1
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Iranfar S, Shiri M, Nosood YL, Keley ZA, Tanbakouchian Z, Amini Z, Al-Harrasi A, Hussain FHS. An efficient and practical approach for the synthesis of indoloquinolines and indolo/pyrroloquinoxalines via a Cu-catalyzed Ugi-C/Ugi- N-arylation sequence. RSC Adv 2024; 14:18271-18276. [PMID: 38854840 PMCID: PMC11157420 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03248a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
A Cu-catalyzed tandem transformation of Ugi adducts through CH/NH bond functionalization reactions was reported for synthesizing a broad spectrum of indolo/pyrrolo-[1,2-a]quinoxaline-6/4-carboxamide, 7H-indolo[2,3-c]quinoline-6-carboxamide, and 1-(cyclohexylamino)-14H-indolo[2,3-c][1,4]oxazino[4,3-a]quinolin-4(3H)-one derivatives in moderate to excellent yields. In this protocol the Ugi condensation of aromatic aldehydes, anilines, acids, and isocyanides leads to the formation of bis-amides in methanol at room temperature. This approach employed simple reaction conditions, including Ugi product as starting material, CuI, l-proline as a ligand, and cesium carbonate, in DMSO for 8 h. This method demonstrated efficiency in synthesizing fused-nitrogen-containing heterocycles through a convenient pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheiva Iranfar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Alzahra University Vanak Tehran 1993893973 Iran
| | - Morteza Shiri
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Alzahra University Vanak Tehran 1993893973 Iran
| | - Yazdanbakhsh Lotfi Nosood
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa P. O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz Postal Code 616 Nizwa Oman
| | - Zahra Akbari Keley
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Alzahra University Vanak Tehran 1993893973 Iran
| | - Zahra Tanbakouchian
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Alzahra University Vanak Tehran 1993893973 Iran
| | - Zahra Amini
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Alzahra University Vanak Tehran 1993893973 Iran
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa P. O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz Postal Code 616 Nizwa Oman
| | - Faiq H S Hussain
- Medical Analysis Department, Applied Science Faculty, Tishk International University Erbil Kurdistan Region Iraq
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2
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Farghaly TA, Alqurashi RM, Masaret GS, Abdulwahab HG. Recent Methods for the Synthesis of Quinoxaline Derivatives and their Biological Activities. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:920-982. [PMID: 37885112 DOI: 10.2174/0113895575264375231012115026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Quinoxaline derivatives have been incorporated into numerous marketed drugs used for the treatment of various diseases. Examples include glecaprevir (Mavyret), voxilaprevir (Vosevi), Balversa (L01EX16) (erdafitinib), carbadox, XK469R (NSC698215), and becampanel (AMP397). These quinoxaline derivatives exhibit a diverse range of pharmacological activities, including antibacterial, antitubercular, antiviral, anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, anticancer, antiproliferative, antitumor, kinase inhibition, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and analgesic effects. Recognizing the significance of these bioactive quinoxaline derivatives, researchers have dedicated their efforts to developing various synthetic methods for their production. This review aimed to compile the most recent findings on the synthesis and biological properties of quinoxaline derivatives from 2015 to 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thoraya A Farghaly
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raghad M Alqurashi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghada S Masaret
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan Gaber Abdulwahab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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3
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Damai M, Guzzardi N, Lewis V, Rao ZX, Sykes D, Patel B. Crafting mono- and novel bis-methylated pyrroloquinoxaline derivatives from a shared precursor and its application in the total synthesis of marinoquinoline A. RSC Adv 2023; 13:29561-29567. [PMID: 37822662 PMCID: PMC10562898 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05952a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of mono- and novel bis-methylated pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalines through the addition of unstable methyl radicals to aryl isocyanides is described contingent upon the reaction conditions employed. The strategy has been effectively employed in the total synthesis of the natural product marinoquinoline A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Damai
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University 166-220 Holloway Road London N7 8DB UK
| | - Norman Guzzardi
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University 166-220 Holloway Road London N7 8DB UK
| | - Viliyana Lewis
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University 166-220 Holloway Road London N7 8DB UK
| | - Zenobia X Rao
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University 166-220 Holloway Road London N7 8DB UK
| | - Daniel Sykes
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University 166-220 Holloway Road London N7 8DB UK
| | - Bhaven Patel
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University 166-220 Holloway Road London N7 8DB UK
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4
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Gorle S, V.N. CS, L. VR, K. RR, Akula R. Glucose as an eco-friendly reducing agent for a one-pot multicomponent synthesis of quinoxalines. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2023.2176237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simhachalam Gorle
- Technology Development Centre, APSL, Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Chemistry, GIS, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Chandra Sekhar V.N.
