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Tanikawa C, Kurata M, Tanizaki N, Takeuchi M, Zere E, Fukuo K, Takada K. Influence of the nutritional status on facial morphology in young Japanese women. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18557. [PMID: 36329131 PMCID: PMC9633753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21919-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence regarding the possible influence of nutritional status on the facial morphology has thus far been insufficient. We examined whether or not the physical body compositions and dietary behaviors were correlated with any morphological characteristics of the face. One hundred and fifteen young Japanese women participated. Variables representing the dietary behaviors were extracted from self-reported survey data, and corresponding three-dimensional (3D) facial images and body compositions were examined. Multivariate analyses identified significant relationships between the nutritional status and facial topography (p < 0.05). The clustering method revealed the existence of three dietary condition patterns ("balanced diet", "high-calorie-diet" with obesity tendency, and "imbalanced low-calorie-diet" with sarcopenic obesity tendency). Among these three patterns, a round face (increased facial width; analysis of variance [ANOVA], p < 0.05) was observed in the high-calorie-diet pattern, while the imbalanced low-calorie-diet pattern showed a more masculine face (increased face height, decreased eye height, increased non-allometric sexual shape differences; ANOVA, p < 0.05), thus suggesting the possibility of sex-hormonal influences. In summary, the body composition and dietary behaviors were found to influence the facial morphology, and potential biological influences were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Tanikawa
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Dental Hospital, Suita, Osaka Japan
| | - Miki Kurata
- grid.260338.c0000 0004 0372 6210Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, School of Human Environmental Sciences, Mukogawa Women’s University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo Japan
| | - Noriko Tanizaki
- grid.260338.c0000 0004 0372 6210Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, School of Human Environmental Sciences, Mukogawa Women’s University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo Japan
| | - Mika Takeuchi
- grid.260338.c0000 0004 0372 6210Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, School of Human Environmental Sciences, Mukogawa Women’s University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo Japan
| | - Edlira Zere
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Dental Hospital, Suita, Osaka Japan
| | - Keisuke Fukuo
- grid.260338.c0000 0004 0372 6210Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, School of Human Environmental Sciences, Mukogawa Women’s University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo Japan
| | - Kenji Takada
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka Japan
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Vora SR, Tam S, Katsube M, Pliska B, Heda K. Craniofacial form differences between obese and nonobese children. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2022; 162:744-752.e3. [PMID: 36216623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2021.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current evidence suggests that obesity is correlated with differences in craniofacial form in children and adolescents. Here, we sought to test this hypothesis by evaluating the craniofacial form of obese and nonobese preorthodontic patients, using 2D cephalometric data combined with cephalometric and geometric morphometric approaches. METHODS Height, weight, age, and lateral cephalometric radiographs were gathered from patients aged 7-16 years before beginning orthodontic treatment at the University of British Columbia. Based on their body mass index, 24 obese patients were age, sex, and Angle classification of malocclusion matched with nonobese controls. Cephalometric radiographs were annotated, and coordinates of landmarks were used to obtain linear and angular cephalometric measurements. Geometric morphometric analyses were performed to determine overall craniofacial form differences between cohorts. Dental maturation index scores and cervical vertebral maturation scores were recorded as an indicator of skeletal maturation. RESULTS Cephalometric analysis revealed that the maxillary length and gonial angle are the only marginally larger metrics in obese subjects than in control subjects. However, principal component and discriminant analyses (geometric morphometrics) confirmed that the overall craniofacial form of obese patients differs statistically from that of control patients. Obese patients tend to be slightly mandibular prognathic and brachycephalic. Dental maturation index scores were statistically higher in the obese group than in the control group, with no statistical difference in cervical vertebral maturation scores. CONCLUSIONS Our data reveals a subtle but significant difference in cranial skeletal morphology between obese and nonobese children and adolescents, suggesting a correlation between craniofacial form and physiological/metabolic phenotypes of subjects. It is likely that with continued growth, these differences may increase. Recording body mass index as part of the orthodontic records for patients may help in supporting the assessment of craniofacial form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth R Vora
- Oral Health Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Samuel Tam
- Oral Health Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Motoki Katsube
