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Sliepka JM, McGriff SC, Rossetti LZ, Bizargity P, Streff H, Lee YS, Dai H, Polubothu S, Lee G, Ren V, Hunter JV, Curry DJ, Scaglia F, Adesina AM, Ali I, Kinsler V, Burrage LC, Marafi D. GNA11 brain somatic pathogenic variant in an individual with phacomatosis pigmentovascularis. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2019; 5:e366. [PMID: 31872050 PMCID: PMC6878837 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective To describe the findings of histopathology and genotyping studies in affected brain tissue from an individual with phacomatosis pigmentovascularis (PPV). Methods A retrospective chart review of a 2-year 10-month-old male with a clinical diagnosis of PPV cesiomarmorata (or type V) was performed. Clinical features, brain imaging and histopathology findings, and genotyping studies in his affected brain tissue are summarized. Results The proband had a clinically severe neurologic phenotype characterized by global developmental delay, generalized hypotonia, and recurrent episodes of cardiac asystole in the setting of status epilepticus. A somatic pathogenic variant in GNA11 (c.547C>T, p.Arg183Cys) was detected in his skin tissue but not in blood (previously published). He underwent an urgent left posterior quadrantectomy for his life-threatening seizures. Histopathology of resected brain tissue showed an increase in leptomeningeal melanocytes and abnormal vasculature, and the exact pathogenic variant in GNA11 (c.547C>T, p.Arg183Cys), previously isolated from his skin tissue but not blood, was detected in his resected brain tissue. Conclusions The finding of this variant in affected skin and brain tissue of our patient with PPV supports a unifying genetic diagnosis of his neurocutaneous features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Sliepka
- Baylor College of Medicine (J.M.S., S.C.M.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (L.Z.R., H.S., G.L., V.R., J.V.H., D.J.C., F.S., A.M.A., I.A., L.C.B., D.M.); Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.Z.R., H.S., H.D., F.S., L.C.B., D.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (P.B.), Northwell Health, Division of Human Genetics and Genomics, Great Neck, NY; Department of Pathology and Immunology (Y.-S.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Genetics and Genomic Medicine (S.P., V.K.), UCL GOS Institute of Child Health; Pediatric Dermatology (S.P., V.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Department of Dermatology (G.L., V.R.), Department of Radiology (J.V.H.), and Department of Neurosurgery (D.J.C.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Pathology and Immunology (A.M.A), Department of Pediatrics (I.A.), and Department of Neurology (I.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Pediatrics (D.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Sarah C McGriff
- Baylor College of Medicine (J.M.S., S.C.M.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (L.Z.R., H.S., G.L., V.R., J.V.H., D.J.C., F.S., A.M.A., I.A., L.C.B., D.M.); Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.Z.R., H.S., H.D., F.S., L.C.B., D.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (P.B.), Northwell Health, Division of Human Genetics and Genomics, Great Neck, NY; Department of Pathology and Immunology (Y.-S.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Genetics and Genomic Medicine (S.P., V.K.), UCL GOS Institute of Child Health; Pediatric Dermatology (S.P., V.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Department of Dermatology (G.L., V.R.), Department of Radiology (J.V.H.), and Department of Neurosurgery (D.J.C.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Pathology and Immunology (A.M.A), Department of Pediatrics (I.A.), and Department of Neurology (I.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Pediatrics (D.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Linda Z Rossetti
- Baylor College of Medicine (J.M.S., S.C.M.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (L.Z.R., H.S., G.L., V.R., J.V.H., D.J.C., F.S., A.M.A., I.A., L.C.B., D.M.); Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.Z.R., H.S., H.D., F.S., L.C.B., D.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (P.B.), Northwell Health, Division of Human Genetics and Genomics, Great Neck, NY; Department of Pathology and Immunology (Y.-S.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Genetics and Genomic Medicine (S.P., V.K.), UCL GOS Institute of Child Health; Pediatric Dermatology (S.P., V.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Department of Dermatology (G.L., V.R.), Department of Radiology (J.V.H.), and Department of Neurosurgery (D.J.C.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Pathology and Immunology (A.M.A), Department of Pediatrics (I.A.), and Department of Neurology (I.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Pediatrics (D.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Peyman Bizargity
