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Bisso-Machado R, Bortolini MC, Salzano FM. Uniparental genetic markers in South Amerindians. Genet Mol Biol 2012; 35:365-87. [PMID: 22888284 PMCID: PMC3389523 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572012005000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive review of uniparental systems in South Amerindians was undertaken. Variability in the Y-chromosome haplogroups were assessed in 68 populations and 1,814 individuals whereas that of Y-STR markers was assessed in 29 populations and 590 subjects. Variability in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup was examined in 108 populations and 6,697 persons, and sequencing studies used either the complete mtDNA genome or the highly variable segments 1 and 2. The diversity of the markers made it difficult to establish a general picture of Y-chromosome variability in the populations studied. However, haplogroup Q1a3a* was almost always the most prevalent whereas Q1a3* occurred equally in all regions, which suggested its prevalence among the early colonizers. The STR allele frequencies were used to derive a possible ancient Native American Q-clade chromosome haplotype and five of six STR loci showed significant geographic variation. Geographic and linguistic factors moderately influenced the mtDNA distributions (6% and 7%, respectively) and mtDNA haplogroups A and D correlated positively and negatively, respectively, with latitude. The data analyzed here provide rich material for understanding the biological history of South Amerindians and can serve as a basis for comparative studies involving other types of data, such as cultural data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Bisso-Machado
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Parolín ML, Carnese FR. HLA-DRB1 alleles in four Amerindian populations from Argentina and Paraguay. Genet Mol Biol 2009; 32:212-9. [PMID: 21637670 PMCID: PMC3036916 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572009000200002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is one of the biological systems of major polymorphisms. The study of HLA class II variability has allowed the identification of several alleles that are characteristic to Amerindian populations, and it is an excellent tool to define the relations and biological affinities among them. In this work, we analyzed the allelic distribution of the HLA-DRB1 class II locus in four Amerindian populations: Mapuche (n = 34) and Tehuelche (n = 23) from the Patagonian region of Argentina, and Wichi SV (n = 24) and Lengua (n = 17) from the Argentinean and Paraguayan Chaco regions, respectively. In all of these groups, relatively high frequencies of Amerindian HLA-DRB1 alleles were observed (DRB1*0403, DRB1*0407, DRB1*0411, DRB1*0417, DRB1*0802, DRB1*0901, DRB1*1402, DRB1*1406 and DRB1*1602). However, we also detected the presence of non-Amerindian variants in Mapuche (35%) and Tehuelche (22%). We compared our data with those obtained in six indigenous groups of the Argentinean Chaco region and in a sample from Buenos Aires City. The genetic distance dendrogram showed a clear-cut division between the Patagonian and Chaco populations, which formed two different clusters. In spite of their linguistic differences, it can be inferred that the biological affinities observed are in concordance with the geographic distributions and interethnic relations established among the groups studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Parolín
- Sección Antropología Biológica, Instituto de Ciencias Antropológicas, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires Argentina
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Crossetti SG, Demarchi DA, Raimann PE, Salzano FM, Hutz MH, Callegari-Jacques SM. Autosomal STR genetic variability in the Gran Chaco native population: Homogeneity or heterogeneity? Am J Hum Biol 2009; 20:704-11. [PMID: 18561147 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the population structure and variation in Gran Chaco's Amerindian population, data from 15 short tandem repeats (STRs) were determined in 128 individuals from three tribes of the Argentinean part of this region. STR genotypic differences, structure analysis, and multidimensional plot for the D(A) distances indicated that (1) Wichí from the Chaco Province are genetically distinct from the other populations, but still preserve a fair amount of genetic similarity with Wichí from Formosa; (2) the Toba populations studied are genetically indistinguishable; and (3) Toba subjects from Formosa are similar to the Pilagá of the same linguistic group (Guaykurú) and to the Wichí from Formosa who speak a Mataco language. This similarity could be due to their past mobility and the custom of absorbing females taken as prisoners from groups raided by them. Language, geography, and genetics seem to play similar roles in determining the population structure of these groups. Analyses of molecular variance and G(ST)' values calculated considering three South American regions indicated that the Argentinean Chaco is genetically homogeneous; addition of the Ayoreo Amerindians of the Paraguayan Chaco, however, led to diversity values that are not much different from those of South Amerindians in general. The present data contribute to efforts that try to understand in what way groups with diverse sociocultural settings (tribal, agricultural, and industrial) differ in genetic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaiane Goulart Crossetti
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Battilana J, Cardoso-Silva L, Barrantes R, Hill K, Hurtado AM, Salzano FM, Bonatto SL. Molecular variability of the 16p13.3 region in Amerindians and its anthropological significance. Ann Hum Genet 2007; 71:64-76. [PMID: 17227477 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2006.00296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A total of 1558 base pairs in the 16p13.3 region were investigated in 98 individuals of Mongolian, Northern Arctic and Amerindian affiliation, and the results compared with those obtained in a previous worldwide study of the same genomic region. Fifty-five polymorphic sites could be classified into thirty-five haplotypes from the total data. A median joining network based on the haplotypes revealed two distinct clusters: one with low diversity, with haplotypes found in all five geographic-ethnic categories; while the other, with the most divergent haplotypes, was composed mainly of Africans and a few Amerindians. Almost all neutrality parameters yielded significantly negative values. Demographic simulations with the exclusively Amerindian dataset rejected all scenarios, including a bottleneck beginning more than 12,000 years ago. The demographic scenarios tested considering population growth were similar among the Amerindian and worldwide or Eurasian data sets. The results suggest that Amerindians are a representative sample of Eurasian populations, preserving the signal of demographic growth from the out of Africa exodus and, together with data from uniparental markers, support a scenario of a bottleneck of moderate intensity during the peopling of the New World.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Battilana