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Benjamin Pliska
- Oral Health Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kiran Heda
- Oral Health Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Ben Slama N, Crampon F, Maquet C, Derombise B, Duparc F, Trost O. Preauricular anteroparotid transmasseteric approach of the mandibular condyle: The natural evolution after cervical dissections? An anatomical feasibility study. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2022; 123:e598-e603. [PMID: 35545191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability and reproducibility of a novel approach for base and neck fractures of the mandible. An anatomical study was conducted on 22 given to Science subjects. A rhytidectomy-like approach was performed, followed by a transmasseteric anteroparotid dissection. Measures were taken of the incision length and bone exposure at every step. The identification of a ramus of the facial nerve during dissection was noted. The subjects were classified according to their facial adiposity. A correlation coefficient was measured between incision length and bone exposure as well as morphotype and bone exposure. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Pearson method for linear correlation, and Chi2 test for further analysis. Adequate condylar exposure was always achieved in the area of interest (i.e. in the main localization of base and neck fractures). There was no correlation between the length of the cranial cutaneous backcut and the bone exposure horizontally (p = 0.3296) or vertically (p = 0.8382). There was no correlation between the total length of the incision and the bone exposure horizontally (p = 0.5171) or vertically (p = 0.8404). There was a significant correlation between the subjects' facial adiposity and the bone exposure horizontally and vertically (p<0.005). This approach allowed adequate bone exposure to the mandible base and neck, with a possible 90° angulation of instruments for optimal bone fixation. The incidence of facial nerve rami identification during dissection was similar to other approaches. The scarring was hidden. These results allowed us to propose this approach in a clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Ben Slama
- Rouen University Hospital, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, F 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Frederic Crampon
- Rouen University Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, F 76000 Rouen, France; Laboratory of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine-Pharmacy, Rouen-Normandie University, 22 Boulevard Gambetta, 76183, Rouen, France
| | - Charles Maquet
- Rouen University Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, F 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Baptiste Derombise
- Rouen University Hospital, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, F 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Fabrice Duparc
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine-Pharmacy, Rouen-Normandie University, 22 Boulevard Gambetta, 76183, Rouen, France
| | - Olivier Trost
- Rouen University Hospital, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, F 76000 Rouen, France; Laboratory of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine-Pharmacy, Rouen-Normandie University, 22 Boulevard Gambetta, 76183, Rouen, France
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Ceccherini I, Kurek KC, Weese-Mayer DE. Developmental disorders affecting the respiratory system: CCHS and ROHHAD. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 189:53-91. [PMID: 36031316 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-91532-8.00005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rapid-onset Obesity with Hypothalamic dysfunction, Hypoventilation, and Autonomic Dysregulation (ROHHAD) and Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS) are ultra-rare distinct clinical disorders with overlapping symptoms including altered respiratory control and autonomic regulation. Although both disorders have been considered for decades to be on the same spectrum with necessity of artificial ventilation as life-support, recent acquisition of specific knowledge concerning the genetic basis of CCHS coupled with an elusive etiology for ROHHAD have definitely established that the two disorders are different. CCHS is an autosomal dominant neurocristopathy characterized by alveolar hypoventilation resulting in hypoxemia/hypercarbia and features of autonomic nervous system dysregulation (ANSD), with presentation typically in the newborn period. It is caused by paired-like homeobox 2B (PHOX2B) variants, with known genotype-phenotype correlation but pathogenic mechanism(s) are yet unknown. ROHHAD is characterized by rapid weight gain, followed by hypothalamic dysfunction, then hypoventilation followed by ANSD, in seemingly normal children ages 1.5-7 years. Postmortem neuroanatomical studies, thorough clinical characterization, pathophysiological assessment, and extensive genetic inquiry have failed to identify a cause attributable to a traditional genetic basis, somatic mosaicism, epigenetic mechanism, environmental trigger, or other. To find the key to the ROHHAD pathogenesis and to improve its clinical management, in the present chapter, we have carefully compared CCHS and ROHHAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Ceccherini
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics of Rare Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Kyle C Kurek
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Debra E Weese-Mayer
- Division of Autonomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute; and Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.
