Cascade Catalytic Systems for Converting CO2 into C2+ Products

The excessive emission and continuous accumulation of CO2 have precipitated serious social and environmental issues. However, CO2 can also serve as an abundant, inexpensive, and non-toxic renewable C1 carbon source for synthetic reactions. To achieve carbon neutrality and recycling, it is crucial to convert CO2 into value-added products through chemical pathways. Multi-carbon (C2+) products, compared to C1 products, offer a broader range of applications and higher economic returns. Despite this, converting CO2 into C2+ products is difficult due to its stability and the high energy required for C-C coupling. Cascade catalytic reactions offer a solution by coordinating active components, promoting intermediate transfers, and facilitating further transformations. This method lowers energy consumption. Recent advancements in cascade catalytic systems have allowed for significant progress in synthesizing C2+ products from CO2. This review highlights the features and advantages of cascade catalysis strategies, explores the synergistic effects among active sites, and examines the mechanisms within these systems. It also outlines future prospects for CO2 cascade catalytic synthesis, offering a framework for efficient CO2 utilization and the development of next-generation catalytic systems.

Pushing the boundaries of phosphorylase cascade reaction for cellobiose production II: Model-based multiobjective optimization

The inherent complexity of coupled biocatalytic reactions presents a major challenge for process development with one-pot multienzyme cascade transformations. Kinetic models are powerful engineering tools to guide the optimization of cascade reactions towards a performance suitable for scale up to an actual production. Here, we report kinetic model-based window of operation analysis for cellobiose production (≥100 g/L) from sucrose and glucose by indirect transglycosylation via glucose 1-phosphate as intermediate. The two-step cascade transformation is catalyzed by sucrose and cellobiose phosphorylase in the presence of substoichiometric amounts of phosphate (≤27 mol% of substrate). Kinetic modeling was instrumental to uncover the hidden effect of bulk microviscosity due to high sugar concentrations on decreasing the rate of cellobiose phosphorylase specifically. The mechanistic-empirical hybrid model thus developed gives a comprehensive description of the cascade reaction at industrially relevant substrate conditions. Model simulations serve to unravel opposed relationships between efficient utilization of the enzymes and maximized concentration (or yield) of the product within a given process time, in dependence of the initial concentrations of substrate and phosphate used. Optimum balance of these competing key metrics of process performance is suggested from the model-calculated window of operation and is verified experimentally. The evidence shown highlights the important use of kinetic modeling for the characterization and optimization of cascade reactions in ways that appear to be inaccessible to purely data-driven approaches.

Modular bioengineering of whole-cell catalysis for sialo-oligosaccharide production: coordinated co-expression of CMP-sialic acid synthetase and sialyltransferase

BACKGROUND

In whole-cell bio-catalysis, the biosystems engineering paradigm shifts from the global reconfiguration of cellular metabolism as in fermentation to a more focused, and more easily modularized, optimization of comparably short cascade reactions. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) constitute an important field for the synthetic application of cascade bio-catalysis in resting or non-living cells. Here, we analyzed the central catalytic module for synthesis of HMO-type sialo-oligosaccharides, comprised of CMP-sialic acid synthetase (CSS) and sialyltransferase (SiaT), with the specific aim of coordinated enzyme co-expression in E. coli for reaction flux optimization in whole cell conversions producing 3'-sialyllactose (3SL).

RESULTS

Difference in enzyme specific activity (CSS from Neisseria meningitidis: 36 U/mg; α2,3-SiaT from Pasteurella dagmatis: 5.7 U/mg) was compensated by differential protein co-expression from tailored plasmid constructs, giving balance between the individual activities at a high level of both (α2,3-SiaT: 9.4 × 102 U/g cell dry mass; CSS: 3.4 × 102 U/g cell dry mass). Finally, plasmid selection was guided by kinetic modeling of the coupled CSS-SiaT reactions in combination with comprehensive analytical tracking of the multistep conversion (lactose, N-acetyl neuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), cytidine 5'-triphosphate; each up to 100 mM). The half-life of SiaT in permeabilized cells (≤ 4 h) determined the efficiency of 3SL production at 37 °C. Reaction at 25 °C gave 3SL (40 ± 4 g/L) in ∼ 70% yield within 3 h, reaching a cell dry mass-specific productivity of ∼ 3 g/(g h) and avoiding intermediary CMP-Neu5Ac accumulation.

