographic devices face a limitation: once fabricated, as their functionality remains fixed. In recent developments, the introduction of multiplexed and reconfigurable metasurfaces breaks this limitation. Here, the comprehensive progress in holography from single metasurfaces to multiplexed and reconfigurable metasurfaces is reviewed. First, single metasurface holography is briefly introduced. Second, the latest progress in angular momentum multiplexed metasurface holography, including basic characteristics, design strategies, and diverse applications, is discussed. Next, a detailed overview of wavelength-sensitive, angle-sensitive, and polarization-controlled holograms is considered. The recent progress in reconfigurable metasurface holography based on lumped elements is highlighted. Its instant on-site programmability combined with machine learning provides the possibility of realizing movie-like dynamic holographic displays. Finally, we briefly summarize this rapidly growing area of research, proposing future directions and potential applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Zou
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (Y.Z.); (H.J.); (R.Z.)
| | - Hui Jin
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (Y.Z.); (H.J.); (R.Z.)
| | - Rongrong Zhu
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (Y.Z.); (H.J.); (R.Z.)
- School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Processing, Communication and Networking (IPCN), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Song Z, Ma X, Jiang W, Zhang L, Jiang M, Hu F, Zeng L. Polarization insensitive flexible ultra-broadband terahertz metamaterial absorber. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:8905-8910. [PMID: 38038036 DOI: 10.1364/ao.505226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
We propose a polarization insensitive, flexible ultra-broadband terahertz (THz) metamaterial absorber. It consists of a chromium composite resonator on the top, a polyimide (PI) dielectric layer in the middle, and a chromium substrate. The simulation results show that the absorption achieves more than 90% ultra-wideband absorption in the range of 1.92-4.34 THz. The broadband absorption is produced by the combination of electric dipole resonance and magnetic resonance, as well as impedance matching with free space. Due to the rotational symmetry of the unit structure, the absorber is insensitive to polarization of the THz wave and has a larger range of incident angles. The total thickness of the absorber is only 13.4 µm, showing highly flexible and excellent high-temperature resistance characteristics. Therefore, it has potential applications in THz wave stealth and electromagnetic shielding.
Collapse
|
5
|
Al-Nuaimi MKT, Whittow WG, Huang GL, Chen RS, Shao Q. Hybrid cubic-chessboard metasurfaces for wideband angle-independent diffusive scattering and enhanced stealth. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:39433-39446. [PMID: 38041265 DOI: 10.1364/oe.504200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Because of the shortcomings associated with their scattering patterns, both the chessboard and cubic phased metasurfaces show non-perfect diffusion and hence sub-optimal radar cross section reduction (RCSR) properties. This paper presents a novel and powerful hybrid RCSR design approach for diffusive scattering by combining the unique attributes of cubic phase and chessboard phase profiles. The hybrid phase distribution is achieved by simultaneously imposing two distinct phase profiles (chessboard and cubic) on the hybrid metasurface area with the aid of geometric phase theory to further enhance the diffusive scattering and RCSR. It is shown in this paper that through the integration of cubic and chessboard phase profiles, a metasurface with the hybrid phase mask successfully overcomes all the above issues and shortcomings related to the RCSR of both chessboard and cubic metasurfaces. In addition, the proposed design leverages the unique scattering properties offered by these distinct phase profiles to achieve enhanced stealth capabilities over wide frequency ranges and for large incidence angles. Simulation and measurement results show that the designed hybrid metasurfaces using the proposed strategy achieved RCSR and low-level diffused scattering patterns from 12-28 GHz (80%) for normal incidence of a far-field CP radar plane wave. The hybrid metasurface shows a stable angular diffusion and RCSR performance when the azimuthal and elevation incidence angles are in the range of 0° → ± 75° which is wider than other designs in the literature. Therefore, this work can make objects significantly less detectable in complex radar environments when enhanced stealth is required.
