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Mikulski D, Kościelny K, Dróżdż I, Mirocha G, Nowicki M, Misiewicz M, Perdas E, Strzałka P, Wierzbowska A, Fendler W. Serum Levels of miR-122-5p and miR-125a-5p Predict Hepatotoxicity Occurrence in Patients Undergoing Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4355. [PMID: 38673940 PMCID: PMC11050045 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatic complications are an acknowledged cause of mortality and morbidity among patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the potential role in the prediction of liver injury of five selected microRNAs (miRNAs)-miR-122-5p, miR-122-3p, miR-15b-5p, miR-99b-5p, and miR-125a-5p-in the setting of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ASCT). A total of 66 patients were included in the study: 50 patients (75.8%) with multiple myeloma (MM) and 16 (24.2%) with lymphoma. Blood samples were collected after the administration of the conditioning regimen, on the day of transplant (day 0). The expression levels of selected miRNAs were quantified by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) using the miRCURY LNA miRNA Custom PCR Panels (QIAGEN). In a multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, and the administered conditioning regimen, two miRNAs, hsa-miR-122-5p (odds ratio, OR 2.10, 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.29-3.42, p = 0.0029) and hsa-miR-125a-5p (OR 0.27, 95% CI: 0.11-0.71, p = 0.0079), were independent for hepatic toxicity occurrence during the 14 days after transplant. Our model in 10-fold cross-validation preserved its diagnostic potential with a receiver operating characteristics area under the curve (ROC AUC) of 0.75, 95% CI: 0.63-0.88 and at optimal cut-off reached 72.0% sensitivity and 74.4% specificity. An elevated serum level of miR-122-5p and decreased level of miR-125a-5p on day 0 are independent risk factors for hepatotoxicity in ASCT recipients, showing promise in accurately predicting post-ASCT complications. Identifying patients susceptible to complications has the potential to reduce procedure costs and optimize the selection of inpatient or outpatient procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Mikulski
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (D.M.); (K.K.); (G.M.); (E.P.)
- Department of Hematooncology, Copernicus Memorial Hospital in Lodz, 93-513 Lodz, Poland
| | - Kacper Kościelny
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (D.M.); (K.K.); (G.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Izabela Dróżdż
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Mirocha
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (D.M.); (K.K.); (G.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Mateusz Nowicki
- Department of Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (M.N.); (M.M.); (P.S.); (A.W.)
- Department of Hematology and Transplantology, Copernicus Memorial Hospital in Lodz, 93-513 Lodz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Misiewicz
- Department of Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (M.N.); (M.M.); (P.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Ewelina Perdas
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (D.M.); (K.K.); (G.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Piotr Strzałka
- Department of Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (M.N.); (M.M.); (P.S.); (A.W.)
- Department of Hematology and Transplantology, Copernicus Memorial Hospital in Lodz, 93-513 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wierzbowska
- Department of Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (M.N.); (M.M.); (P.S.); (A.W.)
- Department of Hematology and Transplantology, Copernicus Memorial Hospital in Lodz, 93-513 Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Fendler
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (D.M.); (K.K.); (G.M.); (E.P.)
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Cuthbertson P, Button A, Sligar C, Elhage A, Vine KL, Watson D, Sluyter R. Post-Transplant Cyclophosphamide Combined with Brilliant Blue G Reduces Graft-versus-Host Disease without Compromising Graft-versus-Leukaemia Immunity in Humanised Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1775. [PMID: 38339054 PMCID: PMC10855770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) leads to the establishment of graft-versus-leukaemia (GVL) immunity, but in many cases also results in the development of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). This study aimed to determine if P2X7 antagonism using Brilliant Blue G (BBG) could improve the beneficial effects of post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy) in a humanised mouse model of GVHD, without comprising GVL immunity. NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl (NSG) mice were injected with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (Day 0), then with cyclophosphamide (33 mg/kg) on Days 3 and 4, and with BBG (50 mg/kg) (or saline) on Days 0-10. PTCy with BBG reduced clinical GVHD development like that of PTCy alone. However, histological analysis revealed that the combined treatment reduced liver GVHD to a greater extent than PTCy alone. Flow cytometric analyses revealed that this reduction in liver GVHD by PTCy with BBG corresponded to an increase in human splenic CD39+ Tregs and a decrease in human serum interferon-γ concentrations. In additional experiments, humanised NSG mice, following combined treatment, were injected with human THP-1 acute myeloid leukaemia cells on Day 14. Flow cytometric analyses of liver CD33+ THP-1 cells showed that PTCy with BBG did not mitigate GVL immunity. In summary, PTCy combined with BBG can reduce GVHD without compromising GVL immunity. Future studies investigating P2X7 antagonism in combination with PTCy may lead to the development of novel treatments that more effectively reduce GVHD in allogeneic HSCT patients without promoting leukaemia relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Cuthbertson
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (P.C.); (A.B.); (C.S.); (A.E.); (K.L.V.); (D.W.)
