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Carvalho LML, Jorge AADL, Bertola DR, Krepischi ACV, Rosenberg C. A Comprehensive Review of Syndromic Forms of Obesity: Genetic Etiology, Clinical Features and Molecular Diagnosis. Curr Obes Rep 2024; 13:313-337. [PMID: 38277088 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-023-00543-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Syndromic obesity refers to obesity occurring with additional clinical findings, such as intellectual disability/developmental delay, dysmorphic features, and congenital malformations. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To present a narrative review regarding the genetic etiology, clinical description, and molecular diagnosis of syndromic obesity, which is a rare condition with high phenotypic variability and genetic heterogeneity. The following syndromes are presented in this review: Prader-Willi, Bardet-Biedl, Pseudohypoparathyroidism, Alström, Smith-Magenis, Cohen, Temple, 1p36 deletion, 16p11.2 microdeletion, Kleefstra, SIM1-related, Börjeson-Forssman-Lehmann, WAGRO, Carpenter, MORM, and MYT1L-related syndromes. RECENT FINDINGS: There are three main groups of mechanisms for syndromic obesity: imprinting, transcriptional activity regulation, and cellular cilia function. For molecular diagnostic, methods of genome-wide investigation should be prioritized over sequencing of panels of syndromic obesity genes. In addition, we present novel syndromic conditions that need further delineation, but evidences suggest they have a higher frequency of obesity. The etiology of syndromic obesity tends to be linked to disrupted neurodevelopment (central) and is associated with a diversity of genes and biological pathways. In the genetic investigation of individuals with syndromic obesity, the possibility that the etiology of the syndromic condition is independent of obesity should be considered. The accurate genetic diagnosis impacts medical management, treatment, and prognosis, and allows proper genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Machado Lara Carvalho
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Laboratory of Human Genetics - LGH, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Matão Street 277 - Room 350, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexander Augusto de Lima Jorge
- Genetic Endocrinology Unit, Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (LIM/25), Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Débora Romeo Bertola
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Laboratory of Human Genetics - LGH, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Matão Street 277 - Room 350, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Genetics Unit of Instituto da Criança, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Victorino Krepischi
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Laboratory of Human Genetics - LGH, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Matão Street 277 - Room 350, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla Rosenberg
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Laboratory of Human Genetics - LGH, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Matão Street 277 - Room 350, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Watts LM, Bertoli M, Attie-Bitach T, Roux N, Rausell A, Paschal CR, Zambonin JL, Curry CJ, Martin B, Tooze RS, Hawkes L, Kini U, Twigg SRF, Wilkie AOM. The phenotype of MEGF8-related Carpenter syndrome (CRPT2) is refined through the identification of eight new patients. Eur J Hum Genet 2024:10.1038/s41431-024-01624-9. [PMID: 38760421 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-024-01624-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Carpenter syndrome (CRPTS) is a rare autosomal recessive condition caused by biallelic variants in genes that encode negative regulators of hedgehog signalling (RAB23 [CRPT1] or, more rarely, MEGF8 [CRPT2]), and is characterised by craniosynostosis, polysyndactyly, and other congenital abnormalities. We describe a further six families comprising eight individuals with MEGF8-associated CRPT2, increasing the total number of reported cases to fifteen, and refine the phenotype of CRPT2 compared to CRPT1. The core features of craniosynostosis, polysyndactyly and (in males) cryptorchidism are almost universal in both CRPT1 and CRPT2. However, laterality defects are present in nearly half of those with MEGF8-associated CRPT2, but are rare in RAB23-associated CRPT1. Craniosynostosis in CRPT2 commonly involves a single midline suture in comparison to the multi-suture craniosynostosis characteristic of CRPT1. No patient to date has carried two MEGF8 gene alterations that are both predicted to lead to complete loss-of-function, suggesting that a variable degree of residual MEGF8 activity may be essential for viability and potentially contributing to variable phenotypic severity. These data refine the phenotypic spectrum of CRPT2 in comparison to CRPT1 and more than double the number of likely pathogenic MEGF8 variants in this rare disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Watts
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Marta Bertoli
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tania Attie-Bitach
- Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies Rares, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de biologie médicale multisites SeqOIA, Paris, France
