1
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Bauer H, Matić J, Evans RC, Gryczke A, Ketterhagen W, Sinha K, Khinast J. Determining local residence time distributions in twin-screw extruder elements via smoothed particle hydrodynamics. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.117029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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2
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Zhang Z, Dong L, Guo J, Li L, Tian B, Zhao Q, Yang J. Prediction of the physical stability of amorphous solid dispersions: relationship of aging and phase separation with the thermodynamic and kinetic models along with characterization techniques. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 18:249-264. [PMID: 33112679 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1844181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Solid dispersion has been considered to be one of the most promising methods for improving the solubility and bioavailability of insoluble drugs. However, the physical stability of solid dispersions (SDs), including its aging and recrystallization, or phase separation, has always been one of the most challenging problems in the process of formulation development and storage.Areas covered: The high energy state of SDs is one of the primary reasons for the poor physical stability. The factors affecting the physical stability of SDs have been described from the perspective of thermodynamics and kinetics, and the corresponding theoretical model is put forward. We briefly summarize several commonly used techniques to characterize the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of SDs. Specific measures to improve the physical stability of SDs have been proposed from the perspective of prescription screening, process parameters, and storage conditions.Expert opinion: The separation of the drug from the polymer, the formation, and migration of drug crystals will cause the SDs to shift toward the direction of energy reduction, which is the intrinsic cause of instability. Furthermore, computational simulation can be used for efficient and rapid screening suitable for the excipients to improve the physical stability of SDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Luning Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jueshuo Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Tian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Qipeng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhong Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
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3
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Onffroy PR, Miu EV, Confer WJ, Darkes‐Burkey CM, Holler WC, Wakabayashi K. Residence Time Distribution and Specific Mechanical Energy in Solid‐State Shear Pulverization: Processing‐Structure‐Property Relationships in a Chilled Extruder. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip R. Onffroy
- Department of Chemical Engineering Bucknell University Lewisburg Pennsylvania 17837
| | - Evan V. Miu
- Department of Chemical Engineering Bucknell University Lewisburg Pennsylvania 17837
| | - William J. Confer
- Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15261
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4
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Residence time distribution analysis in the transport and compressing screws of a biomass pretreatment process. Chem Eng Res Des 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2019.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Sensitivity of a continuous hot-melt extrusion and strand pelletization line to control actions and composition variation. Int J Pharm 2019; 566:239-253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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Schittny A, Ogawa H, Huwyler J, Puchkov M. A combined mathematical model linking the formation of amorphous solid dispersions with hot-melt-extrusion process parameters. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 132:127-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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7
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Bochmann ES, Gryczke A, Wagner KG. Validation of Model-Based Melt Viscosity in Hot-Melt Extrusion Numerical Simulation. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10030132. [PMID: 30126193 PMCID: PMC6161212 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A validation for the use of model-based melt viscosity in hot-melt extrusion numerical simulations was presented. Here, the melt viscosity of an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) was calculated by using its glass transition temperature (Tg) and the rheological flow profile of the pure polymeric matrix. All further required physical properties were taken from the pure polymer. For forming the ASDs, four active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), that had not been considered in first place to establish the correlation between Tg and melt viscosity were examined. The ASDs were characterized in terms of density, specific heat capacity, melt rheology, API solubility in the polymeric matrix, and deviation from the Couchman⁻Karasz fit to, identify the influencing factors of the accuracy of the simulation using model-based melt viscosity. Furthermore, the energy consumption of the hot-melt extrusion (HME) experiments, conventional simulation, and simulation using model-based melt viscosity were compared. It was shown, with few exceptions, that the use of model-based melt viscosity in terms of the HME simulation did not reduce the accuracy of the computation outcome. The commercial one-dimensional (1D) simulation software Ludovic® was used to conduct all of the numerical computation. As model excipients, vinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetate copolymer (COP) in combination with four APIs (celecoxib, loratadine, naproxen, and praziquantel) were investigated to form the ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther S Bochmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Andreas Gryczke
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany.
