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Dupont J, Leal BC, Lozano P, Monteiro AL, Migowski P, Scholten JD. Ionic Liquids in Metal, Photo-, Electro-, and (Bio) Catalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5227-5420. [PMID: 38661578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have unique physicochemical properties that make them advantageous for catalysis, such as low vapor pressure, non-flammability, high thermal and chemical stabilities, and the ability to enhance the activity and stability of (bio)catalysts. ILs can improve the efficiency, selectivity, and sustainability of bio(transformations) by acting as activators of enzymes, selectively dissolving substrates and products, and reducing toxicity. They can also be recycled and reused multiple times without losing their effectiveness. ILs based on imidazolium cation are preferred for structural organization aspects, with a semiorganized layer surrounding the catalyst. ILs act as a container, providing a confined space that allows modulation of electronic and geometric effects, miscibility of reactants and products, and residence time of species. ILs can stabilize ionic and radical species and control the catalytic activity of dynamic processes. Supported IL phase (SILP) derivatives and polymeric ILs (PILs) are good options for molecular engineering of greener catalytic processes. The major factors governing metal, photo-, electro-, and biocatalysts in ILs are discussed in detail based on the vast literature available over the past two and a half decades. Catalytic reactions, ranging from hydrogenation and cross-coupling to oxidations, promoted by homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts in both single and multiphase conditions, are extensively reviewed and discussed considering the knowledge accumulated until now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairton Dupont
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, P.O. Box 4021, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Bárbara C Leal
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
| | - Pedro Lozano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, P.O. Box 4021, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Adriano L Monteiro
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
| | - Pedro Migowski
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
| | - Jackson D Scholten
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
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2
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Zhai Z, Koller TM. Influence of Dissolved Argon or Carbon Dioxide on the Viscosity and Surface Tension of the Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids [OMIM][PF6] or [m(PEG2)2IM]I. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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3
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Gao Z, Zhao X, Li X, Wu H, Gao M, Wang Q, Li D, Feng J. Rational regulation of spatially adjacent Al4c and Al6c sites assisted Ru catalysts for low-NH3 furfural tandem reductive amination. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.117777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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4
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Dinodia M. Ionic Liquids: Environment-Friendly Greener Solvents for Organic Synthesis. Curr Org Synth 2022; 19:COS-EPUB-120059. [PMID: 34994314 DOI: 10.2174/1570179419666220107160725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Constituted by ions, ionic liquids (ILs) are evolving as greener solvents for many organic syntheses. Due to their high solvent power and low volatility, ionic liquids are serving as an environment-friendly substitute to conventional volatile organic solvents. The present review introduces ionic liquids as an insight into the diverse recent applications of ILs in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Dinodia
- Department of Chemistry, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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5
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Winter L, Bhuin RG, Lexow M, Maier F, Steinrück HP. On the adsorption of n-butane on alkyl imidazolium ionic liquids with different anions using a new molecular beam setup. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:214706. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0028156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leonhard Winter
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie 2, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Radha G. Bhuin
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie 2, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Lexow
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie 2, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Maier
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie 2, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie 2, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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6
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Kaur P, Chopra HK. Exploring the Potential of Supported Ionic Liquids as Building Block Systems in Catalysis. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pawanpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology Longowal 148106, Distt. Sangrur (Punjab) India
| | - Harish K. Chopra
- Department of Chemistry Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology Longowal 148106, Distt. Sangrur (Punjab) India
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7
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Bhuin RG, Winter L, Lexow M, Maier F, Steinrück H. Die dynamische Wechselwirkung von
n
‐Butan mit Imidazolium‐basierten ionischen Flüssigkeiten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Radha G. Bhuin
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie 2 Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Leonhard Winter
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie 2 Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Matthias Lexow
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie 2 Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Florian Maier
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie 2 Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Hans‐Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie 2 Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
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8
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Bhuin RG, Winter L, Lexow M, Maier F, Steinrück HP. On the Dynamic Interaction of n-Butane with Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14429-14433. [PMID: 32428352 PMCID: PMC7496159 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The impact of a reactant from the gas phase on the surface of a liquid and its transfer through this gas/liquid interface are crucial for various concepts applying ionic liquids (ILs) in catalysis. We investigated the first step of the adsorption dynamics of n-butane on a series of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ILs ([Cn C1 Im][Tf2 N]; n=1, 2, 3, 8). Using a supersonic molecular beam in ultra-high vacuum, the trapping of n-butane on the frozen ILs was determined as a function of surface temperature, between 90 and 125 K. On the C8 - and C3 -ILs, n-butane adsorbs at 90 K with an initial trapping probability of ≈0.89. The adsorption energy increases with increasing length of the IL alkyl chain, whereas the ionic headgroups seem to interact only weakly with n-butane. The absence of adsorption on the C1 - and C2 -ILs is attributed to a too short residence time on the IL surface to form nuclei for condensation even at 90 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha G Bhuin
