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Zähringer TJB, Heusel C, Schmitz M, Glorius F, Kerzig C. Pushing the limit of triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion towards the UVC range. Chem Commun (Camb) 2025. [PMID: 40401348 DOI: 10.1039/d5cc01834j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2025]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion (TTA-UC) provides a milder alternative to traditional UVB/UVC photochemistry. However, suitable sensitizer-annihilator pairs are scarce, in particular in the high-energy UV regime. Herein, we present a benzene-based annihilator that, paired with a suitable sensitizer, generates upconverted emission approaching the UVC region for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till J B Zähringer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Corinna Heusel
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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Li Z, Xu L, Yin Z, Ma J, Dong X, Wang S, Song Z, Qiu J, Li Y. Construction of Full-Spectrum-Response Bi 3O 4Br:Er 3+@Bi 2O 3- x S-Scheme Heterojunction With [Bi─O] Tetrahedral Sharing by Integrated Upconversion and Photothermal Effect Toward Optimized Photocatalytic Performance. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2025; 12:e2412214. [PMID: 39744812 PMCID: PMC11848554 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202412214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2024] [Revised: 11/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2025]
Abstract
Designing and optimizing photocatalysts to maximize the use of sunlight and achieve fast charge transport remains a goal of photocatalysis technology. Herein, a full-spectrum-response Bi3O4Br:Er3+@Bi2O3- x core-shell S-scheme heterojunction is designed with [Bi─O] tetrahedral sharing using upconversion (UC) functionality, photothermal effects, and interfacial engineering. The UC function of Er3+ and plasmon resonance effect of Bi2O3- x greatly improves the utilization of sunlight. The equivalent layer structure of Bi3O4Br and Bi2O3- x facilitates the construction of high-quality S-scheme heterojunction interfaces with close atomic-level contact obtained from the [Bi─O] tetrahedral sharing and the resulting Bi3O4Br:Er3+@Bi2O3- x core-shell morphology, enabled efficient charge transfer. Furthermore, localized temperature increase, induced by photothermal effects, enhanced the chemical reaction kinetics. Benefiting from the distinctive construction, the Bi3O4Br:Er3+@Bi2O3- x heterojunctions exhibit excellent performance in the photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A that is 2.40 times and 4.98 times greater than that of Bi3O4Br:Er3+ alone under full-spectrum light irradiation and near-infrared light irradiation, respectively. This work offers an innovative perspective for the design and fabrication of full-spectrum-response S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts with efficient solar energy utilization based on high quality interfaces, UC functionality, and the photothermal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Li
- Faculty of Materials Science and EngineeringKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650093P. R. China
| | - Liang Xu
- Faculty of Materials Science and EngineeringKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650093P. R. China
| | - Zhaoyi Yin
- Faculty of Materials Science and EngineeringKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650093P. R. China
| | - Junhao Ma
- Faculty of Materials Science and EngineeringKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650093P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyi Dong
- Faculty of Materials Science and EngineeringKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650093P. R. China
| | - Shangyong Wang
- Faculty of Materials Science and EngineeringKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650093P. R. China
| | - Zhiguo Song
- Faculty of Materials Science and EngineeringKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650093P. R. China
| | - Jianbei Qiu
- Faculty of Materials Science and EngineeringKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650093P. R. China
| | - Yongjin Li
- Faculty of Materials Science and EngineeringKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650093P. R. China
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Pashley-Johnson F, Munaweera R, Hossain SI, Gauci SC, Delafresnaye L, Frisch H, O'Mara ML, Du Prez FE, Barner-Kowollik C. How molecular architecture defines quantum yields. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6033. [PMID: 39019945 PMCID: PMC11255304 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50366-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the intricate relationship between molecular architecture and function underpins most challenges at the forefront of chemical innovation. Bond-forming reactions are particularly influenced by the topology of a chemical structure, both on small molecule scale and in larger macromolecular frameworks. Herein, we elucidate the impact that molecular architecture has on the photo-induced cyclisations of a series of monodisperse macromolecules with defined spacers between photodimerisable moieties, and examine the relationship between propensity for intramolecular cyclisation and intermolecular network formation. We demonstrate a goldilocks zone of maximum reactivity between the sterically hindered and entropically limited regimes with a quantum yield of intramolecular cyclisation that is nearly an order of magnitude higher than the lowest value. As a result of the molecular design of trifunctional macromolecules, their quantum yields can be deconvoluted into the formation of two different cyclic isomers, as rationalised with molecular dynamics simulations. Critically, we visualise our solution-based studies with light-based additive manufacturing. We formulate four photoresists for microprinting, revealing that the precise positioning of functional groups is critical for resist performance, with lower intramolecular quantum yields leading to higher-quality printing in most cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Pashley-Johnson
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, 4000, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, 4000, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Rangika Munaweera
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Building 75, Cnr College Rd & Cooper Road, 4072, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Sheikh I Hossain
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Building 75, Cnr College Rd & Cooper Road, 4072, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Steven C Gauci
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, 4000, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, 4000, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Laura Delafresnaye
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, 4000, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, 4000, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hendrik Frisch
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, 4000, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, 4000, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Megan L O'Mara
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Building 75, Cnr College Rd & Cooper Road, 4072, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.
| | - Filip E Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, Ghent, 9000, Belgium.