CONCLUSIONS

Collectively, balanced co-expression of CSS and SiaT yields an efficient (high-flux) sialylation module to support flexible development of E. coli whole-cell catalysts for sialo-oligosaccharide production.

Development of a magnetically stabilized fluidized bed bioreactor for enzymatic synthesis of 2-ethylhexyl oleate

This study aimed to develop and investigate the synthesis of 2-ethylhexyl oleate catalyzed by Candida antarctica lipase immobilized on magnetic poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) (STY-DVB-M) particles in a magnetically stabilized fluidized bed reactor (MSFBR) operated in continuous mode. The physical properties of the copolymer were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The glass transition temperature was 85.68 °C, and the onset of thermal degradation occurred at 406.66 °C. Syntheses were performed at 50 °C using a space time of 12 h and a bed porosity of 0.892. Assays were conducted to assess the influence of magnetic field intensity (5 to 15 mT) on reaction yield, ester concentration, and productivity. The highest productivity was 0.850 ± 0.023 mmol g-1 h-1, obtained with a magnetic field intensity of 15 mT. An operational stability test was performed under these conditions, revealing a biocatalyst half-life of 2148 h (179 operation cycles) and a thermal deactivation constant of 3.23 × 10-4 h-1 (R2 = 0.9446). Computational simulations and mathematical modeling were performed using Scilab based on ping-pong bi-bi kinetics and molar balances of reaction species. The model provided consistent results of interstitial velocity and good prediction of reaction yields, with R2 = 0.926. These findings demonstrate that the studied technique can provide improvements in biocatalytic processes, representing a promising strategy for the enzymatic synthesis of 2-ethylhexyl oleate.

Cell-free enzyme cascades - application and transition from development to industrial implementation

In the vision to realize a circular economy aiming for net carbon neutrality or even negativity, cell-free bioconversion of sustainable and renewable resources emerged as a promising strategy. The potential of in vitro systems is enormous, delivering technological, ecological, and ethical added values. Innovative concepts arose in cell-free enzymatic conversions to reduce process waste production and preserve fossil resources, as well as to redirect and assimilate released industrial pollutions back into the production cycle again. However, the great challenge in the near future will be the jump from a concept to an industrial application. The transition process in industrial implementation also requires economic aspects such as productivity, scalability, and cost-effectiveness. Here, we briefly review the latest proof-of-concept cascades using carbon dioxide and other C1 or lignocellulose-derived chemicals as blueprints to efficiently recycle greenhouse gases, as well as cutting-edge technologies to maturate these concepts to industrial pilot plants.

Concept of an Enzymatic Reactive Extraction Centrifuge

Biocatalytic processes often provide an ecological alternative to many chemical processes. However, further improvements in terms of the economic efficiency are required. In order to achieve that, the concept of process integration is a promising option. Applying this within a biocatalytic process, a highly integrated apparatus working as a reactive extraction centrifuge was developed and operated. For this purpose, a commercially available extraction centrifuge was modified to implement a biocatalytic reaction. The novel apparatus was used within a multi-enzyme cascade for the production of a natural flavor and fragrance, namely cinnamic ester. The characterization of the reactive extraction centrifuge and the suitable operation conditions for the inlet streams and the rotational speed for a stable operation were determined. Furthermore, different initial substrate concentrations were applied to prove the reaction. The results provide a successful proof of concept for the novel reactive extraction centrifuge.