| | - Karl G Wagner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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8
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Wesholowski J, Berghaus A, Thommes M. Inline Determination of Residence Time Distribution in Hot-Melt-Extrusion. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10020049. [PMID: 29662034 PMCID: PMC6027324 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10020049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the framework of Quality-by-Design (QbD), the inline determination of process parameters or quality attributes of a product using sufficient process analytical technology (PAT) is a center piece for the establishment of continuous processes as a standard pharmaceutical technology. In this context, Twin-Screw-Extrusion (TSE) processes, such as Hot-Melt-Extrusion (HME), are one key aspect of current research. The main benefit of this process technology is the combination of different unit operations. Several of these sub-processes are linked to the Residence Time Distribution (RTD) of the material within the apparatus. In this study a UV/Vis spectrophotometer from ColVisTec was tested regarding the suitability for the inline determination of the RTD of an HME process. Two different measuring positions within a co-rotating Twin-Screw-Extruder were compared to an offline HPLC-UV as reference method. The obtained results were overall in good agreement and therefore the inline UV/Vis spectrophotometer is suitable for the determination of the RTD in TSE. An influence of the measuring position on repeatability was found and has to be taken into consideration for the implementation of PATs. An effect of the required amount of marker on process rheology is not likely due to the low Limit-of-Quantification (LoQ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Wesholowski
- Institute of Solids Process Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund 44227, Germany.
| | | | - Markus Thommes
- Institute of Solids Process Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund 44227, Germany.
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9
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Sievers DA, Stickel JJ. Modeling residence-time distribution in horizontal screw hydrolysis reactors. Chem Eng Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Youssef Z, Ducept F, Bennaceur H, Malinowska B, Almeida G, Perre P, Flick D. Residence time distribution in a biomass pretreatment reactor: Experimentation and modeling. Chem Eng Res Des 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Baumgartner R, Matić J, Schrank S, Laske S, Khinast J, Roblegg E. NANEX: Process design and optimization. Int J Pharm 2016; 506:35-45. [PMID: 27090153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we introduced a one-step nano-extrusion (NANEX) process for transferring aqueous nano-suspensions into solid formulations directly in the liquid phase. Nano-suspensions were fed into molten polymers via a side-feeding device and excess water was eliminated via devolatilization. However, the drug content in nano-suspensions is restricted to 30 % (w/w), and obtaining sufficiently high drug loadings in the final formulation requires the processing of high water amounts and thus a fundamental process understanding. To this end, we investigated four polymers with different physicochemical characteristics (Kollidon(®) VA64, Eudragit(®) E PO, HPMCAS and PEG 20000) in terms of their maximum water uptake/removal capacity. Process parameters as throughput and screw speed were adapted and their effect on the mean residence time and filling degree was studied. Additionally, one-dimensional discretization modeling was performed to examine the complex interactions between the screw geometry and the process parameters during water addition/removal. It was established that polymers with a certain water miscibility/solubility can be manufactured via NANEX. Long residence times of the molten polymer in the extruder and low filling degrees in the degassing zone favored the addition/removal of significant amounts of water. The residual moisture content in the final extrudates was comparable to that of extrudates manufactured without water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Baumgartner
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Josip Matić
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Simone Schrank
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Stephan Laske
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes Khinast
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Roblegg
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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12
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Sievers DA, Kuhn EM, Stickel JJ, Tucker MP, Wolfrum EJ. Online residence time distribution measurement of thermochemical biomass pretreatment reactors. Chem Eng Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2015.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Boersen N, Brown C, DiNunzio J, Johnson D, Marsac P, Meyer R, McKelvey C. Hot-Melt Extrusion: The Process-Product-Performance Interplay. DISCOVERING AND DEVELOPING MOLECULES WITH OPTIMAL DRUG-LIKE PROPERTIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1399-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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14
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15