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie 2, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Leonhard Winter
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie 2, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Lexow
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie 2, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Maier
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie 2, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie 2, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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Ohmura T, Yagi K, Kusaka S, Suginome M. Tandem C–H Transformations by a Single Iridium Catalyst: Direct Access to Indoles and Indolines from o-Alkyl-N-methylanilines. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b05579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshimichi Ohmura
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kaito Yagi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kusaka
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Michinori Suginome
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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Abstract
:
The supported ionic liquids have shown immense potential for numerous applications
in catalysis and separation science. In the present review, the remarkable contribution
of supported ionic liquids has been highlighted. The main emphasis has been laid on
describing the facile separation of gas from binary gas mixtures owing to the capability of
selective transport of permeable gases across supported membranes and removal of environmentally
hazard sulfur compounds from fuels. The catalytic action of supported ionic
liquids has been discussed in other applications such as biodiesel (biofuel) synthesis by
transesterification/esterification processes, waste CO2 fixation into advantageous cyclic
carbonates, and various chemical transformations in organic green synthesis. This review
enclosed a maximum of the published data of the last ten years and also recently accomplished
work concerning applications in various research areas like separation sciences, chemical transformations
in organic green synthesis, biofuel synthesis, waste CO2 fixation, and purification of fuels by desulfurization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawanpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology Longowal, Sangrur, India
| | - Harish Kumar Chopra
- Department of Chemistry, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology Longowal, Sangrur, India
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Marinkovic JM, Benders S, Garcia-Suarez EJ, Weiß A, Gundlach C, Haumann M, Küppers M, Blümich B, Fehrmann R, Riisager A. Elucidating the ionic liquid distribution in monolithic SILP hydroformylation catalysts by magnetic resonance imaging. RSC Adv 2020; 10:18487-18495. [PMID: 35517184 PMCID: PMC9053722 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09515b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Monolithic silicon carbide supported ionic liquid-phase (SILP) Rh-catalysts have very recently been introduced for gas-phase hydroformylation as an important step toward industrial upscaling. This study investigates the monolithic catalyst system in combination with different impregnation procedures with non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The findings were supported by X-ray microtomography (micro-CT) data of the monolithic pore structure and a catalytic performance test of the catalyst system for 1-butene gas-phase hydroformylation. MRI confirmed a homogeneous impregnation of the liquid phase throughout the full cross-section of the cylindrical monoliths. Consistent impregnations from one side to the other of the monoliths were achieved with a stabilizer in the system that helped preventing inhomogeneous rim formation. External influences relevant for industrial application, such as long-term storage and temperature exposure, did not affect the homogeneous liquid-phase distribution of the catalyst. The work elucidates important parameters to improve liquid-phase catalyst impregnation to obtain efficient monolithic catalysts for industrial exploitation in gas-phase hydroformylation as well as other important industrial processes. The action of the liquid catalyst phase in monolithic silicon carbide supported ionic liquid-phase (SILP) Rh-catalysts provide important insight toward industrial upscaling for gas-phase hydroformylation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Benders
- RWTH Aachen University
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie
- 52064 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Eduardo J. Garcia-Suarez
- Technical University of Denmark
- Centre for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Denmark
| | - Alexander Weiß
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | | | - Marco Haumann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Markus Küppers
- RWTH Aachen University
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie
- 52064 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Bernhard Blümich
- RWTH Aachen University
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie
- 52064 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Rasmus Fehrmann
- Technical University of Denmark
- Centre for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Denmark
| | - Anders Riisager
- Technical University of Denmark
- Centre for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Denmark
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12
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Das K, Kumar A. Alkane dehydrogenation reactions catalyzed by pincer-metal complexes. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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13
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Marinkovic JM, Riisager A, Franke R, Wasserscheid P, Haumann M. Fifteen Years of Supported Ionic Liquid Phase-Catalyzed Hydroformylation: Material and Process Developments. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b04010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anders Riisager
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Robert Franke
- Evonik Performance Materials GmbH, Paul-Baumann-Str. 1, D-45772 Marl, Germany
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Peter Wasserscheid
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marco Haumann
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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14