- Baylor College of Medicine (J.M.S., S.C.M.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (L.Z.R., H.S., G.L., V.R., J.V.H., D.J.C., F.S., A.M.A., I.A., L.C.B., D.M.); Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.Z.R., H.S., H.D., F.S., L.C.B., D.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (P.B.), Northwell Health, Division of Human Genetics and Genomics, Great Neck, NY; Department of Pathology and Immunology (Y.-S.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Genetics and Genomic Medicine (S.P., V.K.), UCL GOS Institute of Child Health; Pediatric Dermatology (S.P., V.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Department of Dermatology (G.L., V.R.), Department of Radiology (J.V.H.), and Department of Neurosurgery (D.J.C.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Pathology and Immunology (A.M.A), Department of Pediatrics (I.A.), and Department of Neurology (I.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Pediatrics (D.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Haley Streff
- Baylor College of Medicine (J.M.S., S.C.M.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (L.Z.R., H.S., G.L., V.R., J.V.H., D.J.C., F.S., A.M.A., I.A., L.C.B., D.M.); Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.Z.R., H.S., H.D., F.S., L.C.B., D.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (P.B.), Northwell Health, Division of Human Genetics and Genomics, Great Neck, NY; Department of Pathology and Immunology (Y.-S.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Genetics and Genomic Medicine (S.P., V.K.), UCL GOS Institute of Child Health; Pediatric Dermatology (S.P., V.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Department of Dermatology (G.L., V.R.), Department of Radiology (J.V.H.), and Department of Neurosurgery (D.J.C.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Pathology and Immunology (A.M.A), Department of Pediatrics (I.A.), and Department of Neurology (I.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Pediatrics (D.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Yi-Shan Lee
- Baylor College of Medicine (J.M.S., S.C.M.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (L.Z.R., H.S., G.L., V.R., J.V.H., D.J.C., F.S., A.M.A., I.A., L.C.B., D.M.); Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.Z.R., H.S., H.D., F.S., L.C.B., D.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (P.B.), Northwell Health, Division of Human Genetics and Genomics, Great Neck, NY; Department of Pathology and Immunology (Y.-S.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Genetics and Genomic Medicine (S.P., V.K.), UCL GOS Institute of Child Health; Pediatric Dermatology (S.P., V.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Department of Dermatology (G.L., V.R.), Department of Radiology (J.V.H.), and Department of Neurosurgery (D.J.C.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Pathology and Immunology (A.M.A), Department of Pediatrics (I.A.), and Department of Neurology (I.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Pediatrics (D.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Hongzheng Dai
- Baylor College of Medicine (J.M.S., S.C.M.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (L.Z.R., H.S., G.L., V.R., J.V.H., D.J.C., F.S., A.M.A., I.A., L.C.B., D.M.); Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.Z.R., H.S., H.D., F.S., L.C.B., D.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (P.B.), Northwell Health, Division of Human Genetics and Genomics, Great Neck, NY; Department of Pathology and Immunology (Y.-S.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Genetics and Genomic Medicine (S.P., V.K.), UCL GOS Institute of Child Health; Pediatric Dermatology (S.P., V.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Department of Dermatology (G.L., V.R.), Department of Radiology (J.V.H.), and Department of Neurosurgery (D.J.C.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Pathology and Immunology (A.M.A), Department of Pediatrics (I.A.), and Department of Neurology (I.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Pediatrics (D.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Satyamaanasa Polubothu
- Baylor College of Medicine (J.M.S., S.C.M.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (L.Z.R., H.S., G.L., V.R., J.V.H., D.J.C., F.S., A.M.A., I.A., L.C.B., D.M.); Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.Z.R., H.S., H.D., F.S., L.C.B., D.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (P.B.), Northwell Health, Division of Human Genetics and Genomics, Great Neck, NY; Department of Pathology and Immunology (Y.-S.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Genetics and Genomic Medicine (S.P., V.K.), UCL GOS Institute of Child Health; Pediatric Dermatology (S.P., V.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Department of Dermatology (G.L., V.R.), Department of Radiology (J.V.H.), and Department of Neurosurgery (D.J.C.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Pathology and Immunology (A.M.A), Department of Pediatrics (I.A.), and Department of Neurology (I.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Pediatrics (D.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Grace Lee