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5
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Walla P, Chang M, Schaefer K, Windhager S. Social Perception of Faces: Brain Imaging and Subjective Ratings. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E861. [PMID: 33207720 PMCID: PMC7696491 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate how a female face is perceived in terms of its attractiveness, dominance, health, femininity-masculinity, and maturity in direct relation to the body fat percentage (BFP) conveyed by the face. To compare how young adults (ages 18 to 35) respond to different levels of body fat percentage both subjectively and objectively we collected survey ratings and electroencephalography (EEG) data across five different levels of BFP from 40 participants. We adapted the experimental design from a prior behavioral study and used calibrated and morphed female face images of five different BFP levels. The results of the survey are in consensus with the previous study and assessed to be a successful replication. From the EEG data, event-related potentials (ERPs) were extracted from one electrode location (right occipitotemporal brain region) known to be particularly sensitive to face-stimuli. We found statistically significant differences in the amplitudes of the P200 component (194 ms post stimulus onset) between the thickest face and all four other BFP conditions, and in the amplitudes of the N300 component (274 ms post stimulus onset) between the average face and three other BFP conditions. As expected, there were no significant differences among the N170 amplitudes of all five BFP conditions since this ERP component simply reflects the processing of faces in general. From these results, we can infer that holistic face encoding characterized by the N170 component in the right occipitotemporal area is followed by serial evaluative processes, whose categorical and qualitative matrix and spatiotemporal dynamics should be further explored in future studies, especially in relation to the social constructs that were focused on in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Walla
- CanBeLab, Department of Psychology, Webster Vienna Private University, Palais Wenkheim, Praterstrasse 23, 1020 Vienna, Austria;
- School of Psychology, Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan 2308, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Freudplatz 1, 1020 Vienna, Austria
- Faculty of Medicine, Sigmund Freud University, Freudplatz 3, 1020 Vienna, Austria
| | - Minah Chang
- CanBeLab, Department of Psychology, Webster Vienna Private University, Palais Wenkheim, Praterstrasse 23, 1020 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Katrin Schaefer
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (K.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Sonja Windhager
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (K.S.); (S.W.)
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6
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Koudelová J, Hoffmannová E, Dupej J, Velemínská J. Simulation of facial growth based on longitudinal data: Age progression and age regression between 7 and 17 years of age using 3D surface data. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212618. [PMID: 30794623 PMCID: PMC6386244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Modelling of the development of facial morphology during childhood and adolescence is highly useful in forensic and biomedical practice. However, most studies in this area fail to capture the essence of the face as a three-dimensional structure. The main aims of our present study were (1) to construct ageing trajectories for the female and male face between 7 and 17 years of age and (2) to propose a three-dimensional age progression (age -regression) system focused on real growth-related facial changes. Our approach was based on an assessment of a total of 522 three-dimensional (3D) facial scans of Czech children (39 boys, 48 girls) that were longitudinally studied between the ages of 7 to 12 and 12 to 17 years. Facial surface scans were obtained using a Vectra-3D scanner and evaluated using geometric morphometric methods (CPD-DCA, PCA, Hotelling’s T2 tests). We observed very similar growth rates between 7 and 10 years in both sexes, followed by an increase in growth velocity in both sexes, with maxima between 11 and 12 years in girls and 11 to 13 years in boys, which are connected with the different timing of the onset of puberty. Based on these partly different ageing trajectories for girls and boys, we simulated the effects of age progression (age regression) on facial scans. In girls, the mean error was 1.81 mm at 12 years and 1.7 mm at 17 years. In boys, the prediction system was slightly less successful: 2.0 mm at 12 years and 1.94 mm at 17 years. The areas with the greatest deviations between predicted and real facial morphology were not important for facial recognition. Changes of body mass index percentiles in children throughout the observation period had no significant influence on the accuracy of the age progression models for both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Koudelová
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Eva Hoffmannová
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ján Dupej
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Software and Computer Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Velemínská
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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7