| | - Natalie Roux
- Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies Rares, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Antonio Rausell
- Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies Rares, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de biologie médicale multisites SeqOIA, Paris, France
| | | | - Jessica L Zambonin
- Provincial Medical Genetics Program, BC Women's Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cynthia J Curry
- University of California San Francisco/Fresno, Fresno, CA, USA
- Genetic Medicine, Community Regional Medical Center, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Blanche Martin
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Rebecca S Tooze
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Lara Hawkes
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Usha Kini
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen R F Twigg
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew O M Wilkie
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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Yuan L, Yang R, Deng H. Auricular fistula: a review of its clinical manifestations, genetics, and treatments. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:1041-1058. [PMID: 37458758 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02343-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Auricular fistula is a common congenital auricular malformation, characterized as a small opening in the skin and a subcutaneous cyst. It can be classified in different ways according to positions of pits and directions of fistula tracts. The term preauricular fistula and variant type of preauricular fistula (postauricular fistula) are used. Auricular fistula prevalence varies in countries and populations, and its actual prevalence is presently unknown. The most accepted and widely cited theory of auricular fistula etiopathogenesis is an incorrect or incomplete fusion of six auricular hillocks that are mesenchymal proliferations. Auricular fistula can occur either sporadically or genetically. The pattern in inherited cases is thought to be incomplete autosomal dominant, with variable expressions, reduced penetrance, and inapparent gender differences. Auricular fistula has several forms and is reported as being a component of many syndromes. In the field of genetics, currently, there is no related review to comprehensively summarize the genetic basis of auricular fistula and related disorders. This article provides a comprehensive review of auricular fistula, especially congenital preauricular fistula, which accounts for the majority of auricular fistula, by summarizing the clinical manifestations, histological and embryological development, genetics, examinations, and treatments, as well as syndromes with auricular fistula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamei Yuan
- Health Management Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- Center for Experimental Medicine, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- Disease Genome Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Ruikang Yang
- Health Management Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- Center for Experimental Medicine, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- Disease Genome Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Health Management Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
- Center for Experimental Medicine, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
- Disease Genome Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
- Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
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Cassim A, Hettiarachchi D, Dissanayake VHW. Genetic determinants of syndactyly: perspectives on pathogenesis and diagnosis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022; 17:198. [PMID: 35549993 PMCID: PMC9097448 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02339-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of the digits is a tightly regulated process. During embryogenesis, disturbance of genetic pathways in limb development could result in syndactyly; a common congenital malformation consisting of webbing in adjacent digits. Currently, there is a paucity of knowledge regarding the exact developmental mechanism leading to this condition. The best studied canonical interactions of Wingless‐type–Bone Morphogenic Protein–Fibroblast Growth Factor (WNT–BMP–FGF8), plays a role in the interdigital cell death (ICD) which is thought to be repressed in human syndactyly. Animal studies have displayed other pathways such as the Notch signaling, metalloprotease and non-canonical WNT-Planar cell polarity (PCP), to also contribute to failure of ICD, although less prominence has been given. The current diagnosis is based on a clinical evaluation followed by radiography when indicated, and surgical release of digits at 6 months of age is recommended. This review discusses the interactions repressing ICD in syndactyly, and characterizes genes associated with non-syndromic and selected syndromes involving syndactyly, according to the best studied canonical WNT-BMP-FGF interactions in humans. Additionally, the controversies regarding the current syndactyly classification and the effect of non-coding elements are evaluated, which to our knowledge has not been previously highlighted. The aim of the review is to better understand the developmental process leading to this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afraah Cassim
