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Zan R, Wang H, Shen S, Yang S, Yu H, Zhang X, Zhang X, Chen X, Shu M, Lu X, Xia J, Gu Y, Liu H, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Suo T. Biomimicking covalent organic frameworks nanocomposite coating for integrated enhanced anticorrosion and antifouling properties of a biodegradable magnesium stent. Acta Biomater 2024; 180:183-196. [PMID: 38604465 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The utilization of biodegradable magnesium (Mg) alloys in the fabrication of temporary non-vascular stents is an innovative trend in biomedical engineering. However, the heterogeneous degradation profiles of these biomaterials, together with potential bacterial colonization that could precipitate infectious or stenotic complications, are critical obstacles precluding their widespread clinical application. In pursuit of overcoming these limitations, this study applies the principles of biomimicry, particularly the hydrophobic and anti-fouling characteristics of lotus leaves, to pioneer the creation of nanocomposite coatings. These coatings integrate poly-trimethylene carbonate (PTMC) with covalent organic frameworks (COFs), to modify the stent's surface property. The strategic design of the coating's topography, porosity, and self-polishing capabilities collectively aims to decelerate degradation processes and minimize biological adhesion. The protective qualities of the coatings were substantiated through rigorous testing in both in vitro dynamic bile tests and in vivo New Zealand rabbit choledochal models. Empirical findings from these trials confirmed that the implementation of COF-based nanocomposite coatings robustly fortifies Mg implantations, conferring heightened resistance to both biocorrosion and biofouling as well as improved biocompatibility within bodily environments. The outcomes of this research elucidate a comprehensive framework for the multifaceted strategies against stent corrosion and fouling, thereby charting a visionary pathway toward the systematic conception of a new class of reliable COF-derived surface modifications poised to amplify the efficacy of Mg-based stents. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biodegradable magnesium (Mg) alloys are widely utilized in temporary stents, though their rapid degradation and susceptibility to bacterial infection pose significant challenges. Our research has developed a nanocomposite coating inspired by the lotus, integrating poly-trimethylene carbonate with covalent organic frameworks (COF). The coating achieved self-polishing property and optimal surface energy on the Mg substrate, which decelerates stent degradation and reduces biofilm formation. Comprehensive evaluations utilizing dynamic bile simulations and implantation in New Zealand rabbit choledochal models reveal that the coating improves the durability and longevity of the stent. The implications of these findings suggest the potential COF-based Mg alloy stent surface treatments and a leap forward in advancing stent performance and endurance in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zan
- Department of Biliary Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Yiwu, 322000, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214002, China; Department of General Surgery, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, 214000, China
| | - Sheng Shen
- Department of Biliary Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biliary Tract Minimal Invasive Surgery and Materials, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Han Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department of Biliary Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Huainan Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232000, China
| | - Mengxuan Shu
- Department of Biliary Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Department of Biliary Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiazeng Xia
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, 214000, China
| | - Yaqi Gu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Huainan Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232000, China
| | - Houbao Liu
- Department of Biliary Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biliary Tract Minimal Invasive Surgery and Materials, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yongping Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214002, China; Department of General Surgery, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, 214000, China.
| | - Xiaonong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Tao Suo
- Department of Biliary Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biliary Tract Minimal Invasive Surgery and Materials, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Wu J, Shen Y, Wang P, Guo Z, Bai J, Wang X, Chen D, Lin X, Tang C. Self-Healing Micro Arc Oxidation and Dicalcium Phosphate Dihydrate Double-Passivated Coating on Magnesium Membrane for Enhanced Bone Integration Repair. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:1062-1076. [PMID: 38245905 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Magnesium is a revolutionary biomaterial for orthopedic implants, owing to its eminent mechanical properties and biocompatibility. However, its uncontrolled degradation rate remains a severe challenge for its potential applications. In this study, we developed a self-healing micro arc oxidation (MAO) and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) double-passivated coating on a magnesium membrane (Mg-MAO/DCPD) and investigated its potential for bone-defect healing. The Mg-MAO/DCPD membrane possessed a feasible self-repairing ability and good cytocompatibility. In vitro degradation experiments showed that the Mg contents on the coating surface were 0.3, 3.8, 4.1, 6.1, and 7.9% when the degradation times were 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks, respectively, exhibiting available corrosion resistance. The slow and sustained release of Mg2+ during the degradation process activated extracellular matrix proteins for bone regeneration, accelerating osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs). The extract solutions of Mg-MAO/DCPD considerably promoted the activation of the Wnt and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Furthermore, the evaluation of the rat skull defect model manifested the outstanding bone-healing efficiency of the Mg-MAO/DCPD membrane. Taken together, the Mg-MAO/DCPD membrane demonstrates an optimized degradation rate and excellent bioactivity and is believed to have great application prospects in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wu
- Department of Oral Implantology Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, 136 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yue Shen
- Department of Oral Implantology Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, 136 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Oral Implantology Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, 136 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zixiang Guo
- Department of Oral Implantology Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, 136 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jing Bai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangning, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xianli Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangning, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dongfang Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangning, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xuyang Lin