- Baylor College of Medicine (J.M.S., S.C.M.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (L.Z.R., H.S., G.L., V.R., J.V.H., D.J.C., F.S., A.M.A., I.A., L.C.B., D.M.); Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.Z.R., H.S., H.D., F.S., L.C.B., D.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (P.B.), Northwell Health, Division of Human Genetics and Genomics, Great Neck, NY; Department of Pathology and Immunology (Y.-S.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Genetics and Genomic Medicine (S.P., V.K.), UCL GOS Institute of Child Health; Pediatric Dermatology (S.P., V.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Department of Dermatology (G.L., V.R.), Department of Radiology (J.V.H.), and Department of Neurosurgery (D.J.C.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Pathology and Immunology (A.M.A), Department of Pediatrics (I.A.), and Department of Neurology (I.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Pediatrics (D.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Vicky Ren
- Baylor College of Medicine (J.M.S., S.C.M.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (L.Z.R., H.S., G.L., V.R., J.V.H., D.J.C., F.S., A.M.A., I.A., L.C.B., D.M.); Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.Z.R., H.S., H.D., F.S., L.C.B., D.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (P.B.), Northwell Health, Division of Human Genetics and Genomics, Great Neck, NY; Department of Pathology and Immunology (Y.-S.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Genetics and Genomic Medicine (S.P., V.K.), UCL GOS Institute of Child Health; Pediatric Dermatology (S.P., V.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Department of Dermatology (G.L., V.R.), Department of Radiology (J.V.H.), and Department of Neurosurgery (D.J.C.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Pathology and Immunology (A.M.A), Department of Pediatrics (I.A.), and Department of Neurology (I.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Pediatrics (D.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Jill V Hunter
- Baylor College of Medicine (J.M.S., S.C.M.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (L.Z.R., H.S., G.L., V.R., J.V.H., D.J.C., F.S., A.M.A., I.A., L.C.B., D.M.); Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.Z.R., H.S., H.D., F.S., L.C.B., D.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (P.B.), Northwell Health, Division of Human Genetics and Genomics, Great Neck, NY; Department of Pathology and Immunology (Y.-S.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Genetics and Genomic Medicine (S.P., V.K.), UCL GOS Institute of Child Health; Pediatric Dermatology (S.P., V.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Department of Dermatology (G.L., V.R.), Department of Radiology (J.V.H.), and Department of Neurosurgery (D.J.C.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Pathology and Immunology (A.M.A), Department of Pediatrics (I.A.), and Department of Neurology (I.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Pediatrics (D.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Daniel J Curry
- Baylor College of Medicine (J.M.S., S.C.M.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (L.Z.R., H.S., G.L., V.R., J.V.H., D.J.C., F.S., A.M.A., I.A., L.C.B., D.M.); Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.Z.R., H.S., H.D., F.S., L.C.B., D.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (P.B.), Northwell Health, Division of Human Genetics and Genomics, Great Neck, NY; Department of Pathology and Immunology (Y.-S.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Genetics and Genomic Medicine (S.P., V.K.), UCL GOS Institute of Child Health; Pediatric Dermatology (S.P., V.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Department of Dermatology (G.L., V.R.), Department of Radiology (J.V.H.), and Department of Neurosurgery (D.J.C.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Pathology and Immunology (A.M.A), Department of Pediatrics (I.A.), and Department of Neurology (I.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Pediatrics (D.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Fernando Scaglia
- Baylor College of Medicine (J.M.S., S.C.M.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (L.Z.R., H.S., G.L., V.R., J.V.H., D.J.C., F.S., A.M.A., I.A., L.C.B., D.M.); Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.Z.R., H.S., H.D., F.S., L.C.B., D.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (P.B.), Northwell Health, Division of Human Genetics and Genomics, Great Neck, NY; Department of Pathology and Immunology (Y.-S.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Genetics and Genomic Medicine (S.P., V.K.), UCL GOS Institute of Child Health; Pediatric Dermatology (S.P., V.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Department of Dermatology (G.L., V.R.), Department of Radiology (J.V.H.), and Department of Neurosurgery (D.J.C.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Pathology and Immunology (A.M.A), Department of Pediatrics (I.A.), and Department of Neurology (I.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Pediatrics (D.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Adekunle M Adesina