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Caixa Postal 15053, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Mazières S, Sevin A, Bonnet F, Crubézy E, Salzano FM, Larrouy G. Genetic studies in French Guiana populations: Synthesis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2007; 132:292-300. [PMID: 17133433 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Twelve blood group and protein systems from a total of 819 individuals from six tribal groups (Apalaí-Wayana, Emerillon, Kaliña, Palikur Wayampi, and Wayana) living in French Guiana and Brazil were compared with each other and integrated with previous results from 17 other South Amerindian populations studied for the same genetic markers. Using correspondence analysis, map methodologies, and maximum linkage cluster analysis developed with the UPGMA method, we attempted to establish the genetic position of these tribes among South American Indians. Peripheral positions for the Emerillon and the Palikur were observed. Ethnohistorical data in French Guiana suggest that a strong founder effect for the former and endogamy for the latter could have generated the genetic differentiation of these two ethnic groups. However, when considered in a wider context, all French Guiana Natives cluster together in an intermediate position as compared with 17 other Amerindian groups studied for the comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Mazières
- Centre d'Anthropologie, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, UMR 8555, 31000 Toulouse, France
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Cabana GS, Merriwether DA, Hunley K, Demarchi DA. Is the genetic structure of Gran Chaco populations unique? Interregional perspectives on native South American mitochondrial DNA variation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2006; 131:108-19. [PMID: 16485304 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study reevaluates the hypothesis in Demarchi et al. (2001 Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 115:199-203) that Gran Chaco peoples demonstrate a unique pattern of genetic diversity due to a distinct regional population history. Specifically, they found populations in the central part of the Gran Chaco, or Central Chaco, to have higher within- and lower between-population mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup frequency variation compared to populations in other South American regions. To test this hypothesis of regional uniqueness, we applied analytical and simulation methods to mtDNA first hypervariable (HVI) region sequence data from a broad set of comparative South and Central American population samples. Contrary to the results of Demarchi et al. (2001 Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 115:199-203), we found that the Gran Chaco's regional within-population diversity is about average among regions, and populations are highly differentiated from each other. When we limited the scale of analysis to the Central Chaco, a more localized subregion of the Gran Chaco, our results fell more in line with the original findings of Demarchi et al. (2001 Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 115:199-203). Still, we conclude that neither the Gran Chaco regional pattern, nor the Central Chaco subregional pattern, is unique within South America. Nonetheless, the Central Chaco pattern accords well with the area's history, including pre-European contact lifeways and the documented historical use of the area as an interregional crossroads. However, we cannot exclude post-European contact disruption of traditional mating networks as an equally plausible explanation for the observed diversity pattern. Finally, these results additionally inform broader models of South American genetic diversity. While other researchers proposed an east-west continental division in patterns of genetic variation (e.g., Fuselli et al. 2003 Mol. Biol. Evol. 20:1682-1691), we found that in the geographically intermediate Central Chaco, a strict east-west divide in genetic variation breaks down. We suggest that future genetic characterizations of the continent, and subsequent interpretations of evolutionary history, involve a broad regional sampling of South American populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela S Cabana
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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Kohlrausch FB, Callegari-Jacques SM, Tsuneto LT, Petzl-Erler ML, Hill K, Hurtado AM, Salzano FM, Hutz MH. Geography influences microsatellite polymorphism diversity in Amerindians. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2005; 126:463-70. [PMID: 15386223 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Data related to 15 short tandem repeat polymorphisms (STRPs) are reported for four South American Indian populations, and integrated with previous Brazilian Indian results. Overall heterozygosities varied significantly among groups (Kruskal-Wallis test, P = 0.002). The lowest levels of heterozygosity were observed in the Ache, Ayoreo, and Surui, an expected finding considering their isolation and ethnohistory. Genetic distance and gene diversity analyses suggested that geography was a good predictor of genetic affinity among these Native Americans. New evidence from this study supports the hypothesis that the Ache population descends from a Ge group that preceded the Guarani colonization of Paraguay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana B Kohlrausch
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Dornelles CL, Battilana J, Fagundes NJR, Freitas LB, Bonatto SL, Salzano FM. Mitochondrial DNA andAlu insertions in a genetically peculiar population: The Ayoreo Indians of Bolivia and Paraguay. Am J Hum Biol 2004; 16:479-88. [PMID: 15214066 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 91 Ayoreo individuals previously studied for blood groups and protein markers, living in two Bolivian and one Paraguayan communities, were extensively investigated in relation to the hypervariable 1 segment of the control and eight coding regions of their mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). They show an extremely reduced mtDNA variability, the observed haplotypes being classifiable in just two haplogroups (C and D). They were also variously studied in relation to six Alu insertions; in this case, however, the prevalences found did not depart markedly from those obtained in other populations of this ethnic group. To assess the Ayoreo position in relation to these populations, 11 other groups that had also been studied for these systems and for blood groups and proteins were selected. The dendrograms obtained with two of the three sets of markers showed distinct patterns, but the Ayoreo were placed in a central position in both the blood group + proteins and Alu insertions trees. Therefore, they are clearly distinct in relation to their mtDNA only, suggesting a strong founder effect and/or random loss of variability in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Dornelles
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Caixa Postal 15053, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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