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Fel E, Massardier V, Mélis F, Vergnes B, Cassagnau P. Residence Time Distribution in a High Shear Twin Screw Extruder. INT POLYM PROC 2014. [DOI: 10.3139/217.2805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The residence time distributions (RTD) of a high shear twin screw extruder were measured by an on–line UV fluorescence device. First, by increasing throughput (Q) and screw speed (N), a decrease of the complex viscosity of the studied polypropylene (PP) was observed, revealing chain scissions. It was associated to high viscous dissipation taking place during extrusion, and more particularly under high shear conditions. Then the impact of these experimental conditions on the RTD was carried out. As expected, an increase of usual throughputs and screw speeds decrease mostly the RTD characteristic data. In this study industrial rate have been studied: throughput varied from 1.5 up to 22 kg h−1 and screw speed varied from 200 min−1 up to 1 200 min−1. However, by increasing the screw speed over usual values (from 500 up to 1 200 min−1), the variation of some experimental RTD characteristics were unexpected. Indeed, the slope of the shape of the experimental RTD function E(t) changed significantly. This phenomenon will be called lag or delay time. This result was only observed at low throughputs and high screw rotation speeds. To finish, a modeling software of twin screw extrusion process was used to compare experimental and calculated results. For usual processing conditions (up to 700 min−1), the simulation predicts nicely the experimental RTDs. However, at high screw speed (N > 800 min−1) and moderate throughput (Q = 4 kg h−1), the simulation fails to predict the RDT delay time. Hence, some side effects apparently occurred during high shear extrusion at low throughputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Fel
- INSA-Lyon , CNRS UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Villeurbanne , France
| | - V. Massardier
- INSA-Lyon , CNRS UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Villeurbanne , France
| | - F. Mélis
- Université de Lyon , CNRS UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Villeurbanne , France
| | - B. Vergnes
- MINES ParisTech , Centre de Mise en Forme des Matériaux (CEMEF), UMR CNRS 7635, Sophia-Antipolis , France
| | - P. Cassagnau
- Université de Lyon , CNRS UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Villeurbanne , France
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16
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Reitz E, Podhaisky H, Ely D, Thommes M. Residence time modeling of hot melt extrusion processes. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 85:1200-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Laske S, Witschnigg A, Selvasankar RK, Holzer C. Measuring the residence time distribution in a twin screw extruder with the use of NIR-spectroscopy. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Laske
- Montanuniversitaet Leoben; Chair of Polymer Processing; Otto Glöckel-Strasse 2 8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Andreas Witschnigg
- Montanuniversitaet Leoben; Chair of Polymer Processing; Otto Glöckel-Strasse 2 8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Ramesh Kumar Selvasankar
- Montanuniversitaet Leoben; Chair of Polymer Processing; Otto Glöckel-Strasse 2 8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Clemens Holzer
- Montanuniversitaet Leoben; Chair of Polymer Processing; Otto Glöckel-Strasse 2 8700 Leoben Austria
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18
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RazaviAghjeh MK, Nazockdast H, Assempour H. Determination of the Residence Time Distribution in Twin Screw Extruders via Free Radical Modification of PE. INT POLYM PROC 2013. [DOI: 10.3139/217.1842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The main objective of the present work was to introduce an inline method for measuring the residence time distribution (RTD) of twin screw extruders on the basis of information obtained from the melt free radical modification of polyethylene in a modular intermeshing co-rotating twin screw extruder. The trend of increasing rate of the extruder total torque resulted from replacing the neat polyethylene feed by a mixture of polyethylene and reactants which are chemically capable of creating chainbranching and/or crosslinking reactions was considered as the main information source for evaluating the RTD of the extruder. The RTD results were compared with those obtained from the tracer pulse input method, and good agreement was found. It was also demonstrated that, the present in-line RTD measuring technique has reliability of following the effect of feeding rate, screw speed and reactant concentration on the RTD of the twin screw extruders. It was found that, increasing the feeding rate results in decreasing the minimum residence time, and results in a narrower RTD. At constant feeding rate increasing the screw speed decreased the minimum residence time and broadened the RTD. The results also showed that, reactant concentration and variation of the viscosity along the screw have not appreciable effect on the twin screw extruders RTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. K. RazaviAghjeh
- Polymer Engineering Department, Amir Kabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - H. Nazockdast
- Polymer Engineering Department, Amir Kabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - H. Assempour
- Polymer Engineering Department, Amir Kabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
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Zhang XM, Zhu SY, Zhang CL, Feng LF, Chen WX. Mixing characteristics of different tracers in extrusion of polystyrene and polypropylene. POLYM ENG SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology; Ministry of Education; Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou 310018 People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Yang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology; Ministry of Education; Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou 310018 People's Republic of China
| | - Cai-Liang Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 People's Republic of China
| | - Lian-Fang Feng
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Xing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology; Ministry of Education; Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou 310018 People's Republic of China
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20
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Goma-Bilongo T, Couenne F, Jallut C, Le Gorrec Y, Di Martino A. Dynamic Modeling of the Reactive Twin-Screw Corotating Extrusion Process: Experimental Validation by Using Inlet Glass Fibers Injection Response and Application to Polymers Degassing. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie300698k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Goma-Bilongo
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France, and Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, LAGEP, UMR CNRS 5007, CPE Lyon,
43 bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - F. Couenne
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France, and Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, LAGEP, UMR CNRS 5007, CPE Lyon,