- Baylor College of Medicine (J.M.S., S.C.M.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (L.Z.R., H.S., G.L., V.R., J.V.H., D.J.C., F.S., A.M.A., I.A., L.C.B., D.M.); Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.Z.R., H.S., H.D., F.S., L.C.B., D.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (P.B.), Northwell Health, Division of Human Genetics and Genomics, Great Neck, NY; Department of Pathology and Immunology (Y.-S.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Genetics and Genomic Medicine (S.P., V.K.), UCL GOS Institute of Child Health; Pediatric Dermatology (S.P., V.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Department of Dermatology (G.L., V.R.), Department of Radiology (J.V.H.), and Department of Neurosurgery (D.J.C.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Pathology and Immunology (A.M.A), Department of Pediatrics (I.A.), and Department of Neurology (I.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Pediatrics (D.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Irfan Ali
- Baylor College of Medicine (J.M.S., S.C.M.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (L.Z.R., H.S., G.L., V.R., J.V.H., D.J.C., F.S., A.M.A., I.A., L.C.B., D.M.); Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.Z.R., H.S., H.D., F.S., L.C.B., D.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (P.B.), Northwell Health, Division of Human Genetics and Genomics, Great Neck, NY; Department of Pathology and Immunology (Y.-S.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Genetics and Genomic Medicine (S.P., V.K.), UCL GOS Institute of Child Health; Pediatric Dermatology (S.P., V.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Department of Dermatology (G.L., V.R.), Department of Radiology (J.V.H.), and Department of Neurosurgery (D.J.C.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Pathology and Immunology (A.M.A), Department of Pediatrics (I.A.), and Department of Neurology (I.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Pediatrics (D.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Veronica Kinsler
- Baylor College of Medicine (J.M.S., S.C.M.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (L.Z.R., H.S., G.L., V.R., J.V.H., D.J.C., F.S., A.M.A., I.A., L.C.B., D.M.); Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.Z.R., H.S., H.D., F.S., L.C.B., D.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (P.B.), Northwell Health, Division of Human Genetics and Genomics, Great Neck, NY; Department of Pathology and Immunology (Y.-S.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Genetics and Genomic Medicine (S.P., V.K.), UCL GOS Institute of Child Health; Pediatric Dermatology (S.P., V.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Department of Dermatology (G.L., V.R.), Department of Radiology (J.V.H.), and Department of Neurosurgery (D.J.C.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Pathology and Immunology (A.M.A), Department of Pediatrics (I.A.), and Department of Neurology (I.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Pediatrics (D.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Lindsay C Burrage
- Baylor College of Medicine (J.M.S., S.C.M.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (L.Z.R., H.S., G.L., V.R., J.V.H., D.J.C., F.S., A.M.A., I.A., L.C.B., D.M.); Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.Z.R., H.S., H.D., F.S., L.C.B., D.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (P.B.), Northwell Health, Division of Human Genetics and Genomics, Great Neck, NY; Department of Pathology and Immunology (Y.-S.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Genetics and Genomic Medicine (S.P., V.K.), UCL GOS Institute of Child Health; Pediatric Dermatology (S.P., V.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Department of Dermatology (G.L., V.R.), Department of Radiology (J.V.H.), and Department of Neurosurgery (D.J.C.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Pathology and Immunology (A.M.A), Department of Pediatrics (I.A.), and Department of Neurology (I.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Pediatrics (D.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Dana Marafi
- Baylor College of Medicine (J.M.S., S.C.M.), Houston, TX; Texas Children's Hospital (L.Z.R., H.S., G.L., V.R., J.V.H., D.J.C., F.S., A.M.A., I.A., L.C.B., D.M.); Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.Z.R., H.S., H.D., F.S., L.C.B., D.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (P.B.), Northwell Health, Division of Human Genetics and Genomics, Great Neck, NY; Department of Pathology and Immunology (Y.-S.L.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Genetics and Genomic Medicine (S.P., V.K.), UCL GOS Institute of Child Health; Pediatric Dermatology (S.P., V.K.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Department of Dermatology (G.L., V.R.), Department of Radiology (J.V.H.), and Department of Neurosurgery (D.J.C.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics (F.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Pathology and Immunology (A.M.A), Department of Pediatrics (I.A.), and Department of Neurology (I.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Pediatrics (D.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
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