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Amy Button
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (P.C.); (A.B.); (C.S.); (A.E.); (K.L.V.); (D.W.)
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Chloe Sligar
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (P.C.); (A.B.); (C.S.); (A.E.); (K.L.V.); (D.W.)
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Amal Elhage
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (P.C.); (A.B.); (C.S.); (A.E.); (K.L.V.); (D.W.)
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Kara L. Vine
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (P.C.); (A.B.); (C.S.); (A.E.); (K.L.V.); (D.W.)
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Debbie Watson
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (P.C.); (A.B.); (C.S.); (A.E.); (K.L.V.); (D.W.)
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Ronald Sluyter
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (P.C.); (A.B.); (C.S.); (A.E.); (K.L.V.); (D.W.)
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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Stueck AE, Fiel MI. Hepatic graft-versus-host disease: what we know, when to biopsy, and how to diagnose. Hum Pathol 2023; 141:170-182. [PMID: 37541449 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is one of the serious complications that may develop after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), for hematologic malignancies, solid organ transplantation, and other hematologic disorders. GVHD develops due to T lymphocytes present in the graft attacking the host antigens, which results in tissue damage. A significant number of HCT patients develop acute or chronic GVHD, which may affect multiple organs including the liver. The diagnosis of hepatic GVHD (hGVHD) is challenging as many other conditions in HCT patients may lead to liver dysfunction. Particularly challenging among the various conditions that give rise to liver dysfunction is differentiating sinusoidal obstruction syndrome and drug-induced liver injury (DILI) from hGVHD on clinical grounds and laboratory tests. Despite the minimal risks involved in performing a liver biopsy, the information gleaned from the histopathologic changes may help in the management of these very complex patients. There is a spectrum of histologic features found in hGVHD, and most involve histopathologic changes affecting the interlobular bile ducts. These include nuclear and cytoplasmic abnormalities including dysmorphic bile ducts, apoptosis, and cholangiocyte necrosis, among others. The hepatitic form of hGVHD typically shows severe acute hepatitis. With chronic hGVHD, there is progressive bile duct loss and eventually fibrosis. Accurate diagnosis of hGVHD is paramount so that timely treatment and management can be initiated. Techniques to prevent and lower the risk of GVHD from developing have recently evolved. If a diagnosis of acute GVHD is made, the first-line of treatment is steroids. Recurrence is common and steroid resistance or dependency is not unusual in this setting. Second-line therapies differ among institutions and have not been uniformly established. The development of GVHD, particularly hGVHD, is associated with increased morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Stueck
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, 715 - 5788 University Avenue, Halifax, NS, B3H 2Y9, Canada.