- Human Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, 25, Kynsey Road, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
| | - Dineshani Hettiarachchi
- Human Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, 25, Kynsey Road, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Vajira H W Dissanayake
- Human Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, 25, Kynsey Road, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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Khairat R, Elhossini R, Sobreira N, Wohler E, Otaify G, Mohamed AM, Abdel Raouf ER, Sayed I, Aglan M, Ismail S, Temtamy SA. Expansion of the phenotypic and mutational spectrum of Carpenter syndrome. Eur J Med Genet 2021; 65:104377. [PMID: 34748996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2021.104377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Carpenter syndrome 1 (CRPT1) is an acrocephalopolysyndactyly (ACPS) disorder characterized by craniosynostosis, polysyndactyly, obesity, and other malformations. It is caused by mutations in the gene RAB23. We are reporting on two patients from two unrelated consanguineous Egyptian families. Patient 1 presented with an atypical clinical presentation of Carpenter syndrome including overgrowth with advanced bone age, epileptogenic changes on electroencephalogram and autistic features. Patient 2 presented with typical clinical features suggestive of Carpenter syndrome. Therefore, Patient 1 was subjected to whole exome sequencing (WES) to find an explanation for his unusual features and Patient 2 was subjected to Sanger sequencing of the coding exons of theRAB23 gene to confirm the diagnosis. We identified a novel homozygous missense RAB23 variant (NM_001278668:c.T416C:p.Leu139Pro) in Patient 1 and a novel homozygous splicing variant (NM_016277.5:c.398+1G > A) in Patient 2. We suggest that the overgrowth with advanced bone age, electroencephalogram epileptogenic changes, and autistic features seen in Patient 1 are an expansion of the Carpenter phenotype and could be due to the novel missense RAB23 variant. Additionally, the novel identified RAB23 variants in Patient 1 and 2 broaden the spectrum of variants associated with Carpenter syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabab Khairat
- Department of Medical Molecular Genetics, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Rasha Elhossini
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nara Sobreira
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth Wohler
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ghada Otaify
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amal M Mohamed
- Department of Human Cytogenetics, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ehab R Abdel Raouf
- Department of Children of Special Needs, Medicine and Clinical Studies Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Inas Sayed
- Department of Oro-dental Genetics, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona Aglan
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samira Ismail
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samia A Temtamy
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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Casteleyn T, Horn D, Henrich W, Verlohren S. Differential diagnosis of syndromic craniosynostosis: a case series. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2021; 306:49-57. [PMID: 34633507 PMCID: PMC9300495 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-021-06263-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Syndromic craniosynostosis is a rare genetic disease caused by premature fusion of one or multiple cranial sutures combined with malformations of other organs. The aim of this publication is to investigate sonographic signs of different syndromic craniosynostoses and associated malformations to facilitate a precise and early diagnosis. Methods We identified in the period of 2000–2019 thirteen cases with a prenatal suspected diagnosis of syndromic craniosynostosis at our department. We analyzed the ultrasound findings, MRI scans, genetic results as well as the mode of delivery, and postnatal procedures. Results Eight children were diagnosed with Apert Syndrome, two with Saethre Chotzen syndrome, one with Crouzon syndrome, and one with Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome. One child had a mutation p.(Pro253Leu) in the FGFR2 gene. We identified characteristic changes of the head shape as well as typical associated malformations. Conclusion Second trimester diagnosis of syndromic craniosynostosis is feasible based on the identified sonographic signs. In case of a suspected diagnosis a genetic, neonatal as well as surgical counseling is recommended. We also recommend to offer a fetal MRI. The delivery should be planned in a perinatal center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Casteleyn
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Sana Klinikum Lichtenberg, Berlin, Germany
| | - Denise Horn
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Henrich
- Department of Obstetrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Verlohren