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de Jager S, Coetzee N, Coetzee V. Facial Adiposity, Attractiveness, and Health: A Review. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2562. [PMID: 30622491 PMCID: PMC6308207 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between facial cues and perceptions of health and attractiveness in others plays an influential role in our social interactions and mating behaviors. Several facial cues have historically been investigated in this regard, with facial adiposity being the newest addition. Evidence is mounting that a robust link exists between facial adiposity and attractiveness, as well as perceived health. Facial adiposity has also been linked to various health outcomes such as cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, blood pressure, immune function, diabetes, arthritis, oxidative stress, hormones, and mental health. Though recent advances in the analysis of facial morphology has led to significant strides in the description and quantification of facial cues, it is becoming increasingly clear that there is a great deal of nuance in the way that humans use and integrate facial cues to form coherent social or health judgments of others. This paper serves as a review of the current literature on the relationship between facial adiposity, attractiveness, and health. A key component in utilizing facial adiposity as a cue to health and attractiveness perceptions is that people need to be able to estimate body mass from facial cues. To estimate the strength of the relationship between perceived facial adiposity and body mass, a meta-analysis was conducted on studies that quantified the relationship between perceived facial adiposity and BMI/percentage body fat. Summary effect size estimates indicate that participants could reliably estimate BMI from facial cues alone (r = 0.71, n = 458).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan de Jager
- Department of Psychology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, South Africa.,Department of Psychology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nicoleen Coetzee
- Department of Psychology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Vinet Coetzee
- Department of Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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8
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Butovskaya ML, Windhager S, Karelin D, Mezentseva A, Schaefer K, Fink B. Associations of physical strength with facial shape in an African pastoralist society, the Maasai of Northern Tanzania. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197738. [PMID: 29852024 PMCID: PMC5978875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous research has documented associations of physical strength and facial morphology predominantly in men of Western societies. Faces of strong men tend to be more robust, are rounder and have a prominent jawline compared with faces of weak men. Here, we investigate whether the morphometric patterns of strength-face relationships reported for members of industrialized societies can also be found in members of an African pastoralist society, the Maasai of Northern Tanzania. MATERIALS AND METHODS Handgrip strength (HGS) measures and facial photographs were collected from a sample of 185 men and 120 women of the Maasai in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area. In young-adults (20-29 years; n = 95) and mid-adults (30-50 years; n = 114), we digitized 71 somatometric landmarks and semilandmarks to capture variation in facial morphology and performed shape regressions of landmark coordinates upon HGS. Results were visualized in the form of thin-plate plate spline deformation grids and geometric morphometric morphs. RESULTS Individuals with higher HGS tended to have wider faces with a lower and broader forehead, a wider distance between the medial canthi of the eyes, a wider nose, fuller lips, and a larger, squarer lower facial outline compared with weaker individuals of the same age-sex group. In mid-adult men, these associations were weaker than in the other age-sex groups. DISCUSSION We conclude that the patterns of HGS relationships with face shape in the Maasai are similar to those reported from related investigations in samples of industrialized societies. We discuss differences between the present and related studies with regard to knowledge about the causes for age- and sex-related facial shape variation and physical strength associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina L. Butovskaya
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- National Research University, Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Social Anthropology Research and Education Center, Russian State University for Humanities, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sonja Windhager
- Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dimitri Karelin
- Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Mezentseva
- Social Anthropology Research and Education Center, Russian State University for Humanities, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Katrin Schaefer
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Fink
- Department of Behavioral Ecology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, Goettingen, Germany
- Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg, Institute for Advanced Study, Delmenhorst, Germany
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9
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Windhager S, Bookstein FL, Mueller H, Zunner E, Kirchengast S, Schaefer K. Calibrating facial morphs for use as stimuli in biological studies of social perception. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6698. [PMID: 29703983 PMCID: PMC5923288 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24911-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of human social perception become more persuasive when the behavior of raters can be separated from the variability of the stimuli they are rating. We prototype such a rigorous analysis for a set of five social ratings of faces varying by body fat percentage (BFP). 274 raters of both sexes in three age groups (adolescent, young adult, senior) rated five morphs of the same averaged facial image warped to the positions of 72 landmarks and semilandmarks predicted by linear regression on BFP at five different levels (the average, ±2 SD, ±5 SD). Each subject rated all five morphs for maturity, dominance, masculinity, attractiveness, and health. The patterns of dependence of ratings on the BFP calibration differ for the different ratings, but not substantially across the six groups of raters. This has implications for theories of social perception, specifically, the relevance of individual rater scale anchoring. The method is also highly relevant for other studies on how biological facial variation affects ratings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Windhager
- Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Fred L Bookstein
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Hanna Mueller
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elke Zunner
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sylvia Kirchengast
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Schaefer
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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10
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Larson JR, Manyama MF, Cole JB, Gonzalez PN, Percival CJ, Liberton DK, Ferrara TM, Riccardi SL, Kimwaga EA, Mathayo J, Spitzmacher JA, Rolian C, Jamniczky HA, Weinberg SM, Roseman CC, Klein O, Lukowiak K, Spritz RA, Hallgrimsson B. Body size and allometric variation in facial shape in children. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 165:327-342. [PMID: 29178597 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Morphological integration, or the tendency for covariation, is commonly seen in complex traits such as the human face. The effects of growth on shape, or allometry, represent a ubiquitous but poorly understood axis of integration. We address the question of to what extent age and measures of size converge on a single pattern of allometry for human facial shape. METHODS Our study is based on two large cross-sectional cohorts of children, one from Tanzania and the other from the United States (N = 7,173). We employ 3D facial imaging and geometric morphometrics to relate facial shape to age and anthropometric measures. RESULTS The two populations differ significantly in facial shape, but the magnitude of this difference is small relative to the variation within each group. Allometric variation for facial shape is similar in both populations, representing a small but significant proportion of total variation in facial shape. Different measures of size are associated with overlapping but statistically distinct aspects of shape variation. Only half of the size-related variation in facial shape can be explained by the first principal component of four size measures and age while the remainder associates distinctly with individual measures. CONCLUSIONS Allometric variation in the human face is complex and should not be regarded as a singular effect. This finding has important implications for how size is treated in studies of human facial shape and for the developmental basis for allometric variation more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinda R Larson
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Mange F Manyama
- Division of Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Anatomy, Catholic University of Health and Allied Science, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Joanne B Cole
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program and Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Paula N Gonzalez
- Department of Anthropology, University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Denise K Liberton
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tracey M Ferrara
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program and Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sheri L Riccardi
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program and Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Emmanuel A Kimwaga
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic University of Health and Allied Science, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Joshua Mathayo
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic University of Health and Allied Science, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | | | - Campbell Rolian
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Heather A Jamniczky
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Seth M Weinberg
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Charles C Roseman
- Department of Animal Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Science, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Ophir Klein
- Departments of Orofacial Sciences and Pediatrics, and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard A Spritz
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program and Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Benedikt Hallgrimsson
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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11
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Dijker AJM, DeLuster R, Peeters N, de Vries NK. Seeing overweight adults as babies: Physical cues and implications for stigmatization. Br J Psychol 2017; 108:757-782. [PMID: 28230235 PMCID: PMC5655698 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Human babies not only are reliable triggers of tender feelings and protective tendencies, they also happen to be exceptionally fat compared to the newborns of most other species. These two facts are used to formulate a hypothesis predicting that overweight males, due to their great physical resemblance to babies, not only are perceived as cute, but also are associated with negatively evaluated traits (e.g., immaturity, lack of willpower) that are saliently inconsistent with traits required for adults. In this study, a great many physical features of adult males varying widely in weight were measured and correlated with subjective judgements. Providing preliminary support for the hypothesis, it was found that the features that were correlated with objective and perceived fatness (e.g., circularity of body parts, relatively large head, short and thick neck) also correlated with perceived babyishness. Perceived fatness and babyishness had curvilinear influences on the positive and prosocial appraisal of cuteness, but were primarily negatively related to perceived willpower and beauty. Results are used to formulate an alternative evolutionary perspective on social responses to overweight and obese individuals, emphasizing the uniquely human adaptive value of fatness and the misfiring of the underlying response mechanism under modern conditions of living.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton J. M. Dijker