| | - M Isabel Fiel
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Ave, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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Xin Y, Xiong Y, Liu F, Qu L, Li W, Yang L, Liu Y, Zhu J. Quantitative analysis of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in rat models of hepatic acute graft-versus-host disease. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2023; 13:4908-4918. [PMID: 37581062 PMCID: PMC10423398 DOI: 10.21037/qims-22-1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Background Hepatic acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) is a major life-threatening complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). We hypothesized that contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) could serve as a new imaging biomarker in early diagnosis of hepatic aGVHD by detecting liver microcirculation. Methods Thirty Wistar rats received allo-HSCT were finally included after excluding 9 rats, and they were randomly divided into 5 groups (1- to 5-week groups, 6 per group). Six rats were used for the control group without any intervention. We observed the clinical scores, serum liver enzyme levels and liver CEUS parameters of rats in each group. Hepatic aGVHD was finally confirmed by histopathologic analysis. The diagnostic performance of CEUS parameters in detecting GVHD was evaluated by comparing the area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) values. Results After HSCT, the rats developed ruffling of fur, maculopapular rash, weight loss, accompanied by increased clinical scores. Serum liver enzymes were significantly higher than those in the control group from the third week, especially alkaline phosphatase, while CEUS parameters, peak intensity (PI) and mean transit time (MTT), changed in the second week (P<0.001). Compared with non-aGVHD group, the PI was significantly decreased while time to peak and MTT were prolonged in aGVHD group. CEUS parameters were more strongly correlated with pathological grade than serology. PI was an independent predictor for hepatic aGVHD. The AUC of CEUS parameters for diagnosing hepatic aGVHD was 0.933 (95% CI: 0.779-0.992), which was higher than that of clinical scores (AUC =0.748, 95% CI: 0.557-0.888, P=0.032) and serological markers (AUC =0.902, 95% CI: 0.737-0.980, P=0.694). Conclusions CEUS exhibits promising applications as a quantitative method to detect hepatic aGVHD and early liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Xin
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Xiong
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Feifei Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Ultrasound, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Linlin Qu
- Department of Pathology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxue Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqun Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jia’an Zhu
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
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Dezan MGF, Cavalcante LN, Cotrim HP, Lyra AC. Hepatobiliary disease after bone marrow transplant. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 17:129-143. [PMID: 36655915 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2023.2169671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is the standard treatment for several hematologic pathologies. Post-BMT patients may develop hepatobiliary complications that impact morbidity and mortality. The differential diagnosis may include drug-induced liver injury (DILI), sepsis-associated liver injury (SALI), sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS), graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), viral hepatitis, ischemic and fulminant hepatitis, among others. AREA COVERED Defining the etiology of hepatobiliary injury is challenging due to the overlapping symptoms. Thus, it is necessary to be aware of and understand the clinical characteristics of these hepatobiliary complications and provide adequate management with possible better outcomes. We reviewed the scientific literature focused on early hepatobiliary complications associated with BMT. We searched the PubMed database using the following descriptors: hepatic complications, drug-induced liver disease, graft-versus-host disease, cholestasis, sepsis, sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, cytomegalovirus, viral hepatitis, bone marrow transplantation, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. EXPERT OPINION Post-BMT hepatobiliary complications comprise several differential diagnoses and are challenges for the hepatologist's clinical practice. When evaluating these patients, it is necessary to consider the temporality between the use of certain medications, the increase in liver enzymes, and the presence of infection, in addition to applying diagnostic criteria and complementary tests for a specific diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gabriela Fernandes Dezan
- Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR) and Hospital São Rafael Gastro-Hepatology Service, Hospital São Rafael, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Gastro-Hepatology Service - University Hospital Professor Edgard Santos (HUPES), PPGMS - Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Lourianne Nascimento Cavalcante
- Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR) and Hospital São Rafael Gastro-Hepatology Service, Hospital São Rafael, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Gastro-Hepatology Service - University Hospital Professor Edgard Santos (HUPES), PPGMS - Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Helma Pinchemel Cotrim
- Gastro-Hepatology Service - University Hospital Professor Edgard Santos (HUPES), PPGMS - Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Andre Castro Lyra
- Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR) and Hospital São Rafael Gastro-Hepatology Service, Hospital São Rafael, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Gastro-Hepatology Service - University Hospital Professor Edgard Santos (HUPES), PPGMS - Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Xiong Y, Xin Y, Liu F, Li W, Liu Y, Zhu J. Efficacy of shear wave dispersion imaging for viscoelastic assessment of the liver in acute graft-versus-host disease rats. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2022; 12:5044-5055. [PMID: 36330177 PMCID: PMC9622446 DOI: 10.21037/qims-22-374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the feasibility of using shear wave dispersion (SWD) imaging to evaluate hepatic acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) in a rat model. METHODS To establish an aGVHD model, 30 Wistar rats were subjected to bone marrow transplantation, 10 Fischer 344 rats were used as donors, and 6 Wistar rats were used as the control group. Each week, 6 rats were randomly chosen and divided into groups of 1 week (1 w) to 5 weeks (5 w). For each subgroup, the rats received a clinical index assessment and shear wave dispersion (SWD) examination with 2 quantitative values, shear wave (SW) speed and SWD slope. The histological characteristics were then used as the reference standard to divide the rats into the aGVHD group and the no aGVHD (nGVHD) group. RESULTS In the 2 weeks (2 w) group, only SWD slope [median: 7.26, interquartile range (IQR): 7.04 to 7.31] showed a significant increase in the measured value (P<0.05). The value of the 3 weeks (3 w) group (median: 7.88, IQR: 7.84 to 8.49) significantly increased compared with the 2 w value (P<0.05). Although the value increased gradually from week 3 to week 5, it had no statistical significance (P>0.05). The SW speed [mean ± standard deviation (SD): 1.54±0.11, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.48 to 1.59] and SWD slope (mean ± SD: 8.29±0.56, 95% CI: 7.99 to 8.59) of the aGVHD group were higher than those of the control group and the nGVHD group (P<0.001). The correlation of SWD slope with pathological grade was the highest (r=0.798, P<0.01), followed by SW speed (r=0.785, P<0.01), and the correlation of clinical index with pathological grade was the lowest (r=0.751, P<0.01). In addition, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) value of aGVHD using the SWD slope was 0.844 (95% CI: 0.67 to 0.95, sensitivity: 93.75%, specificity: 78.57%), which was higher than the AUC of both SW speed and clinical index, and the difference was statistically significant compared to the AUC of the clinical index. CONCLUSIONS The SWD slope could show significant abnormalities earlier than SW speed and clinical index and is also more consistent with the change in aGVHD severity level. The SWD slope may help in detecting hepatic aGVHD during ultrasound SWD examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiong
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuwei Xin
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Feifei Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Ultrasound, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Wenxue Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqun Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jia’an Zhu
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
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Lv K, Wang Y, Lou P, Liu S, Zhou P, Yang L, Lu Y, Cheng J, Liu J. Extracellular vesicles as advanced therapeutics for the resolution of organ fibrosis: Current progress and future perspectives. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1042983. [PMCID: PMC9630482 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1042983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ fibrosis is a serious health challenge worldwide, and its global incidence and medical burden are increasing dramatically each year. Fibrosis can occur in nearly all major organs and ultimately lead to organ dysfunction. However, current clinical treatments cannot slow or reverse the progression of fibrosis to end-stage organ failure, and thus advanced anti-fibrotic therapeutics are urgently needed. As a type of naturally derived nanovesicle, native extracellular vesicles (EVs) from multiple cell types (e.g., stem cells, immune cells, and tissue cells) have been shown to alleviate organ fibrosis in many preclinical models through multiple effective mechanisms, such as anti-inflammation, pro-angiogenesis, inactivation of myofibroblasts, and fibrinolysis of ECM components. Moreover, the therapeutic potency of native EVs can be further enhanced by multiple engineering strategies, such as genetic modifications, preconditionings, therapeutic reagent-loadings, and combination with functional biomaterials. In this review, we briefly introduce the pathology and current clinical treatments of organ fibrosis, discuss EV biology and production strategies, and particularly focus on important studies using native or engineered EVs as interventions to attenuate tissue fibrosis. This review provides insights into the development and translation of EV-based nanotherapies into clinical applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Lv
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yizhuo Wang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Lou
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuyun Liu
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pingya Zhou
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanrong Lu
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingqiu Cheng
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingping Liu
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jingping Liu,
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