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Tang X, Jia X, Huang Z. Thermal, Catalytic Conversion of Alkanes to Linear Aldehydes and Linear Amines. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:4157-4163. [PMID: 29498516 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b01526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alkanes, the main constituents of petroleum, are attractive feedstocks for producing value-added chemicals. Linear aldehydes and amines are two of the most important building blocks in the chemical industry. To date, there have been no effective methods for directly converting n-alkanes to linear aldehydes and linear amines. Here, we report a molecular dual-catalyst system for production of linear aldehydes via regioselective carbonylation of n-alkanes. The system is comprised of a pincer iridium catalyst for transfer-dehydrogenation of the alkane using t-butylethylene or ethylene as a hydrogen acceptor working sequentially with a rhodium catalyst for olefin isomerization-hydroformylation with syngas. The system exhibits high regioselectivity for linear aldehydes and gives high catalytic turnover numbers when using ethylene as the acceptor. In addition, the direct conversion of light alkanes, n-pentane and n-hexane, to siloxy-terminated alkyl aldehydes through a sequence of Ir/Fe-catalyzed alkane silylation and Ir/Rh-catalyzed alkane carbonylation, is described. Finally, the Ir/Rh dual-catalyst strategy has been successfully applied to regioselective alkane aminomethylation to form linear alkyl amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Xiangqing Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Zheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , China
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15
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Maier F, Niedermaier I, Steinrück HP. Perspective: Chemical reactions in ionic liquids monitored through the gas (vacuum)/liquid interface. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:170901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4982355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F. Maier
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen,
Germany
| | - I. Niedermaier
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen,
Germany
| | - H.-P. Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen,
Germany
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16
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Alvarado Rupflin L, Mormul J, Lejkowski M, Titlbach S, Papp R, Gläser R, Dimitrakopoulou M, Huang X, Trunschke A, Willinger MG, Schlögl R, Rosowski F, Schunk SA. Platinum Group Metal Phosphides as Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Gas-Phase Hydroformylation of Small Olefins. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria Dimitrakopoulou
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Xing Huang
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Trunschke
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Georg Willinger
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- BasCat,
UniCat BASF Jointlab, Technical University Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Rosowski
- BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
- BasCat,
UniCat BASF Jointlab, Technical University Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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17
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May B, Hönle M, Heller B, Greco F, Bhuin R, Steinrück HP, Maier F. Surface-Induced Changes in the Thermochromic Transformation of an Ionic Liquid Cobalt Thiocyanate Complex. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:1137-1141. [PMID: 28212033 PMCID: PMC5357805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that a thermodynamic complex equilibrium within an ionic liquid film can be significantly influenced by the presence of the liquid-vacuum interface. Using surface-sensitive X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, we find that the temperature-driven transition from the blue-colored tetrahedral [Co(II) (NCS)4]2- to the red-colored octahedral [Co(II) (NCS)6]4- complex already occurs within the outermost nanometers at around +4 °C as compared with -25 °C in the bulk. This thermochromic transformation in the near-surface region goes along with a loss in preferential surface orientation of free [SCN]- anions and with a pronounced decrease in the complex density; both effects are attributed to the formation of a weakly bound solvation shell around the [Co(II) (NCS)6]4- anion, leading to an effective complex dilution. Our results are not only relevant for high-surface area thin film systems, such as in sensor and catalysis applications, but also shed light on the role of ionic liquid surfaces in particular and liquid surfaces in general.
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18
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19
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Walter S, Spohr H, Franke R, Hieringer W, Wasserscheid P, Haumann M. Detailed Investigation of the Mechanism of Rh-Diphosphite Supported Ionic Liquid Phase (SILP)-Catalyzed 1-Butene Hydroformylation in the Gas Phase via Combined Kinetic and Density Functional Theory (DFT) Modeling Studies. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b02315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Walter
- Lehrstuhl
für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hanna Spohr
- Evonik Technology & Infrastructure GmbH, Paul-Baumann-Str. 1, 45772 Marl, Germany
| | - Robert Franke
- Evonik Performance
Materials GmbH, Paul-Baumann-Str. 1, 45772 Marl, Germany
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Theoretische
Chemie, Universitätsstr.
150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hieringer
- Lehrstuhl
für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Wasserscheid
- Lehrstuhl
für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen
Catalysis Resource Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marco Haumann
- Lehrstuhl
für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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20
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Franciò G, Hintermair U, Leitner W. Unlocking the potential of supported liquid phase catalysts with supercritical fluids: low temperature continuous flow catalysis with integrated product separation. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2015; 373:rsta.2015.0005. [PMID: 26574523 PMCID: PMC4650014 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2015.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Solution-phase catalysis using molecular transition metal complexes is an extremely powerful tool for chemical synthesis and a key technology for sustainable manufacturing. However, as the reaction complexity and thermal sensitivity of the catalytic system increase, engineering challenges associated with product separation and catalyst recovery can override the value of the product. This persistent downstream issue often renders industrial exploitation of homogeneous catalysis uneconomical despite impressive batch performance of the catalyst. In this regard, continuous-flow systems that allow steady-state homogeneous turnover in a stationary liquid phase while at the same time effecting integrated product separation at mild process temperatures represent a particularly attractive scenario. While continuous-flow processing is a standard procedure for large volume manufacturing, capitalizing on its potential in the realm of the molecular complexity of organic synthesis is still an emerging area that requires innovative solutions. Here we highlight some recent developments which have succeeded in realizing such systems by the combination of near- and supercritical fluids with homogeneous catalysts in supported liquid phases. The cases discussed exemplify how all three levels of continuous-flow homogeneous catalysis (catalyst system, separation strategy, process scheme) must be matched to locate viable process conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Franciò
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hintermair
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Walter Leitner
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, Aachen 52074, Germany Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
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