- Department of Obstetrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
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Hor CHH, Lo JCW, Cham ALS, Leong WY, Goh ELK. Multifaceted Functions of Rab23 on Primary Cilium-Mediated and Hedgehog Signaling-Mediated Cerebellar Granule Cell Proliferation. J Neurosci 2021; 41:6850-6863. [PMID: 34210780 PMCID: PMC8360682 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3005-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling from the primary cilium drives cerebellar granule cell precursor (GCP) proliferation. Mutations of hedgehog (Hh) pathway repressors commonly cause medulloblastoma, the most prevalent and malignant childhood brain tumor that arises from aberrant GCP proliferation. We demonstrate that Nestin Cre-driven conditional knock-out (CKO) of a Shh pathway repressor-Rab23 in the mouse brain of both genders caused mis-patterning of cerebellar folia and elevated GCP proliferation during early development, but with no prevalent occurrence of medulloblastoma at adult stage. Strikingly, Rab23-depleted GCPs exhibited upregulated basal level of Shh pathway activities despite showing an abnormal ciliogenesis of primary cilia. In line with the compromised ciliation, Rab23-depleted GCPs were desensitized against Hh pathway activity stimulations by Shh ligand and Smoothened (Smo) agonist-SAG, and exhibited attenuated stimulation of Smo-localization on the primary cilium in response to SAG. These results implicate multidimensional actions of Rab23 on Hh signaling cascade. Rab23 represses the basal level of Shh signaling, while facilitating primary cilium-dependent extrinsic Shh signaling activation. Collectively, our findings unravel instrumental roles of Rab23 in GCP proliferation and ciliogenesis. Furthermore, Rab23's potentiation of Shh signaling pathway through the primary cilium and Smo suggests a potential new therapeutic strategy for Smo/primary cilium-driven medulloblastoma.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Primary cilium and Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling are known to regulate granule cell precursor (GCP) proliferation. Aberrant overactivation of Shh signaling pathway ectopically increases GCP proliferation and causes malignant childhood tumor called medulloblastoma. However, the genetic and molecular regulatory cascade of GCP tumorigenesis remains incompletely understood. Our finding uncovers Rab23 as a novel regulator of hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway activity and cell proliferation in GCP. Intriguingly, we demonstrated that Rab23 confers dual functions in regulating Shh signaling; it potentiates primary cilium and Shh/Smoothened (Smo)-dependent signaling activation, while antagonizes basal level Hh activity. Our data present a previously underappreciated aspect of Rab23 in mediating extrinsic Shh signaling upstream of Smo. This study sheds new light on the mechanistic insights underpinning Shh signaling-mediated GCP proliferation and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H H Hor
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, Singapore, 169857
| | - J C W Lo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - A L S Cham
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - W Y Leong
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, Singapore, 169857
| | - E L K Goh
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, Singapore, 169857
- Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Faculty, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232
- KK Research Center, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, 229899
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Ciliary Signalling and Mechanotransduction in the Pathophysiology of Craniosynostosis. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071073. [PMID: 34356089 PMCID: PMC8306115 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniosynostosis (CS) is the second most prevalent inborn craniofacial malformation; it results from the premature fusion of cranial sutures and leads to dimorphisms of variable severity. CS is clinically heterogeneous, as it can be either a sporadic isolated defect, more frequently, or part of a syndromic phenotype with mendelian inheritance. The genetic basis of CS is also extremely heterogeneous, with nearly a hundred genes associated so far, mostly mutated in syndromic forms. Several genes can be categorised within partially overlapping pathways, including those causing defects of the primary cilium. The primary cilium is a cellular antenna serving as a signalling hub implicated in mechanotransduction, housing key molecular signals expressed on the ciliary membrane and in the cilioplasm. This mechanical property mediated by the primary cilium may also represent a cue to understand the pathophysiology of non-syndromic CS. In this review, we aimed to highlight the implication of the primary cilium components and active signalling in CS pathophysiology, dissecting their biological functions in craniofacial development and in suture biomechanics. Through an in-depth revision of the literature and computational annotation of disease-associated genes we categorised 18 ciliary genes involved in CS aetiology. Interestingly, a prevalent implication of midline sutures is observed in CS ciliopathies, possibly explained by the specific neural crest origin of the frontal bone.