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life SciencesCAPHRIMaastricht UniversityThe Netherlands
| | - Rutger DeLuster
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life SciencesCAPHRIMaastricht UniversityThe Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Peeters
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life SciencesCAPHRIMaastricht UniversityThe Netherlands
| | - Nanne K. de Vries
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life SciencesCAPHRIMaastricht UniversityThe Netherlands
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12
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Windhager S, Bookstein FL, Millesi E, Wallner B, Schaefer K. Patterns of correlation of facial shape with physiological measurements are more integrated than patterns of correlation with ratings. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45340. [PMID: 28349947 PMCID: PMC5368612 DOI: 10.1038/srep45340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This article exploits a method recently incorporated in the geometric morphometric toolkit that complements previous approaches to quantifying the facial features associated with specific body characteristics and trait attribution during social perception. The new method differentiates more globally encoded from more locally encoded information by a summary scaling dimension that is estimated by fitting a line to the plot of log bending energy against log variance explained, partial warp by partial warp, for some sample of varying shapes. In the present context these variances come from the regressions of shape on some exogenous cause or effect of form. We work an example involving data from male faces. Here the regression slopes are steepest, and the sums of explained variances over the uniform component, partial warp 1 and partial warp 2 are greatest, for the conventional body mass index, followed by cortisol and, lastly, perceived health. This suggests that physiological characteristics may be represented at larger scale (global patterns), whereas cues in perception are of smaller scale (local patterns). Such a polarity within psychomorphospace, the global versus the focal, now has a metric by which patterns of morphology can be modeled in both biological and psychological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Windhager
- Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Wien, Austria.,Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - F L Bookstein
- Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Wien, Austria.,Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Box 354322, Seattle, WA 98195-4322, USA
| | - E Millesi
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - B Wallner
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - K Schaefer
- Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Wien, Austria
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13
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Mayer C, Windhager S, Schaefer K, Mitteroecker P. BMI and WHR Are Reflected in Female Facial Shape and Texture: A Geometric Morphometric Image Analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169336. [PMID: 28052103 PMCID: PMC5215758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial markers of body composition are frequently studied in evolutionary psychology and are important in computational and forensic face recognition. We assessed the association of body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) with facial shape and texture (color pattern) in a sample of young Middle European women by a combination of geometric morphometrics and image analysis. Faces of women with high BMI had a wider and rounder facial outline relative to the size of the eyes and lips, and relatively lower eyebrows. Furthermore, women with high BMI had a brighter and more reddish skin color than women with lower BMI. The same facial features were associated with WHR, even though BMI and WHR were only moderately correlated. Yet BMI was better predictable than WHR from facial attributes. After leave-one-out cross-validation, we were able to predict 25% of variation in BMI and 10% of variation in WHR by facial shape. Facial texture predicted only about 3–10% of variation in BMI and WHR. This indicates that facial shape primarily reflects total fat proportion, rather than the distribution of fat within the body. The association of reddish facial texture in high-BMI women may be mediated by increased blood pressure and superficial blood flow as well as diet. Our study elucidates how geometric morphometric image analysis serves to quantify the effect of biological factors such as BMI and WHR to facial shape and color, which in turn contributes to social perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Mayer
- Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biosciences, CEES & EvoGene, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sonja Windhager
- Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Schaefer
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Mitteroecker
- Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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14
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Jandová M, Urbanová P. The relationship between facial morphology, body measurements and socio-economic factors. ANTHROPOLOGICAL REVIEW 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/anre-2016-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background and aim: The effect of socio-economic factors (living conditions) and parental smoking habits on development of facial morphology and body measurements was studied on a longitudinal Czech sample of 25 girls and 25 boys.
Subjects and methods: A set of studied digitalized photographs taken from 0.5 to 18 years in intervals of 6 months originated in the Brno Longitudinal Study. Facial shape changes of sub-adult participants were described using a configuration of 27 landmarks and further studied by using methods of geometric morphometric and multivariate statistics. In order to localize growth-related shape changes within the face, the studied region was divided into upper, middle and lower facial units and analyzed separately.