Collapse
|
6
|
Hou T, Li X, Luo H, Hao Y, Chu H, Lai Y. Optically-transparent meta-window for wireless communication. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:38949-38957. [PMID: 38017985 DOI: 10.1364/oe.504238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Circumventing the attenuation of microwaves during the propagation is of prime importance to wireless communication towards higher carrier frequencies. Here, we propose a scheme of wireless communications via a functionalized meta-window constructed by an optically-transparent metasurface (OTM) consisting of indium tin oxide (ITO) patterns. When the signal is weak, the OTM can significantly strengthen the signal by focusing the incoming waves towards the windowsill, thus substantially enhancing the network speed. The intensity enhancement of microwaves at 5 GHz via an OTM is verified by both numerical simulations and experiments. Furthermore, the ability to increase the data transfer rate in a 5-GHz-WiFi environment is directly demonstrated. Our work demonstrates the feasibility of applying an optically-transparent meta-window for enhancing wireless communications.
Collapse
|
7
|
Fu C, Zhang X, Liu X, Han L. RCS reduction of composite transparent flexible coding metasurface combined phase cancellation and absorption. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:27365-27380. [PMID: 37710814 DOI: 10.1364/oe.494548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
A wideband low-scattering metasurface with optical transparency and flexibility is proposed by using the combination of phase cancellation and absorption mechanisms. Electromagnetic (EM) diffusion is achieved through the random phase distribution design of the two coding elements. The enhanced energy absorption can be obtained in a wide spectrum by using indium tin oxide (ITO) with suitable sheet resistance in the supercells. The experimental results show that the radar cross section (RCS) reductions of less than -10 dB under the planar and conformal cases are in 6.65-19.40 GHz and 6.11-17.37 GHz, corresponding relative bandwidth are 97.89% and 95.91%, respectively. Both theoretical analysis and simulated results are good accordance with the experiment. Furthermore, the analyses of the surface current, EM field distribution and power loss density are given to explain the hybrid RCS reduction mechanism. The proposed composite transparent flexible coding metasurface (CTFCM) maintains good angular stability within 0°-60° oblique incidence and has polarization insensitivity. The CTFCM has excellent flexibility and high optical transparency, which provides a way to reduce RCS in a wider band and has important application potential for stealth aircraft cockpit and transparent radome.
Collapse
|
8
|
Li XF, Zou XJ, Li TJ, Liu KY, Wang GM. Polarization-mismatching transmissive metasurface for independent amplitude and phase control of circular polarization. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:20122-20133. [PMID: 37381413 DOI: 10.1364/oe.490102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a strategy for independent control of the amplitude and phase of transmissive circular-polarization (CP) waves. The designed meta-atom consists of an elliptical-polarization receiver and a CP transmitter. By changing the axial ratio (AR) and polarization of the receiver, amplitude modulation can be realized based on polarization mismatching theory, with negligible cumbrous components. While by rotating the element, a full phase coverage enabled by the geometric phase is achieved. Subsequently, a CP transmitarray antenna (TA) with high gain and low side-lobe level (SLL) is implemented to experimentally validate our strategy, and the tested results match well with the simulated ones. During the operating band from 9.6 to 10.4 GHz, the proposed TA obtains an average SLL of -24.5 dB, a lowest SLL of -27.7 dB at 9.9 GHz, and a maximum gain of 19 dBi at 10.3 GHz, with the measured AR lower than 1 dB, which mainly benefits from high polarization purity (HPP) of the proposed elements. The proposed strategy for full amplitude-phase manipulation of CP waves together with HPP paves a way for complicated field manipulations and indicates a promising candidate in antenna applications, such as anti-jamming systems and wireless communications.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang Y, Niu J, Jin X, Qian X, Xiao C, Wang W. Molecularly Resonant Metamaterials for Broad-Band Electromagnetic Stealth. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2301170. [PMID: 37085919 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Electromagnetic (EM) metamaterial is a composite material with EM stealth properties, which is constructed by artificially reverse engineering metal split resonance rings (SRR). However, the greatest limitation of EM metamaterials is that they can only stealth at a fixed and lower frequency of EM waves, and modern processing techniques still cannot meet the accuracy requirements to fabric nano-size structural unit. Nano-sized and even ultra-small SRR at molecular level are promising arrays to realize the ability of EM stealth function at a higher frequency, although it has proven challenging to synthesize long, straight, connected molecular SRR, and also difficult to arrange those molecular SRR into a strict array. Here, the study overcomes this challenge and demonstrates that the fabric of polypyrrole molecular SRR achieves an ultra-small inner diameter of 2.49 Å and realizes the arrays arrangement at molecular level. Furthermore, the study exploits the EM stealth function and verifies that such arrays of molecular SRR with 2.49 Å have the ability to reach high-performance EM stealth in the range of 106 -1016 Hz. This design concept opens a pathway for developing new metamaterials with broadband EM wave stealth and also serves the wider range of new applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Jiarong Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Xin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Xiaoming Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Changfa Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