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Rab GTPases: Switching to Human Diseases. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080909. [PMID: 31426400 PMCID: PMC6721686 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rab proteins compose the largest family of small GTPases and control the different steps of intracellular membrane traffic. More recently, they have been shown to also regulate cell signaling, division, survival, and migration. The regulation of these processes generally occurs through recruitment of effectors and regulatory proteins, which control the association of Rab proteins to membranes and their activation state. Alterations in Rab proteins and their effectors are associated with multiple human diseases, including neurodegeneration, cancer, and infections. This review provides an overview of how the dysregulation of Rab-mediated functions and membrane trafficking contributes to these disorders. Understanding the altered dynamics of Rabs and intracellular transport defects might thus shed new light on potential therapeutic strategies.
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Hor CH, Goh EL. Small GTPases in hedgehog signalling: emerging insights into the disease mechanisms of Rab23-mediated and Arl13b-mediated ciliopathies. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2019; 56:61-68. [PMID: 31465935 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Small GTPases are known to have pivotal roles in intracellular trafficking, and several members of the small GTPases superfamily such as Rab10 [1,2•], Rab11 [3-5], Rab34 [6•,7], Rab8 [3,8], Rab23 [9-12], RSG1 [13-15], Arl13b [16-22], and Arl6 [22,23] were recently reported to mediate primary cilia function and/or Hh signalling. Although these functions are implicated in diseases such as ciliopathies, the molecular basis underlying how these small GTPases mediate primary cilia-dependent Hh signalling and pathogenesis of ciliopathies warrants further investigations. Notably, Rab23 and Arl13b have been implicated in ciliopathy-associated human diseases and could regulate Hh signalling cascade in multifaceted manners. This review thus specifically discuss the roles of Rab23 and Arl13b in primary cilia of mammalian systems, their cilia-dependent and cilia-independent modulation of hedgehog signalling pathways and their implications in Carpenter Syndrome and Joubert Syndrome respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Hh Hor
- Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Department of Chemistry, Research Cluster on Health and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Eyleen Lk Goh
- Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore; Neuroscience and Mental Health Faculty, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore; KK Research Center, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore.
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Brennan GP, Vitsios DM, Casey S, Looney AM, Hallberg B, Henshall DC, Boylan GB, Murray DM, Mooney C. RNA-sequencing analysis of umbilical cord plasma microRNAs from healthy newborns. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207952. [PMID: 30507953 PMCID: PMC6277075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are a class of small non-coding RNA that regulate gene expression at a post-transcriptional level. MicroRNAs have been identified in various body fluids under normal conditions and their stability as well as their dysregulation in disease has led to ongoing interest in their diagnostic and prognostic potential. Circulating microRNAs may be valuable predictors of early-life complications such as birth asphyxia or neonatal seizures but there are relatively few data on microRNA content in plasma from healthy babies. Here we performed small RNA-sequencing analysis of plasma processed from umbilical cord blood in a set of healthy newborns. MicroRNA levels in umbilical cord plasma of four male and four female healthy babies, from two different centres were profiled. A total of 1,004 individual microRNAs were identified, which ranged from 426 to 659 per sample, of which 269 microRNAs were common to all eight samples. Many of these microRNAs are highly expressed and consistent with previous studies using other high throughput platforms. While overall microRNA expression did not differ between male and female cord blood plasma, we did detect differentially edited microRNAs in female plasma compared to male. Of note, and consistent with other studies of this type, adenylation and uridylation were the two most prominent forms of editing. Six microRNAs, miR-128-3p, miR-29a-3p, miR-9-5p, miR-218-5p, 204-5p and miR-132-3p were consistently both uridylated and adenylated in female cord blood plasma. These results provide a benchmark for microRNA profiling and biomarker discovery using umbilical cord plasma and can be used as comparative data for future biomarker profiles from complicated births or those with early-life developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary P. Brennan
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dimitrios M. Vitsios
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory–European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Casey
- INFANT Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Boubou Hallberg
- Neonatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David C. Henshall
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Geraldine B. Boylan
- INFANT Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Deirdre M. Murray
- INFANT Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Mooney
- FutureNeuro Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- INFANT Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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12
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Abstract
Abstract
Cystic hygroma (CH) is characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the region of the fetal neck and is a major anomaly associated with aneuploidy. Morphologically characterized by failure of the lymphatic system to communicate with the venous system in the neck, the clinical manifestations of CH depend on its size and location. Incidence is estimated at one case per 6000-16,000 live births. CH has autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive inheritance. This Utility Gene Test was developed on the basis of an analysis of the literature and existing diagnostic protocols. It is useful for confirming diagnosis, as well as for differential diagnosis, couple risk assessment and access to clinical trials.
