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Isari AA, Ghaffarkhah A, Hashemi SA, Wuttke S, Arjmand M. Structural Design for EMI Shielding: From Underlying Mechanisms to Common Pitfalls. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2310683. [PMID: 38467559 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Modern human civilization deeply relies on the rapid advancement of cutting-edge electronic systems that have revolutionized communication, education, aviation, and entertainment. However, the electromagnetic interference (EMI) generated by digital systems poses a significant threat to the society, potentially leading to a future crisis. While numerous efforts are made to develop nanotechnological shielding systems to mitigate the detrimental effects of EMI, there is limited focus on creating absorption-dominant shielding solutions. Achieving absorption-dominant EMI shields requires careful structural design engineering, starting from the smallest components and considering the most effective electromagnetic wave attenuating factors. This review offers a comprehensive overview of shielding structures, emphasizing the critical elements of absorption-dominant shielding design, shielding mechanisms, limitations of both traditional and nanotechnological EMI shields, and common misconceptions about the foundational principles of EMI shielding science. This systematic review serves as a scientific guide for designing shielding structures that prioritize absorption, highlighting an often-overlooked aspect of shielding science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Akbar Isari
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Ahmadreza Ghaffarkhah
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Seyyed Alireza Hashemi
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Stefan Wuttke
- Basque Centre for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures (BCMaterials), Bld. Martina Casiano, 3rd. Floor UPV/EHU Science Park Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, 48940, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain
| | - Mohammad Arjmand
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
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Zhou Y, Liu W, Zhang S, Liu H, Wu Z, Wang X. Eco-Friendly Flame-Retardant Phase-Change Composite Films Based on Polyphosphazene/Phosphorene Hybrid Foam and Paraffin Wax for Light/Heat-Dual-Actuated Shape Memory. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:7754-7767. [PMID: 38306229 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Multiactuated shape memory materials are a class of promising intelligent materials that have received great interest in the fields of self-healing, anticounterfeiting, biomedical, soft robotic, and smart thermal management applications. To obtain a light/heat-dual-actuated shape memory material for thermal management applications in fire safety, we have designed a type of halogen-free flame-retardant phase-change composite film based on polyaryloxyphosphazene (PDAP)/phosphorene (PR) hybrid foam as a support material and paraffin wax (PW) as a phase-change material (PCM). PDAP was synthesized as a flexible foam matrix through the ring-opening polymerization of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene, followed by a substitution reaction of aryloxy groups. The porosity of the PDAP foam is improved by introducing PR nanosheets, facilitating a high latent heat capacity of the PDAP-PR/PW composite films for thermal management applications. The PDAP-PR/PW composite films can implement rapid shape recovery within 65 s in the heating process, which is much shorter than that of the corresponding film without PR nanosheets (185 s). Furthermore, the PDAP-PR/PW composite films also exhibit light-actuated shape memory behavior thanks to their good solar-to-thermal energy absorption and conversion contributed by PR nanosheets as a highly effective photothermal material. More importantly, the presence of PR nanosheets imparts an excellent flame-retardant property to the PDAP-PR/PW composite films. The PDAP-PR/PW composite film can be self-extinguished within 2 s after the flame. Through an innovative integration of flexible polyphosphazene foam, PR nanosheets, and solid-liquid PCM to obtain a sensitive actuating response to light and heat, this study offers a new approach for developing multiactuated and eco-friendly flame-retardant shape memory materials to meet the requirement of applications with a requirement of fire safety in soft actuators, thermal therapy, control devices, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shuangkun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhanpeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Feng S, Yao L, Chen X, Liu C, Bu X, Huang Y, He M, Zhou Y. Dual-asymmetrically selective interfaces-enhanced poly(lactic acid)-based nanofabric with sweat management and switchable radiative cooling and thermal insulation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 648:117-128. [PMID: 37295363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.05.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
All-weather personal thermal regulation has far been challenged by variable environments especially the regulatory failure caused by highly-dense solar radiation, low environmental radiation and the fluctuated epidermal moisture in different seasons. Herein, from the design of interface selectivity, dual-asymmetrically optical and wetting selective polylactic acid-based (PLA) Janus-type nanofabric is proposed to achieve on-demand radiative cooling and heating as well as sweat transportation. Hollow TiO2 particles are introduced in PLA nanofabric causing high interface scattering (∼99%) and infrared emission (∼91.2%) as well as surface hydrophobicity (CA > 140°). The strictly optical and wetting selectivity help achieve ∼12.8℃ of net cooling effect under > 1500 W/m2 of solar power and ∼5℃ of cooling advantage higher than cotton fabric and sweat resistance simultaneously. Contrarily, the semi-embedded Ag nanowires (AgNWs) with high conductivity (0.245 Ω/sq) endows the nanofabric with visible water permeability and excellent interface reflection for thermal radiation from body (>65%) thus causing ∼7℃ of thermal shielding. Through simple interface flipping, synergistical cooling-sweat reducing and warming-sweat resisting can be achieved to satisfy the thermal regulation in all weather. Compared with conventional fabrics, multi-functional Janus-type passive personal thermal management nanofabrics would be of great significance to achieve the personal health maintenance and energy sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangjiang Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lei Yao
- School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chenghuan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaohai Bu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211167, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuzhong Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu Province, China; ZYfire Hose Co., Ltd, Taizhou 225599, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Man He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Yuming Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu Province, China.
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