- Fiber Materials Research Center, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Wenyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lu H, Zhu R, Wang C, Hua T, Zhang S, Chen T. Soft Actor-Critic-Driven Adaptive Focusing under Obstacles. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1366. [PMID: 36836996 PMCID: PMC9959240 DOI: 10.3390/ma16041366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Electromagnetic (EM) waves that bypass obstacles to achieve focus at arbitrary positions are of immense significance to communication and radar technologies. Small-sized and low-cost metasurfaces enable the accomplishment of this function. However, the magnitude-phase characteristics are challenging to analyze when there are obstacles between the metasurface and the EM wave. In this study, we creatively combined the deep reinforcement learning algorithm soft actor-critic (SAC) with a reconfigurable metasurface to construct an SAC-driven metasurface architecture that realizes focusing at any position under obstacles using real-time simulation data. The agent learns the optimal policy to achieve focus while interacting with a complex environment, and the framework proves to be effective even in complex scenes with multiple objects. Driven by real-time reinforcement learning, the knowledge learned from one environment can be flexibly transferred to another environment to maximize information utilization and save considerable iteration time. In the context of future 6G communications development, the proposed method may significantly reduce the path loss of users in an occluded state, thereby solving the open challenge of poor signal penetration. Our study may also inspire the implementation of other intelligent devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Lu
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Rongrong Zhu
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Chi Wang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Tianze Hua
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Siqi Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Tianhang Chen
- China Aeronautical Establishment, Beijing 100029, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang Z, Qian C, Fan Z, Chen H. Arbitrary Polarization Readout with Dual-Channel Neuro-Metasurfaces. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2204699. [PMID: 36519646 PMCID: PMC9929113 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polarization, as a vector nature of the electromagnetic wave, plays a fundamental role in optics. Determining the polarization state of light is required by many applications, spanning from remote sensing and material analysis to biology and microscopy. To achieve this goal, conventional methods necessitate cascading of multiple optical components and consequential measurements to estimate the Stokes parameters, rendering the entire optical system bulky, complex, and sensitive. Here a brand-new strategy is introduced for direct polarization readout based on dual-channel neuro-metasurfaces. Neuro-metasurfaces can independently manipulate two orthogonal linearly-polarized waves that can synthesize arbitrary polarization waves with a linear combination. By judiciously designing the output focus points, a unique polarization atlas is created that allows one-to-one correspondence from intensity ratio to polarization state. To implement this, polarization-sensitive metasurfaces are designed and the spatial layout is optimized using a diffractive neural network. The feasibility of this strategy is validated by numerical simulation and microwave experiments. These results pave a new avenue in realizing integrated and multifunctional detectors and demonstrate the potential of neuro-metasurfaces as an add-on for discomposing and composing spatial basis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhedong Wang
- ZJU‐UIUC InstituteInterdisciplinary Center for Quantum InformationState Key Laboratory of Modern Optical InstrumentationZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- ZJU‐Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation CenterKey Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of ZhejiangZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang UniversityZhejiang UniversityJinhua321099China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang UniversityZhejiang UniversityShaoxing312000China
| | - Chao Qian
