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Țichil I, Mitre I, Zdrenghea MT, Bojan AS, Tomuleasa CI, Cenariu D. A Review of Key Regulators of Steady-State and Ineffective Erythropoiesis. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2585. [PMID: 38731114 PMCID: PMC11084473 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13092585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Erythropoiesis is initiated with the transformation of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells into committed erythroid progenitor cells in the erythroblastic islands of the bone marrow in adults. These cells undergo several stages of differentiation, including erythroblast formation, normoblast formation, and finally, the expulsion of the nucleus to form mature red blood cells. The erythropoietin (EPO) pathway, which is activated by hypoxia, induces stimulation of the erythroid progenitor cells and the promotion of their proliferation and survival as well as maturation and hemoglobin synthesis. The regulation of erythropoiesis is a complex and dynamic interaction of a myriad of factors, such as transcription factors (GATA-1, STAT5), cytokines (IL-3, IL-6, IL-11), iron metabolism and cell cycle regulators. Multiple microRNAs are involved in erythropoiesis, mediating cell growth and development, regulating oxidative stress, erythrocyte maturation and differentiation, hemoglobin synthesis, transferrin function and iron homeostasis. This review aims to explore the physiology of steady-state erythropoiesis and to outline key mechanisms involved in ineffective erythropoiesis linked to anemia, chronic inflammation, stress, and hematological malignancies. Studying aberrations in erythropoiesis in various diseases allows a more in-depth understanding of the heterogeneity within erythroid populations and the development of gene therapies to treat hematological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Țichil
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.M.); (M.T.Z.); (A.S.B.); (C.I.T.); (D.C.)
- Department of Haematology, “Ion Chiricuta” Institute of Oncology, 34–36 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ileana Mitre
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.M.); (M.T.Z.); (A.S.B.); (C.I.T.); (D.C.)
| | - Mihnea Tudor Zdrenghea
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.M.); (M.T.Z.); (A.S.B.); (C.I.T.); (D.C.)
- Department of Haematology, “Ion Chiricuta” Institute of Oncology, 34–36 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anca Simona Bojan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.M.); (M.T.Z.); (A.S.B.); (C.I.T.); (D.C.)
- Department of Haematology, “Ion Chiricuta” Institute of Oncology, 34–36 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ciprian Ionuț Tomuleasa
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.M.); (M.T.Z.); (A.S.B.); (C.I.T.); (D.C.)
- Department of Haematology, “Ion Chiricuta” Institute of Oncology, 34–36 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- MEDFUTURE—Research Centre for Advanced Medicine, 8 Louis Pasteur Street, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Diana Cenariu
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.M.); (M.T.Z.); (A.S.B.); (C.I.T.); (D.C.)
- MEDFUTURE—Research Centre for Advanced Medicine, 8 Louis Pasteur Street, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Bhatia SN, Dahlman JE. RNA delivery systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2315789121. [PMID: 38437565 PMCID: PMC10945841 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315789121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta N. Bhatia
- Harvard University–Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- HHMI, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
- Marble Center for Cancer Nanomedicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02142
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA02215
| | - James E. Dahlman
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30307
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Kowdley KV, Modi NB, Valone FH. Rusfertide for iron overload in haemochromatosis - Authors' reply. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 9:200-201. [PMID: 38340748 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(23)00477-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Kris V Kowdley
- Liver Institute Northwest and Elson S Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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Zhang J, Chen B, Gan C, Sun H, Zhang J, Feng L. A Comprehensive Review of Small Interfering RNAs (siRNAs): Mechanism, Therapeutic Targets, and Delivery Strategies for Cancer Therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:7605-7635. [PMID: 38106451 PMCID: PMC10725753 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s436038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery by nanocarriers has been identified as a promising strategy in the study and treatment of cancer. Short nucleotide sequences are synthesized exogenously to create siRNA, which triggers RNA interference (RNAi) in cells and silences target gene expression in a sequence-specific way. As a nucleic acid-based medicine that has gained popularity recently, siRNA exhibits novel potential for the treatment of cancer. However, there are still many obstacles to overcome before clinical siRNA delivery devices can be developed. In this review, we discuss prospective targets for siRNA drug design, explain siRNA drug properties and benefits, and give an overview of the current clinical siRNA therapeutics for the treatment of cancer. Additionally, we introduce the siRNA chemical modifications and delivery systems that are clinically sophisticated and classify bioresponsive materials for siRNA release in a methodical manner. This review will serve as a reference for researchers in developing more precise and efficient targeted delivery systems, promoting ongoing advances in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunyuan Gan
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Sun
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Feng
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of China
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