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Guo Y, Xue Y, Shen B, Dong Y, Zhang H, Yuan J, Liu Z, Li L, Ren K. Modulating Electron Transfer between Pt and MOF Support through Pd Doping Promotes Nanozyme Catalytic Efficiency. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:27511-27522. [PMID: 38752668 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Electron transfer is considered to be a typical parameter that affects the catalytic activity of nanozymes. However, there is still controversy regarding whether higher or lower electron transfer numbers are beneficial for improving the catalytic activity of nanozymes. To address this issue, we propose the introduction of Pd doping as an important electron regulation strategy to tune electron transfer between Pt and ZIF-8 carriers (PtxPd1@ZIF-8). We observe a volcano-shaped relationship between the electron transfer number and catalytic activity, reaching its peak at Pt4Pd1@ZIF-8. Mechanism studies indicate that as the electron transfer number from Pt to ZIF-8 carriers increases, the d-band center of the active site Pt increases, reducing the occupancy of antibonding states and enhancing the adsorption capacity of the key intermediate (*O). However, a further increase in the adsorption of *O energy makes it difficult to desorb and participate in the next reaction, thus exhibiting volcanic activity. The optimized Pt4Pd1@ZIF-8 nanozyme is applied to develop an immunoassay for the detection of zearalenone, achieving a detection limit of 0.01 μg/L, which is 6 times higher than that of the traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. This work not only reveals the potential regulatory mechanism of electron transfer on the catalytic activity of nanozymes but also improves the performance of nanozyme-based biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanguo Guo
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yuan Xue
- Anshun City Company of Guizhou Tobacco Company, Anshun 561000, China
| | - Bingqing Shen
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yanxin Dong
- Anshun City Company of Guizhou Tobacco Company, Anshun 561000, China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Anshun City Company of Guizhou Tobacco Company, Anshun 561000, China
| | - Jiawen Yuan
- Anshun City Company of Guizhou Tobacco Company, Anshun 561000, China
| | - Zhenjiang Liu
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Longhua Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Kewei Ren
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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Ma W, Ren X, Li J, Wang S, Wei X, Wang N, Du Y. Advances in Atomically Dispersed Metal and Nitrogen Co-Doped Carbon Catalysts for Advanced Oxidation Technologies and Water Remediation: From Microenvironment Modulation to Non-Radical Mechanisms. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308957. [PMID: 38111984 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Atomically dispersed metal and nitrogen co-doped carbon catalysts (M-N-C) have been attracting tremendous attentions thanks to their unique MNx active sites and fantastic catalytic activities in advanced oxidation technologies (AOTs) for water remediation. However, precisely tailoring the microenvironment of active sites at atomic level is still an intricate challenge so far, and understanding of the non-radical mechanisms in persulfate activation exists many uncertainties. In this review, latest developments on the microenvironment modulation strategies of atomically dispersed M-N-C catalysts including regulation of central metal atoms, regulation of coordination numbers, regulation of coordination heteroatoms, and synergy between single-atom catalysts (SACs) with metal species are systematically highlighted and discussed. Afterwards, progress and underlying limitations about the typical non-radical pathways from production of singlet oxygen, electron transfer mechanism to generation of high-valent metal species are well demonstrated to inspire intrinsic insights about the mechanisms of M-N-C/persulfate systems. Lastly, perspectives for the remaining challenges and opportunities about the further development of carbon-based SACs in environment remediation are also pointed out. It is believed that this review will be much valuable for the further design of active sites in M-N-C/persulfate catalytic systems and promote the wide application of SACs in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Ma
- College of Textiles and Clothing, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Ren
- College of Textiles and Clothing, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, P. R. China
| | - Jiahao Li
- College of Textiles and Clothing, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Textiles and Clothing, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Wei
- College of Textiles and Clothing, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, P. R. China
| | - Na Wang
- Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Yunchen Du
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
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Tan X, Zhang J, Cao F, Liu Y, Yang H, Zhou Q, Li X, Wang R, Li Z, Hu H, Zhao Q, Wu M. Salt Effect Engineering Single Fe-N 2P 2-Cl Sites on Interlinked Porous Carbon Nanosheets for Superior Oxygen Reduction Reaction and Zn-Air Batteries. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306599. [PMID: 38224212 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Developing efficient metal-nitrogen-carbon (M-N-C) single-atom catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is significant for the widespread implementation of Zn-air batteries, while the synergic design of the matrix microstructure and coordination environment of metal centers remains challenges. Herein, a novel salt effect-induced strategy is proposed to engineer N and P coordinated atomically dispersed Fe atoms with extra-axial Cl on interlinked porous carbon nanosheets, achieving a superior single-atom Fe catalyst (denoted as Fe-NP-Cl-C) for ORR and Zn-air batteries. The hierarchical porous nanosheet architecture can provide rapid mass/electron transfer channels and facilitate the exposure of active sites. Experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal the distinctive Fe-N2P2-Cl active sites afford significantly reduced energy barriers and promoted reaction kinetics for ORR. Consequently, the Fe-NP-Cl-C catalyst exhibits distinguished ORR performance with a half-wave potential (E1/2) of 0.92 V and excellent stability. Remarkably, the assembled Zn-air battery based on Fe-NP-Cl-C delivers an extremely high peak power density of 260 mW cm-2 and a large specific capacity of 812 mA h g-1, outperforming the commercial Pt/C and most reported congeneric catalysts. This study offers a new perspective on structural optimization and coordination engineering of single-atom catalysts for efficient oxygen electrocatalysis and energy conversion devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Jinqiang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Fengliang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Yachao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Hao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Xudong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Zhongtao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Han Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Qingshan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Mingbo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
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Li R, Jiao L, Jia X, Yan L, Li X, Yan D, Zhai Y, Zhu C, Lu X. Bioinspired FeN 5 Sites with Enhanced Peroxidase-like Activity Enable Colorimetric Sensing of Uranyl Ions in Seawater. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 38324915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Nanozymes with peroxidase (POD)-like activity have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional performance in colorimetric assays. However, nanozymes often possess oxidase (OD) and POD-like activity simultaneously, which affects the accuracy and sensitivity of the detection results. To address this issue, inspired by the catalytic pocket of natural POD, a single-atom nanozyme with FeN5 configuration is designed, exhibiting enhanced POD-like activity in comparison with a single-atom nanozyme with FeN4 configuration. The axial N atom in FeN5 highly mimics the amino acid residues in natural POD to optimize the electronic structure of the metal active center Fe, realizing the efficient activation of H2O2. In addition, in the presence of both H2O2 and O2, FeN5 enhances the activation of H2O2, effectively avoiding the interference of dissolved oxygen in colorimetric sensing. As a proof-of-concept application, a colorimetric detection platform for uranyl ions (UO22+) in seawater is successfully constructed, demonstrating satisfactory sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Li
- Institute of Molecular Metrology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiao
- Institute of Molecular Metrology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Xiangkun Jia
- Institute of Molecular Metrology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Yan
- Institute of Molecular Metrology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Xiaotong Li
- Institute of Molecular Metrology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Dongbo Yan
- Institute of Molecular Metrology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Yanling Zhai
- Institute of Molecular Metrology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Chengzhou Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoquan Lu
- Institute of Molecular Metrology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
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Wu S, Xia J, Li R, Cao H, Ye D. Perspectives for the Role of Single-Atom Nanozymes in Assisting Food Safety Inspection and Food Nutrition Evaluation. Anal Chem 2024; 96:1813-1824. [PMID: 38271678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Single-atom nanozymes (SAzymes) have been greatly developed for rapid detection, owing to their rich active sites and excellent catalytic activity. Although several excellent reviews concentrating on SAzymes have been reported, they mainly focused on advanced synthesis, sensing mechanisms, and biomedical applications. To date, few reviews elaborate on the promising applications of SAzymes in food safety inspection and food nutrition evaluation. In this paper, we systematically reviewed the enzyme-like activity of SAzymes and the catalytic mechanism, in addition to recent research advances of SAzymes in the domain of food safety inspection and food nutrition evaluation in the past few years. Furthermore, current challenges hampering practical applications of SAzymes in food assay are summarized and analyzed, and possible research areas focusing on SAzyme-based sensors in rapid food testing are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, PR China
| | - Jianing Xia
- Institute for Sustainable Energy, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, PR China
| | - Hongmei Cao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, PR China
- Hainan Institute for Food Control, Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Haikou 570314, PR China
| | - Daixin Ye
- Institute for Sustainable Energy, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