43 bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - C. Jallut
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France, and Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, LAGEP, UMR CNRS 5007, CPE Lyon,
43 bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Y. Le Gorrec
- ENSMM Besançon, FEMTO-ST/AS2M, UMR CNRS 6174, 24 rue Alain Savary, 25000 Besançon,
France
| | - A. Di Martino
- Rhodia, Centre de Recherches et de Technologies de Lyon-CRTL, 85 Rue des
Frères Perret − BP 62, 69192 Saint-Fons Cedex, France
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Brunner PJ, Clark JT, Torkelson JM, Wakabayashi K. Processing-structure-property relationships in solid-state shear pulverization: Parametric study of specific energy. POLYM ENG SCI 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Fang H, Mighri F, Ajji A, Cassagnau P, Elkoun S. Flow behavior in a corotating twin-screw extruder of pure polymers and blends: Characterization by fluorescence monitoring technique. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.33414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Liu HY, Yao Z, Cao K, Li BG. Characteristic analysis on a reactive extrusion process for the imidization of poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) with aniline. Chem Eng Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2009.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Zhang XM, Feng LF, Chen WX, Hu GH. Numerical simulation and experimental validation of mixing performance of kneading discs in a twin screw extruder. POLYM ENG SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Larochette M, Graebling D, Nasri D, Léonardi F. Optimization of the Polymer Foam Process by the Residence Time Distribution Approach. Ind Eng Chem Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ie800836j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Larochette
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, IPREM/EPCP UMR 5254, 2 Avenue Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 9, France, and INRIA Bordeaux-Sud-Ouest—Équipe Projet Concha
| | - Didier Graebling
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, IPREM/EPCP UMR 5254, 2 Avenue Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 9, France, and INRIA Bordeaux-Sud-Ouest—Équipe Projet Concha
| | - Djamel Nasri
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, IPREM/EPCP UMR 5254, 2 Avenue Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 9, France, and INRIA Bordeaux-Sud-Ouest—Équipe Projet Concha
| | - Frédéric Léonardi
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, IPREM/EPCP UMR 5254, 2 Avenue Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 9, France, and INRIA Bordeaux-Sud-Ouest—Équipe Projet Concha
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26
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Bi C, Jiang B, Li A. Modeling of the residence time distribution in a buss kneader with a back-propagation neural network. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Lei H, Fulcher RG, Ruan R, Lengerich BV. Empirical Modeling of Mean Residence Time in a Co-Rotating Twin-Screw Extruder with Rice Flour. Cereal Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-85-2-0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanwu Lei
- Dept. Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University, 1400 North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57007
- Dept. Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - R. Gary Fulcher
- Dept. Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
- Dept. Food Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3T 2N2, Phone: 204-474-9065. Fax: 204-474-7630.
| | - Roger Ruan
- Dept. Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108
- Dept. Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
- Yangtz Scholar Distinguished Guest Professor, Nanchang University
- Corresponding author. Phone: 612-625-1710. Fax: 612-624-3005. E-mail address:
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28
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Kota AK, Murphy L, Strohmer T, Bigio DI, Bruck HA, Powell D. Combinatorial development of polymer nanocomposites using transient processing conditions in twin screw extrusion. AIChE J 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.11505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Mélo TJAD, Canevarolo Jr SV. Determinação da Distribuição de Tempos de Residência em Tempo Real no Processamento Reativo de Blendas Poliméricas. POLIMEROS 2002. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-14282002000400008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Determinou-se por transmissão de luz a distribuição de tempos de residência (DTR) em tempo real em uma extrusora com rosca dupla co-rotativa e autolimpante onde o sinal do detetor é sensível à presença da segunda fase dispersa, usada como traçador. Vários traçadores foram utilizados em diferentes concentrações: dois pigmentos (TiO2 e ftalocianina) e dois polímeros (poliestireno PS e poliamida-6 PA6) sendo adicionados na forma de um pulso em um fluxo de polipropileno (PP). Os parâmetros temporais (tempos de residência inicial, t i e médio t n e a variância normalizada <FONT FACE=Symbol>s q</FONT>²) medidos nas mesmas condições de processamento são muito próximos, dentro do erro experimental, indicando que a dispersão axial neste tipo de extrusora é independente do traçador. Por outro lado curvas de DTR medidas usando-se um polímero traçador (PS) disperso em um polímero de fluxo (PP) ficam deslocadas no tempo quando a situação é invertida, ou seja, usando-se PP como traçador em um fluxo de PS. Os parâmetros temporais são dependentes das características reológicas do polímero de fluxo, assim diferentes tipos de um mesmo polímero apresentam DTR com formas diferentes e deslocadas no tempo. A intensidade do sinal produzido pelo detetor é dependente não só da concentração mas também das características ópticas do par polímero/traçador, ou polímero/fase dispersa. Misturas poliméricas reativas (PP/PA6/PP-g-AA) e não reativas (PP/PA6) apresentaram diferenças na intensidade do sinal da DTR, devido à ocorrência da reação de graftização com conseqüente mudança na morfologia e no comportamento reológico. Estes resultados foram corroborados com medidas "off-line" por espectroscopia no infravermelho.
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