- ZJU‐UIUC InstituteInterdisciplinary Center for Quantum InformationState Key Laboratory of Modern Optical InstrumentationZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- ZJU‐Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation CenterKey Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of ZhejiangZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang UniversityZhejiang UniversityJinhua321099China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang UniversityZhejiang UniversityShaoxing312000China
| | - Zhixiang Fan
- ZJU‐UIUC InstituteInterdisciplinary Center for Quantum InformationState Key Laboratory of Modern Optical InstrumentationZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- ZJU‐Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation CenterKey Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of ZhejiangZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang UniversityZhejiang UniversityJinhua321099China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang UniversityZhejiang UniversityShaoxing312000China
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- ZJU‐UIUC InstituteInterdisciplinary Center for Quantum InformationState Key Laboratory of Modern Optical InstrumentationZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- ZJU‐Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation CenterKey Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of ZhejiangZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang UniversityZhejiang UniversityJinhua321099China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang UniversityZhejiang UniversityShaoxing312000China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lan HW, Li ZM, Weng XL, Qi L, Li K, Zhou ZR, Wu XY, Bi M. Low-frequency broadband multilayer microwave metamaterial absorber based on resistive frequency selective surfaces. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:1096-1102. [PMID: 36821169 DOI: 10.1364/ao.474350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a low-frequency broadband multilayer metamaterial absorber (MMA) based on resistive frequency selective surfaces (RFSSs) is proposed, which consists of a three-layer RFSS, three-layer polymethacrylimide (PMI) foam substrates, and a copper film. The proposed absorber has the advantages of ultra-broadband absorption with absorptivity more than 90% ranging from 1.91 to 20.78 GHz, which covers the entire S, C, X, and Ku bands with the thickness of 0.102λ L (where λ L corresponds to the wavelength of the lowest operating frequency). The absorption performance can keep good stability in a wide angular range for both TE and TM modes. Moreover, a prototype of the proposed MMA is fabricated and experimentally measured to demonstrate its excellent performance. The experimental results show excellent consistency with numerical simulations.
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Jiang X, Zheng S, Li J, Xu X, Yang Y, Huang Z, Tan X. Circular polarization detector based on polarization holography. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:5941-5944. [PMID: 37219142 DOI: 10.1364/ol.474089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We propose and experimentally demonstrate the generation of a circular polarization detector based on planar polarization holography. The detector is designed by constructing the interference field according to the null reconstruction effect. We create multiplexed holograms, which feature the combination of two sets of hologram patterns and operate with opposite circular polarization beams. In a few seconds, the exposure operation allows the polarization multiplexed hologram element to be generated, with functionality equivalent to a chiral hologram. We have theoretically analyzed the feasibility of our scheme and experimentally demonstrated that the right- and left-handed circularly polarized beam can be distinguished directly depending on the different output signals. This work provides a time-saving and cost-effective alternative approach for generating a circular polarization detector and opens avenues for future applications in polarization detection.
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhu R, Liu D, Shen L, Zhuang Y, Bi G, Cai T. Huygens' metasurface-based surface plasmon coupler with near-unit efficiency. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:5708-5711. [PMID: 37219309 DOI: 10.1364/ol.468696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) and their counterparts at low frequency (i.e., spoof SPPs) have been attracting a lot of attention recently due to their potential application for routing information with high speeds and bandwidth. To further develop integrated plasmonics, a high-efficiency surface plasmon coupler is required for full elimination of the intrinsic scattering and reflection when exciting the highly confined plasmonic modes, but a solution to this challenge has remained elusive so far. To take on this challenge, here we propose a feasible spoof SPP coupler based on a transparent Huygens' metasurface, which is able to realize more than 90% efficiency in near- and far-field experiments. To be specific, electrical and magnetic resonators are designed separately on both sides of the metasurface to satisfy the impedance-matching condition everywhere, leading to full conversion of plane wave propagation into surface wave propagation. Moreover, a well-optimized plasmonic metal which is able to support an eigen SPP is designed. This proposed high-efficiency spoof SPP coupler based on a Huygens' metasurface may pave the way for the development of high-performance plasmonic devices.