- Department of Oral Implantology Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, 136 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chunbo Tang
- Department of Oral Implantology Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, 136 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
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Zhao Y, He P, Wang B, Bai J, Xue F, Chu C. Incorporating pH/NIR responsive nanocontainers into a smart self-healing coating for a magnesium alloy with controlled drug release, bacteria killing and osteogenesis properties. Acta Biomater 2024; 174:463-481. [PMID: 38072225 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg)-based orthopedic implant materials can potentially be protected from deterioration using a protective polymer coating. However, this coating is susceptible to excessive corrosion and accidental scratches. Moreover, the inadequate bone integration and infections associated with bone implants present additional challenges that hinder their effective use. In this work, a spin-spray layer-by-layer (SSLbL) assembly technique was employed to develop a smart self-healing coating for Mg alloy WE43. This coating was based on paeonol-encapsulated nanocontainers (PMP) that were modified with a stimuli-responsive polydopamine (PDA). The leached paeonol could form a compact chelating layer when complexed with Mg2+ ions. Dynamic reversible hydrogen bonds were formed between assembly units, which ensured that the hybrid coating possessed rapid and cyclic self-healing properties. Under 808 nm near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation, the self-healing coating exhibited antibacterial properties due to the synergistic effects of hyperthermia, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and paeonol. In addition, the incorporation of nanoparticles into the hybrid coating led to improvements in the cytocompatibility and osteogenic properties of the implant material. The smart coating enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity, extracellular matrix (ECM) mineralization, and the expression of osteogenic genes. This study presents a promising opportunity to explore the application of a smart self-healing coating for a Mg alloy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Herein, we report a self-healing coating comprised of polyethyleneimine and nanocontainer-crosslinked hyaluronic acid to achieve drug-controlled release, antimicrobial activity, and osteogenesis performance. The formation of hydrogen bonds between HA and PEI facilitated the self-assembly process, thereby improving the coating's corrosion resistance and adhesion strength. The hybrid coating exhibited a rapid and cyclic self-healing activity due to paeonol and dynamic reversible bonds. The release of paeonol was controlled by pH and NIR stimuli owing to polydopamine modification. In vitro testing revealed that the hybrid coating achieved effective bacteria eradication through synergistic effects of hyperthermia, reactive oxygen species, and paeonol. Moreover, the smart coating was found to enhance alkaline phosphatase activity, extracellular matrix mineralization, and the expression of osteogenic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Peng He
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Jinling Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jing Bai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Feng Xue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Chenglin Chu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
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Guo W, Bu W, Mao Y, Wang E, Yang Y, Liu C, Guo F, Mai H, You H, Long Y. Magnesium Hydroxide as a Versatile Nanofiller for 3D-Printed PLA Bone Scaffolds. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:198. [PMID: 38256997 PMCID: PMC10820754 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) has attracted much attention in bone tissue engineering due to its good biocompatibility and processability, but it still faces problems such as a slow degradation rate, acidic degradation product, weak biomineralization ability, and poor cell response, which limits its wider application in developing bone scaffolds. In this study, Mg(OH)2 nanoparticles were employed as a versatile nanofiller for developing PLA/Mg(OH)2 composite bone scaffolds using fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing technology, and its mechanical, degradation, and biological properties were evaluated. The mechanical tests revealed that a 5 wt% addition of Mg(OH)2 improved the tensile and compressive strengths of the PLA scaffold by 20.50% and 63.97%, respectively. The soaking experiment in phosphate buffered solution (PBS) revealed that the alkaline degradation products of Mg(OH)2 neutralized the acidic degradation products of PLA, thus accelerating the degradation of PLA. The weight loss rate of the PLA/20Mg(OH)2 scaffold (15.40%) was significantly higher than that of PLA (0.15%) on day 28. Meanwhile, the composite scaffolds showed long-term Mg2+ release for more than 28 days. The simulated body fluid (SBF) immersion experiment indicated that Mg(OH)2 promoted the deposition of apatite and improved the biomineralization of PLA scaffolds. The cell culture of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) indicated that adding 5 wt% Mg(OH)2 effectively improved cell responses, including adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation, due to the release of Mg2+. This study suggests that Mg(OH)2 can simultaneously address various issues related to polymer scaffolds, including degradation, mechanical properties, and cell interaction, having promising applications in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-Cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (W.B.); (Y.M.); (E.W.); (Y.Y.); (C.L.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Manufacturing System and Advanced Manufacturing Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Wenlang Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-Cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (W.B.); (Y.M.); (E.W.); (Y.Y.); (C.L.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Manufacturing System and Advanced Manufacturing Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yufeng Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-Cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (W.B.); (Y.M.); (E.W.); (Y.Y.); (C.L.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Manufacturing System and Advanced Manufacturing Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Enyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-Cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (W.B.); (Y.M.); (E.W.); (Y.Y.); (C.L.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Manufacturing System and Advanced Manufacturing Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yanjuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-Cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (W.B.); (Y.M.); (E.W.); (Y.Y.); (C.L.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Manufacturing System and Advanced Manufacturing Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-Cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (W.B.); (Y.M.); (E.W.); (Y.Y.); (C.L.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Manufacturing System and Advanced Manufacturing Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Feng Guo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; (F.G.); (H.M.)