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13
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Hor CH, Tang BL, Goh EL. Rab23 and developmental disorders. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:849-860. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Rab23 is a conserved member of the Rab family of small GTPases that regulates membrane trafficking in eukaryotes. It is unique amongst the Rabs in terms of its implicated role in mammalian development, as originally illustrated by the embryonic lethality and open neural tube phenotype of a spontaneous mouse mutant that carries homozygous mutation of open brain, a gene encoding Rab23. Rab23 was initially identified to act as an antagonist of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling, and has since been implicated in a number of physiological and pathological roles, including oncogenesis. Interestingly, RAB23 null allele homozygosity in humans is not lethal, but instead causes the developmental disorder Carpenter’s syndrome (CS), which is characterized by craniofacial malformations, polysyndactyly, obesity and intellectual disability. CS bears some phenotypic resemblance to a spectrum of hereditary defects associated with the primary cilium, or the ciliopathies. Recent findings have in fact implicated Rab23 in protein traffic to the primary cilium, thus linking it with the primary cellular locale of Shh signaling. Rab23 also has Shh and cilia-independent functions. It is known to mediate the expression of Nodal at the mouse left lateral plate mesoderm and Kupffer’s vesicle, the zebrafish equivalent of the mouse node. It is thus important for the left-right patterning of vertebrate embryos. In this review, we discuss the developmental disorders associated with Rab23 and attempt to relate its cellular activities to its roles in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine H.H. Hor
- Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School , 8 College Road , Singapore 169857 , Singapore
- Department of Research , National Neuroscience Institute , Singapore 308433 , Singapore
| | - Bor Luen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry , Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117597 , Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering , National University of Singapore, Medical Drive , Singapore 117456 , Singapore
| | - Eyleen L.K. Goh
- Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School , 8 College Road , Singapore 169857 , Singapore
- Department of Research , National Neuroscience Institute , Singapore 308433 , Singapore
- Department of Physiology , Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University of Singapore , 8 Medical Drive , Singapore 117597 , Singapore
- KK Research Center, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital , Singapore 229899 , Singapore
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14
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Nagarajan M, Sharbidre KG, Bhabad SH, Byrd SE. MR Imaging of the Fetal Face: Comprehensive Review. Radiographics 2018; 38:962-980. [PMID: 29652578 DOI: 10.1148/rg.2018170142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The human face is a complex anatomic structure with an equally complex embryologic development. Derangement of the developmental process can result in various structural anomalies, which range from a mainly cosmetic deformity, such as cleft lip, to potentially life-threatening conditions such as arhinia. These anomalies (a) can occur as isolated anomalies; (b) can be associated with intracranial, spinal, or dental anomalies; or (c) can be a part of various syndromes, thus serving as diagnostic clues in such cases. Proper evaluation of fetal facial deformities can help in prognostication, family counseling, and prenatal or early postnatal intervention. Ultrasonography (US) is the first line of investigation in these cases. However, when US does not allow complete evaluation of these anomalies owing to its inherent limitations, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging allows comprehensive evaluation of the anomaly itself and also evaluation of various associations and the treatment approach. The embryology of the fetal facial structures is considered with regard to the MR imaging technique and the MR imaging anatomy. The MR imaging features of various structural anomalies are described and classified into six groups, namely, orofacial clefts, orbital anomalies, nasal anomalies, facial masses, external ear anomalies, and abnormal face shape or profile. Also, the key associations and relevant treatment implications are reviewed. The article provides a "one-stop shop" review of these unique disorders-from basic understanding of the embryology to applying the knowledge in clinical practice, helping the interprofessional team and the patients alike. ©RSNA, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Nagarajan
- From the Department of Neuroradiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 W Congress Pkwy, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Kedar G Sharbidre
- From the Department of Neuroradiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 W Congress Pkwy, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Sudeep H Bhabad