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, 4000, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, 4000, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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Prabhakaran A, Jha KK, Sia RCE, Arellano Reyes RA, Sarangi NK, Kogut M, Guthmuller J, Czub J, Dietzek-Ivanšić B, Keyes TE. Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconverting Liposomes: Mechanistic Insights into the Role of Membranes in Two-Dimensional TTA-UC. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:29324-29337. [PMID: 38776974 PMCID: PMC11163426 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) implemented in nanoparticle assemblies is of emerging interest in biomedical applications, including in drug delivery and imaging. As it is a bimolecular process, ensuring sufficient mobility of the sensitizer and annihilator to facilitate effective collision in the nanoparticle is key. Liposomes can provide the benefits of two-dimensional confinement and condensed concentration of the sensitizer and annihilator along with superior fluidity compared to other nanoparticle assemblies. They are also biocompatible and widely applied across drug delivery modalities. However, there are relatively few liposomal TTA-UC systems reported to date, so systematic studies of the influence of the liposomal environment on TTA-UC are currently lacking. Here, we report the first example of a BODIPY-based sensitizer TTA-UC system within liposomes and use this system to study TTA-UC generation and compare the relative intensity of the anti-Stokes signal for this system as a function of liposome composition and membrane fluidity. We report for the first time on time-resolved spectroscopic studies of TTA-UC in membranes. Nanosecond transient absorption data reveal the BODIPY-perylene dyad sensitizer has a long triplet lifetime in liposome with contributions from three triplet excited states, whose lifetimes are reduced upon coinclusion of the annihilator due to triplet-triplet energy transfer, to a greater extent than in solution. This indicates triplet energy transfer between the sensitizer and the annihilator is enhanced in the membrane system. Molecular dynamics simulations of the sensitizer and annihilator TTA collision complex are modeled in the membrane and confirm the co-orientation of the pair within the membrane structure and that the persistence time of the bound complex exceeds the TTA kinetics. Modeling also reliably predicted the diffusion coefficient for the sensitizer which matches closely with the experimental values from fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. The relative intensity of the TTA-UC output across nine liposomal systems of different lipid compositions was explored to examine the influence of membrane viscosity on upconversion (UC). UC showed the highest relative intensity for the most fluidic membranes and the weakest intensity for highly viscous membrane compositions, including a phase separation membrane. Overall, our study reveals that the co-orientation of the UC pair within the membrane is crucial for effective TTA-UC within a biomembrane and that the intensity of the TTA-UC output can be tuned in liposomal nanoparticles by modifying the phase and fluidity of the liposome. These new insights will aid in the design of liposomal TTA-UC systems for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrutha Prabhakaran
- School
of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Keshav Kumar Jha
- Research
Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz
Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Jena 07745, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Rengel Cane E. Sia
- Institute
of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Faculty of Applied Physics
and Mathematics, Gdańsk University
of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ruben Arturo Arellano Reyes
- School
of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Nirod Kumar Sarangi
- School
of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Mateusz Kogut
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Gdańsk University
of Technology, Narutowicza
11/12, 80233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Julien Guthmuller
- Institute
of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Faculty of Applied Physics
and Mathematics, Gdańsk University
of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Czub
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Gdańsk University
of Technology, Narutowicza
11/12, 80233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Benjamin Dietzek-Ivanšić
- Research
Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz
Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Tia E. Keyes
- School
of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Shi Y, Gou H, Wu H, Wan S, Wang K, Yu J, Zhang X, Ye C. Harnessing Heavy-Atom Effects in Multiple Resonance Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (MR-TADF) Sensitizers: Unlocking High-Performance Visible-to-Ultraviolet (Vis-to-UV) Triplet Fusion Upconversion. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:4647-4654. [PMID: 38647524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) light plays a crucial role in various applications, but currently, the efficiency of generating artificial UV light is low. The visible-to-ultraviolet (Vis-to-UV) system based on the triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) mechanism can be a viable solution. Metal-free multiple resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) materials are ideal photosensitizers (PSs) apart from the drawback of high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs). Herein, we systematically investigated the impact of the heavy-atom effect (HAE) on the MR-TADF sensitizers. BNCzBr was then synthesized by incorporating a bromine atom into the skeleton of the precursor BNCz. Impressively, the internal HAE (iHAE) leads to a significantly decreased PLQY and a remarkably increased intersystem crossing quantum yield (ΦISC). Consequently, a higher upconversion quantum efficiency of 12.5% was realized. While the external HAE (eHAE) harms the UC performance. This work guides the further development of MR-TADF sensitizers for high-performance Vis-to-UV TTA-UC systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhong Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, 215009 Suzhou, PR China
| | - Haodong Gou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, 215009 Suzhou, PR China
| | - Hao Wu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, PR China
| | - Shigang Wan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, 215009 Suzhou, PR China
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, PR China
| | - Jia Yu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, PR China
| | - Changqing Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, 215009 Suzhou, PR China
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