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Dai Y, Zhang S, Wen J, Song Z, Wang T, Zhang R, Fan X, Luo W. Metal chloride cathodes for next-generation rechargeable lithium batteries. iScience 2024; 27:109557. [PMID: 38623342 PMCID: PMC11016933 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have prospered a rechargeable world, predominantly relying on various metal oxide cathode materials for their abilities to reversibly de-/intercalate lithium-ion, while also serving as lithium sources for batteries. Despite the success of metal oxide, issues including low energy density have raised doubts about their suitability for next-generation lithium batteries. This has sparked interest in metal chlorides, a neglected cathode material family. Metal chlorides show promise with factors like energy density, diffusion coefficient, and compressibility. Unfortunately, challenges like high solubility hamper their utilization. In this review, we highlight the opportunities for metal chlorides in the post-lithium-ion era. Subsequently, we summarize their dissolution challenges. Furthermore, we discuss recent advancements, encompassing liquid-state electrolyte engineering, solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) cooperation, and LiCl-based cathodes. Finally, we provide an outlook on future research directions of metal chlorides, emphasizing electrode fabrication, electrolyte design, the application of SSEs, and the exploration of conversion reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Dai
- Institute of New Energy for Vehicles, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Shuoqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jiayun Wen
- Institute of New Energy for Vehicles, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Zhenyou Song
- Institute of New Energy for Vehicles, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Tengrui Wang
- Institute of New Energy for Vehicles, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Renyuan Zhang
- Institute of New Energy for Vehicles, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Xiulin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Institute of New Energy for Vehicles, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
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Xu Y, Wang M, Sajid M, Meng Y, Xie Z, Sun L, Jin J, Chen W, Zhang S. Organocatalytic Lithium Chloride Oxidation by Covalent Organic Frameworks for Rechargeable Lithium-Chlorine Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315931. [PMID: 38050465 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Rechargeable Li-Cl2 battery is a promising high energy density battery system. However, reasonable cycle life could only be achieved under low specific capacities due to the sluggish oxidation of LiCl to Cl2 . Herein, we propose an amine-functionalized covalent organic framework (COF) with catalytic activity, namely COF-NH2 , that significantly decreases the oxidation barrier of LiCl and accelerates the oxidation kinetics of LiCl in Li-Cl2 cell. The resulting Li-Cl2 cell using COF-NH2 (Li-Cl2 @COF-NH2 ) simultaneously exhibits low overpotential, ultrahigh discharge capacity up to 3500 mAh/g and a promoted utilization ratio of deposited LiCl at the first cycle (UR-LiCl) of 81.4 %, which is one of the highest reported values to date. Furthermore, the Li-Cl2 @COF-NH2 cell could be stably cycled for over 200 cycles when operating at a capacity of 2000 mAh/g at -20 °C with a Coulombic efficiency (CE) of ≈100 % and a discharge plateau of 3.5 V. Our superior Li-Cl2 batteries enabled by organocatalyst enlighten an arena towards high-energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, Light Industry Institute of Electrochemical Power Sources, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Mingming Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Muhammad Sajid
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yahan Meng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zehui Xie
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Lidong Sun
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jian Jin
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shenxiang Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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Xu Y, Zhang S, Wang M, Meng Y, Xie Z, Sun L, Huang C, Chen W. Enrichment of Chlorine in Porous Organic Nanocages for High-Performance Rechargeable Lithium-Chlorine Batteries. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27877-27885. [PMID: 38053318 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Rechargeable Li-Cl2 batteries are recognized as promising candidates for energy storage due to their ultrahigh energy densities and superior safety features. However, Li-Cl2 batteries suffer from a short cycle life and low Coulombic efficiency (CE) at a high specific cycling capacity due to a sluggish and insufficient Cl2 supply during the redox reaction. To achieve Li-Cl2 batteries with high discharge capacity and CE, herein, we propose and design an imine-functionalized porous organic nanocage (POC) to enrich Cl2 molecules. Based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the imine group sites in host cages strongly interact with Cl2 molecules, facilitating the rapid capture of Cl2. As a result, the output capacity of the Li-Cl2 battery using POC (Li-Cl2@POC) is significantly boosted, achieving an ultrahigh discharge capacity of 4000 mAh/g at ∼100% CE. Benefiting from the designed POC, the highest utilization ratio of deposited LiCl at the first cycle in the Li-Cl2@POC battery reaches as high as 85%, superior to all reported values. The Li-Cl2@POC battery exhibits excellent electrochemical performance even at low temperatures, delivering stable cycling over 200 cycles under a capacity of 2000 mAh/g at -20 °C with a voltage plateau of 3.5 V and an average CE of 99.7%. We also demonstrate that the Li-Cl2@POC cells can be assembled and well-operated in a dry room, showing advantages for mass production. Our designed POC promotes the practical deployment of rechargeable Li-Cl2 batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, Light Industry Institute of Electrochemical Power Sources, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Core Technology of High Specific Energy Battery and Key Materials for Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shenxiang Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Mingming Wang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Yahan Meng
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Zehui Xie
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Lidong Sun
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, Light Industry Institute of Electrochemical Power Sources, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Core Technology of High Specific Energy Battery and Key Materials for Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
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