- From the Department of Neuroradiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 W Congress Pkwy, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Sharon E Byrd
- From the Department of Neuroradiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 W Congress Pkwy, Chicago, IL 60612
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15
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Large-scale computational drug repositioning to find treatments for rare diseases. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2018; 4:13. [PMID: 29560273 PMCID: PMC5847522 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-018-0050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare, or orphan, diseases are conditions afflicting a small subset of people in a population. Although these disorders collectively pose significant health care problems, drug companies require government incentives to develop drugs for rare diseases due to extremely limited individual markets. Computer-aided drug repositioning, i.e., finding new indications for existing drugs, is a cheaper and faster alternative to traditional drug discovery offering a promising venue for orphan drug research. Structure-based matching of drug-binding pockets is among the most promising computational techniques to inform drug repositioning. In order to find new targets for known drugs ultimately leading to drug repositioning, we recently developed eMatchSite, a new computer program to compare drug-binding sites. In this study, eMatchSite is combined with virtual screening to systematically explore opportunities to reposition known drugs to proteins associated with rare diseases. The effectiveness of this integrated approach is demonstrated for a kinase inhibitor, which is a confirmed candidate for repositioning to synapsin Ia. The resulting dataset comprises 31,142 putative drug-target complexes linked to 980 orphan diseases. The modeling accuracy is evaluated against the structural data recently released for tyrosine-protein kinase HCK. To illustrate how potential therapeutics for rare diseases can be identified, we discuss a possibility to repurpose a steroidal aromatase inhibitor to treat Niemann-Pick disease type C. Overall, the exhaustive exploration of the drug repositioning space exposes new opportunities to combat orphan diseases with existing drugs. DrugBank/Orphanet repositioning data are freely available to research community at https://osf.io/qdjup/.
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16
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Abstract
Cilia are microtubule-based organelles extending from a basal body at the surface of eukaryotic cells. Cilia regulate cell and fluid motility, sensation and developmental signaling, and ciliary defects cause human diseases (ciliopathies) affecting the formation and function of many tissues and organs. Over the past decade, various Rab and Rab-like membrane trafficking proteins have been shown to regulate cilia-related processes such as basal body maturation, ciliary axoneme extension, intraflagellar transport and ciliary signaling. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of Rab protein ciliary associations, drawing on findings from multiple model systems, including mammalian cell culture, mice, zebrafish, C. elegans, trypanosomes, and green algae. We also discuss several emerging mechanistic themes related to ciliary Rab cascades and functional redundancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver E Blacque
- a School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science , University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin , Ireland
| | - Noemie Scheidel
- a School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science , University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin , Ireland
| | - Stefanie Kuhns
- a School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science , University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin , Ireland
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17
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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Fetal methotrexate syndrome and Antley-Bixler syndrome should not be confused. Pediatr Radiol 2018; 48:1180. [PMID: 29675757 PMCID: PMC6061480 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-018-4125-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Abstract
Cilia are microtubule-based organelles extending from a basal body at the surface of eukaryotic cells. Cilia regulate cell and fluid motility, sensation and developmental signaling, and ciliary defects cause human diseases (ciliopathies) affecting the formation and function of many tissues and organs. Over the past decade, various Rab and Rab-like membrane trafficking proteins have been shown to regulate cilia-related processes such as basal body maturation, ciliary axoneme extension, intraflagellar transport and ciliary signaling. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of Rab protein ciliary associations, drawing on findings from multiple model systems, including mammalian cell culture, mice, zebrafish, C. elegans, trypanosomes, and green algae. We also discuss several emerging mechanistic themes related to ciliary Rab cascades and functional redundancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver E Blacque
