Craniosynostosis associated with ocular and distal limb defects is very likely caused by mutations in a gene different from FGFR, TWIST, and MSX2

The current understanding of germline predisposition in non-syndromic sagittal craniosynostosis: a systematic review

PURPOSE

The objective of this literature review was to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the current understanding of the genetic etiology for non-syndromic sagittal craniosynostosis.

METHODS

Using the PubMed database and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), we systematically reviewed relevant records on germline genetics in children with non-syndromic sagittal craniosynostosis.

RESULTS

Two hundred two records were identified, of which 25 were included following title and abstract screening and subsequent full-text review. The 25 records in combination included 829 children with non-syndromic sagittal craniosynostosis. A likely pathogenic or pathogenic germline variant was reported for 9.8% of the 827 patients for whom germline genetic testing was performed. The reported variants were distributed across 50 different genes, with more than one variant detected in 13 genes.

CONCLUSION

Based on the existing literature, genetic predisposition is likely to play a role in at least 9% of children with non-syndromic sagittal craniosynostosis. Future studies will benefit from international consensus in terms of diagnostic nomenclature and a higher level of standardization across study methodologies and bioinformatic approaches.

Anomalous bilateral lateral rectus muscles and anterior polar cataract with dysmorphic features

Congenital anomalies, such as absence, hypoplasia, bifurcation, or reduplication of various extraocular muscles, including lateral rectus muscles have been reported previously. We report a 5-year-old girl who had posteriorly malinserted lateral rectus at 15 mm from the limbus in the right eye with multiple associated ocular and systemic congenital malformations.