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Huaming Mai
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; (F.G.); (H.M.)
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Hui You
- State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-Cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (W.B.); (Y.M.); (E.W.); (Y.Y.); (C.L.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Manufacturing System and Advanced Manufacturing Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-Cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (W.B.); (Y.M.); (E.W.); (Y.Y.); (C.L.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Manufacturing System and Advanced Manufacturing Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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Wu S, Chen B. Surface Coatings of Reinforcement Phases in Magnesium Matrix Composites: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7560. [PMID: 38138703 PMCID: PMC10745127 DOI: 10.3390/ma16247560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium matrix composites have been extensively investigated due to their light weight and machinability. The interfaces are the most important part of these composites, and their properties determine the properties of composites to a large extent. However, there are still many problems with interface bonding. The reinforcements are faced with the dilemma of poor dispersion, bad interfacial reaction, and poor wettability, which limits further improvements in the mechanical properties. Surface coating treatment of reinforcements is considered to be one of the effective methods to protect reinforcements and modify the interface. This review presents an overview of different coating materials on various reinforcements. The major roles of coatings in the composites and the properties of the composites are discussed. Future directions and potential research areas in the field of magnesium matrix composites reinforced with coated reinforcements are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bin Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
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Dryhval B, Husak Y, Sulaieva O, Deineka V, Pernakov M, Lyndin M, Romaniuk A, Simka W, Pogorielov M. In Vivo Safety of New Coating for Biodegradable Magnesium Implants. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5807. [PMID: 37687498 PMCID: PMC10488394 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable Magnesium (Mg) implants are promising alternatives to permanent metallic prosthesis. To improve the biocompatibility and with the aim of degradation control, we provided Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) of pure Mg implant in silicate-based solution with NaOH (S1 250 V) and Ca(OH)2 (S2 300 V). Despite the well-structured surface, S1 250 V implants induced enormous innate immunity reaction with the prevalence of neutrophils (MPO+) and M1-macrophages (CD68+), causing secondary alteration and massive necrosis in the peri-implant area in a week. This reaction was also accompanied by systemic changes in visceral organs affecting animals' survival after seven days of the experiment. In contrast, S2 300 V implantation was associated with focal lymphohistiocytic infiltration and granulation tissue formation, defining a more favorable outcome. This reaction was associated with the prevalence of M2-macrophages (CD163+) and high density of αSMA+ myofibroblasts, implying a resolution of inflammation and effective tissue repair at the site of the implantation. At 30 days, no remnants of S2 300 V implants were found, suggesting complete resorption with minor histological changes in peri-implant tissues. In conclusion, Ca(OH)2-contained silicate-based solution allows generating biocompatible coating reducing toxicity and immunogenicity with appropriate degradation properties that make it a promising candidate for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohdan Dryhval
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sumy State University, R-Korsakova Street, 40007 Sumy, Ukraine; (B.D.); (Y.H.); (V.D.); (M.P.); (M.L.); (A.R.)
| | - Yevheniia Husak
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sumy State University, R-Korsakova Street, 40007 Sumy, Ukraine; (B.D.); (Y.H.); (V.D.); (M.P.); (M.L.); (A.R.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Oksana Sulaieva
- Medical Laboratory CSD, Vasylkivska Street, 45, 02000 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Volodymyr Deineka
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sumy State University, R-Korsakova Street, 40007 Sumy, Ukraine; (B.D.); (Y.H.); (V.D.); (M.P.); (M.L.); (A.R.)
- Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Latvia, Jelgavas iela 3, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Mykola Pernakov
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sumy State University, R-Korsakova Street, 40007 Sumy, Ukraine; (B.D.); (Y.H.); (V.D.); (M.P.); (M.L.); (A.R.)
| | - Mykola Lyndin
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sumy State University, R-Korsakova Street, 40007 Sumy, Ukraine; (B.D.); (Y.H.); (V.D.); (M.P.); (M.L.); (A.R.)
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Anatolii Romaniuk
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sumy State University, R-Korsakova Street, 40007 Sumy, Ukraine; (B.D.); (Y.H.); (V.D.); (M.P.); (M.L.); (A.R.)
| | - Wojciech Simka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Maksym Pogorielov
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sumy State University, R-Korsakova Street, 40007 Sumy, Ukraine; (B.D.); (Y.H.); (V.D.); (M.P.); (M.L.); (A.R.)
- Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Latvia, Jelgavas iela 3, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
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