- a School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science , University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin , Ireland
| | - Noemie Scheidel
- a School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science , University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin , Ireland
| | - Stefanie Kuhns
- a School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science , University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin , Ireland
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19
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Zheng LQ, Chi SM, Li CX. Rab23's genetic structure, function and related diseases: a review. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20160410. [PMID: 28104793 PMCID: PMC5333778 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab23 has been proven to play a role in membrane trafficking and protein transport in eukaryotic cells. Rab23 is also a negative regulator of the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway in an indirect way. The nonsense mutation and loss of protein of Rab23 has been associated with neural tube defect in mice and aberrant expression in various diseases in human such as neural system, breast, visceral, and cutaneous tumor. In addition, Rab23 may play joint roles in autophagosome formation during anti-infection process against Group A streptococcus. In this review, we give a brief review on the functions of Rab23, summarize the involvement of Rab23 in genetic research, membrane trafficking, and potential autophagy pathway, especially focus on tumor promotion, disease pathogenesis, and discuss the possible underlying mechanisms that are regulated by Rab23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qiang Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Dermatology, the 251st Hospital of Chinese PLA, No.13.Jian'guo Road, Zhangjiakou City, Hebei Province, 075100, China
| | - Su-Min Chi
- Department of Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Cheng-Xin Li
- Department of Dermatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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20
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Rubio EI, Blask A, Bulas DI. Ultrasound and MR imaging findings in prenatal diagnosis of craniosynostosis syndromes. Pediatr Radiol 2016; 46:709-18. [PMID: 26914936 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-016-3550-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Craniosynostosis syndromes are uncommonly encountered in the prenatal period. Identification is challenging but important for family counseling and perinatal management. OBJECTIVE This series examines prenatal findings in craniosynostosis syndromes, comparing the complementary roles of US and MRI and emphasizing clues easily missed in the second trimester. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six prenatal cases evaluated from 2002 through 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Referral history, gestational age, and sonographic and MRI findings were reviewed by three pediatric radiologists. Abnormalities of the calvarium, hands, feet, face, airway and central nervous system were compared between modalities. RESULTS The diagnosis was Apert syndrome in three, Pfeiffer syndrome in two and Carpenter syndrome in one. The gestational age at evaluation ranged from 21 to 33 weeks. All six were evaluated by MRI and US, with two undergoing repeat evaluation in the third trimester, yielding a total of eight MRIs and US exams. The referral history suggested cloverleaf skull in two cases but did not suggest craniosynostosis syndrome in any case. In four, the referral suggested central nervous system (CNS) findings that were not confirmed by MRI; additional CNS findings were discovered in the remaining two. In four cases, developing turricephaly resulted in a characteristic "lampshade" contour of the fetal head. Hypertelorism and proptosis were present in five, with proptosis better appreciated by MRI. Digit abnormalities were present in all, seen equally well by MRI and US. Lung abnormalities in the second trimester in one fetus resolved by the third trimester. CONCLUSION Prenatal diagnosis of craniosynostosis syndromes is difficult prior to the third trimester. MRI and US have complementary roles in evaluation of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva I Rubio
- Department of Radiology, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Ave. NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.
| | - Anna Blask
- Department of Radiology, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Ave. NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Dorothy I Bulas
- Department of Radiology, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Ave. NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
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21
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Kotecha UH, Puri RD, Dash P, Bijarnia-Mahay S, Lall M, Verma IC. Need for Fetal Autopsy and Genetic Diagnosis in Fetal Limb Anomalies. JOURNAL OF FETAL MEDICINE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40556-015-0029-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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