Results and conclusion: The results show that in the course of ontogenesis there is a strong correlation between facial shape change and body measurements, height included (r=0.10 and r=0.24 in boys and in girls, respectively). The pubertal spurt of the facial shape change rate was revealed at 10.5 years in girls and at 11.5 years in boys. The earlier onset of the pubertal rate increase in facial shape changes in boys was associated with records of poor living conditions. In addition, the mother’s smoking habits were linked to a noticeable facial shape change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Jandová
- Laboratory of Morphology and Forensic Anthropology, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno
| | - Petra Urbanová
- Laboratory of Morphology and Forensic Anthropology, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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16
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Han C, Hahn AC, Fisher CI, Debruine LM, Jones BC. Women's facial attractiveness is related to their body mass index but not their salivary cortisol. Am J Hum Biol 2015; 28:352-5. [PMID: 26407832 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although many theories of human facial attractiveness propose positive correlations between facial attractiveness and measures of actual health, evidence for such correlations is somewhat mixed. Here we sought to replicate a recent study reporting that women's facial attractiveness is independently related to both their adiposity and cortisol. METHODS Ninety-six women provided saliva samples, which were analyzed for cortisol level, and their height and weight, which were used to calculate their body mass index (BMI). A digital face image of each woman was also taken under standardized photographic conditions and rated for attractiveness. RESULTS There was a significant negative correlation between women's facial attractiveness and BMI. By contrast, salivary cortisol and facial attractiveness were not significantly correlated. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the types of health information reflected in women's faces include qualities that are indexed by BMI but do not necessarily include qualities that are indexed by cortisol. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:352-355, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyang Han
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda C Hahn
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Claire I Fisher
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa M Debruine
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Benedict C Jones
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Quinto-Sánchez M, Adhikari K, Acuña-Alonzo V, Cintas C, Silva de Cerqueira CC, Ramallo V, Castillo L, Farrera A, Jaramillo C, Arias W, Fuentes M, Everardo P, de Avila F, Gomez-Valdés J, Hünemeier T, Gibbon S, Gallo C, Poletti G, Rosique J, Bortolini MC, Canizales-Quinteros S, Rothhammer F, Bedoya G, Ruiz-Linares A, González-José R. Facial asymmetry and genetic ancestry in Latin American admixed populations. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 157:58-70. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaustubh Adhikari
- Department of Genetics; Evolution and Environment; and UCL Genetics Institute; University College London; London UK
| | - Victor Acuña-Alonzo
- Department of Genetics; Evolution and Environment; and UCL Genetics Institute; University College London; London UK
- Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia; Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia; Distrito Federal Mexico
| | - Celia Cintas
- Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET; Puerto Madryn Argentina
| | | | | | - Lucia Castillo
- Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET; Puerto Madryn Argentina
| | - Arodi Farrera
- Posgrado en Antropología; Facultad de Filosofía y Letras; UNAM; México City Mexico
| | - Claudia Jaramillo
- Departamento de Antropología; Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales; Universidad de Antioquia; Medellín Colombia
| | - Williams Arias
- Departamento de Antropología; Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales; Universidad de Antioquia; Medellín Colombia
| | - Macarena Fuentes
- Instituto de Alta Investigación Universidad de Tarapacá, Programa de Genética Humana ICBM Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile y Centro de Investigaciones del Hombre en el Desierto; Arica Chile
| | - Paola Everardo
- Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia; Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia; Distrito Federal Mexico
| | - Francisco de Avila
- Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia; Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia; Distrito Federal Mexico
| | | | - Tábita Hünemeier
- Departamento de Genética; Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Brasil
| | - Shara Gibbon
- Department of Anthropology; University College London; London UK
| | - Carla Gallo
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo; Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; Lima Perú
| | - Giovanni Poletti
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo; Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; Lima Perú
| | - Javier Rosique
- Departamento de Antropología; Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales; Universidad de Antioquia; Medellín Colombia
| | - Maria Cátira Bortolini
- Departamento de Genética; Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Brasil
| | - Samuel Canizales-Quinteros
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud; Facultad de Química; UNAM-Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica
| | - Francisco Rothhammer
- Instituto de Alta Investigación Universidad de Tarapacá, Programa de Genética Humana ICBM Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile y Centro de Investigaciones del Hombre en el Desierto; Arica Chile
| | - Gabriel Bedoya
- Departamento de Antropología; Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales; Universidad de Antioquia; Medellín Colombia
| | - Andres Ruiz-Linares
- Department of Genetics; Evolution and Environment; and UCL Genetics Institute; University College London; London UK
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18
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Huang Z, Barrett JS, Barrett K, Barrett R, Ng CM. Novel method to predict body weight in children based on age and morphological facial features. J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 55:447-51. [DOI: 10.1002/jcph.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyin Huang
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Barrett
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia PA USA
- Department of Pediatrics; Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Kyle Barrett
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Ryan Barrett
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Chee M. Ng
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia PA USA
- Department of Pediatrics; Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA USA
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