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhao X, Jiao Y, Liang J, Lou J, Zhang J, Lv J, Du X, Shen L, Zheng B, Cai T. Multifield-Controlled Terahertz Hybrid Metasurface for Switches and Logic Operations. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3765. [PMID: 36364542 PMCID: PMC9658003 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) meta-devices are considered to be a promising framework for constructing integrated photonic circuitry, which is significant for processing the upsurge of data brought about by next-generation telecommunications. However, present active metasurfaces are typically restricted by a single external driving field, a single modulated frequency, fixed switching speed, and deficiency in logical operation functions which prevents devices from further practical applications. Here, to overcome these limitations, we propose a hybrid THz metasurface consisting of vanadium dioxide (VO2) and germanium (Ge) that enables electrical and optical tuning methods individually or simultaneously and theoretically investigate its performance. Each of the two materials is arranged in the meta-atom to dominate the resonance strength of toroidal or magnetic dipoles. Controlled by either or both of the external excitations, the device can switch on or off at four different frequencies, possessing two temporal degrees of freedom in terms of manipulation when considering the nonvolatility of VO2 and ultrafast photogenerated carriers of Ge. Furthermore, the "AND" and "OR" logic operations are respectively achieved at two adjacent frequency bands by weighing normalized transmission amplitude. This work may provide an auspicious paradigm of THz components, such as dynamic filters, multiband switches, and logical modulators, potentially promoting the design and implementation of multifunctional electro-optical devices in future THz computing and communication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xilai Zhao
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710051, China
| | - Yanan Jiao
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing 100024, China
| | - Jiangang Liang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710051, China
| | - Jing Lou
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710051, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710051, China
| | - Jiawen Lv
- China Nuclear Engineering Consulting Corporation, Beijing 100024, China
| | - Xiaohui Du
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing 100024, China
| | - Lian Shen
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Bin Zheng
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Tong Cai
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710051, China
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Li X, Wang G, Liu D, Zhuang Y, Zheng B, Lian S, Zou X, Cai T. Axial ratio bandwidth enhanced circularly polarized transmitarray antenna with a flat gain response. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:40221-40230. [PMID: 36298958 DOI: 10.1364/oe.473188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a novel broadband circularly polarized transmitarray antenna (CPTA) enabled by axial-ratio-improved receiver-transmitter metasurface loaded with parasitic patches is proposed. Split-ring-shaped parasitic patch is utilized to generate an additional resonant mode and significantly broaden the 3-dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of proposed receiver/transmitter patches from 6.64% to 15.61%. By cascading the receiver and transmitter with the same polarization and then rotating the cell, Pancharatnam-Berry phase can be exploited for providing a 2π phase shift. As verification, a CPTA prototype integrated with a self-made circularly polarized patch antenna is designed, fabricated, and measured. Experimental results show that the proposed CPTA obtains a 3-dB AR bandwidth of 27.1% from 12.1 to 15.9 GHz and an impedance bandwidth of 20.6% from 12.5 to 15.2 GHz. Additionally, it has a flat gain with a 3-dB gain bandwidth of 18.8% from 12.5 to 15.1 GHz, and a maximum gain of 25.6 dBi at 13.1 GHz is achieved. With the advantages of simple design, wide AR bandwidth, and flat gain performance, the proposed CPTA presents great potential applications in wireless systems.
Collapse
|
17
|
Kaur S, Jana A, Karmakar S, Varshney RK, Chowdhury DR. Resonant toroidal metasurface as a platform for thin-film and biomaterial sensing. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:9020-9027. [PMID: 36607031 DOI: 10.1364/ao.469615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Toroidal resonances with weak free-space coupling have recently garnered significant research attraction toward the realization of advanced photonic devices. As a natural consequence of weak free-space coupling, toroidal resonances generally possess a high quality factor with low radiative losses. Because of these backgrounds, we have experimentally studied thin-film sensing utilizing toroidal resonance in a subwavelength planar metasurface, whose unit cell consists of near-field coupled asymmetric dual gap split-ring resonators (ASRRs). These ASRRs are placed in a mirrored configuration within the unit cell. The near-field coupled ASRRs support circulating surface currents in both resonators with opposite phases, resulting in excitation of the toroidal mode. In such a way, excited toroidal resonance can support strong light-matter interactions with external materials (analytes to be detected) placed on top of the metasurface. Further, our study reveals a sensitivity of 30 GHz/RIU while sensing AZ4533 photoresist film utilizing the toroidal mode. Such detection of thin films can be highly beneficial for the development of sensing devices for various biomolecules and dielectric materials that can be spin coated or drop casted on metasurfaces. Hence, the toroidal mode is further theoretically explored towards the detection of avian influenza virus subtypes, namely, H5N2 and H9N2. Our study reveals 6 and 9 GHz of frequency redshifts for H5N2 and H9N2, respectively, in comparison to the bare sample. Therefore, this work shows that toroidal metasurfaces can be a useful platform to sense thin films of various materials including biomaterials.
Collapse
|