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Ou H, Qian Y, Yuan L, Li H, Zhang L, Chen S, Zhou M, Yang G, Wang D, Wang Y. Spatial Position Regulation of Cu Single Atom Site Realizes Efficient Nanozyme Photocatalytic Bactericidal Activity. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2305077. [PMID: 37497609 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Recently, single-atom nanozymes have made significant progress in the fields of sterilization and treatment, but their catalytic performance as substitutes for natural enzymes and drugs is far from satisfactory. Here, a method is reported to improve enzyme activity by adjusting the spatial position of a single-atom site on the nanoplatforms. Two types of Cu single-atom site nanozymes are synthesized in the interlayer (CuL /PHI) and in-plane (CuP /PHI) of poly (heptazine imide) (PHI) through different synthesis pathways. Experimental and theoretical analysis indicates that the interlayer position of PHI can effectively adjust the coordination number, coordination bond length, and electronic structure of Cu single atoms compared to the in-plane position, thereby promoting photoinduced electron migration and O2 activation, enabling effective generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Under visible light irradiation, the photocatalytic bactericidal activity of CuL /PHI against aureus is ≈100%, achieving the same antibacterial effect as antibiotics, after 10 min of low-dose light exposure and 2 h of incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghui Ou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yuping Qian
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Lintian Yuan
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - He Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Ludan Zhang
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Shenghua Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhou
- Institute for Energy Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Guidong Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Dingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yuguang Wang
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
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Zhang L, Jin N, Yang Y, Miao XY, Wang H, Luo J, Han L. Advances on Axial Coordination Design of Single-Atom Catalysts for Energy Electrocatalysis: A Review. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:228. [PMID: 37831204 PMCID: PMC10575848 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Single-atom catalysts (SACs) have garnered increasingly growing attention in renewable energy scenarios, especially in electrocatalysis due to their unique high efficiency of atom utilization and flexible electronic structure adjustability. The intensive efforts towards the rational design and synthesis of SACs with versatile local configurations have significantly accelerated the development of efficient and sustainable electrocatalysts for a wide range of electrochemical applications. As an emergent coordination avenue, intentionally breaking the planar symmetry of SACs by adding ligands in the axial direction of metal single atoms offers a novel approach for the tuning of both geometric and electronic structures, thereby enhancing electrocatalytic performance at active sites. In this review, we briefly outline the burgeoning research topic of axially coordinated SACs and provide a comprehensive summary of the recent advances in their synthetic strategies and electrocatalytic applications. Besides, the challenges and outlooks in this research field have also been emphasized. The present review provides an in-depth and comprehensive understanding of the axial coordination design of SACs, which could bring new perspectives and solutions for fine regulation of the electronic structures of SACs catering to high-performing energy electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, People's Republic of China
| | - Yibing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yong Miao
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Electronics and Systems, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Wang
- ShenSi Lab, Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, 518110, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Luo
- ShenSi Lab, Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, 518110, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lili Han
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China.
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Miao J, Song J, Lang J, Zhu Y, Dai J, Wei Y, Long M, Shao Z, Zhou B, Alvarez PJJ, Zhang L. Single-Atom MnN 5 Catalytic Sites Enable Efficient Peroxymonosulfate Activation by Forming Highly Reactive Mn(IV)-Oxo Species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:4266-4275. [PMID: 36849443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Four-nitrogen-coordinated transitional metal (MN4) configurations in single-atom catalysts (SACs) are broadly recognized as the most efficient active sites in peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-based advanced oxidation processes. However, SACs with a coordination number higher than four are rarely explored, which represents a fundamental missed opportunity for coordination chemistry to boost PMS activation and degradation of recalcitrant organic pollutants. We experimentally and theoretically demonstrate here that five-nitrogen-coordinated Mn (MnN5) sites more effectively activate PMS than MnN4 sites, by facilitating the cleavage of the O-O bond into high-valent Mn(IV)-oxo species with nearly 100% selectivity. The high activity of MnN5 was discerned to be due to the formation of higher-spin-state N5Mn(IV)═O species, which enable efficient two-electron transfer from organics to Mn sites through a lower-energy-barrier pathway. Overall, this work demonstrates the importance of high coordination numbers in SACs for efficient PMS activation and informs the design of next-generation environmental catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Miao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jian Song
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Junyu Lang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 393 Huaxia Middle Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, U.K
| | - Jie Dai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yan Wei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mingce Long
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zongping Shao
- WA School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Baoxue Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Pedro J J Alvarez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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