- Technology Development Centre, APSL, Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Chemistry, GIS, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Vaikunta Rao L.
- Department of Chemistry, GIS, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Raghavendra Rao K.
- Technology Development Centre, APSL, Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd, Hyderabad, India
| | - Raghunadh Akula
- Technology Development Centre, APSL, Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd, Hyderabad, India
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5
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Le HX, Nguyen TT. Recent Examples in the Synthesis and Functionalization of C−H Bonds in Pyrrolo/Indolo [1,2‐
a
]Quinoxalines. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huy X. Le
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT) 268 Ly Thuong Kiet, District 10 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Tung T. Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT) 268 Ly Thuong Kiet, District 10 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
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6
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Chemboli R, Prasad K, Rao PR, Kumar ADN, Tej MB, Kapavarapu R, Rao MVB, Pal M. Sonochemical synthesis of indolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline derivatives in the presence of Amberlyst-15: Their evaluation as potential cytotoxic agents. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Borah B, Chowhan LR. Recent advances in the transition-metal-free synthesis of quinoxalines. RSC Adv 2021; 11:37325-37353. [PMID: 35496411 PMCID: PMC9043781 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06942j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Quinoxalines, also known as benzo[a]pyrazines, constitute an important class of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds as a result of their widespread prevalence in natural products, biologically active synthetic drug candidates, and optoelectronic materials. Owing to their importance and chemists' ever-increasing imagination of new transformations of these products, tremendous efforts have been dedicated to finding more efficient approaches toward the synthesis of quinoxaline rings. The last decades have witnessed a marvellous outburst in modifying organic synthetic methods to create them sustainable for the betterment of our environment. The exploitation of transition-metal-free catalysis in organic synthesis leads to a new frontier to access biologically active heterocycles and provides an alternative method from the perspective of green and sustainable chemistry. Despite notable developments achieved in transition-metal catalyzed synthesis, the high cost involved in the preparation of the catalyst, toxicity, and difficulty in removing it from the final products constitute disadvantageous effects on the atom economy and eco-friendly nature of the transformation. In this review article, we have summarized the recent progress achieved in the synthesis of quinoxalines under transition-metal-free conditions and cover the reports from 2015 to date. This aspect is presented alongside the mechanistic rationalization and limitations of the reaction methodologies. The scopes of future developments are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplob Borah
- School of Applied Material Sciences, Centre for Applied Chemistry, Central University of Gujarat Gandhinagar-382030 India
| | - L Raju Chowhan
- School of Applied Material Sciences, Centre for Applied Chemistry, Central University of Gujarat Gandhinagar-382030 India
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8
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Ahn J, Lee SB, Song I, Chun S, Oh DC, Hong S. Synthesis of 4-Aryl Pyrrolo[1,2-α]quinoxalines via Iron-Catalyzed Oxidative Coupling from an Unactivated Methyl Arene. J Org Chem 2021; 86:7390-7402. [PMID: 34028267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the direct synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2-α]quinoxaline via oxidative coupling between methyl arene and 1-(2-aminophenyl) pyrroles. Oxidation of the benzylic carbon of the methyl arene was achieved by di-t-butyl peroxide in the presence of an iron catalyst, followed by conversion to an activated aldehyde in situ. Oxygen played a crucial role in the oxidation process to accelerate benzaldehyde formation. Subsequent Pictet-Spengler-type annulation completed the quinoxaline structure. The protocol tolerated various kinds of functional groups and provided 22 4-aryl pyrrolo[1,2-α]quinoxalines when various methyl arene derivatives were used. The developed method proceeded in air, and all catalysts, reagents, and solvents were easily accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Ahn
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Beom Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Injae Song
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Simin Chun
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Chan Oh
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Suckchang Hong
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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9
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Mandal S, Pramanik A. Three-Component Synthesis of Pyrrolo/indolo[1,2-a]quinoxalines Substituted with o-Biphenylester/N-arylcarbamate/N-arylurea: A Domino Approach Involving Spirocyclic Ring Opening. J Org Chem 2021; 86:5047-5064. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhro Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Animesh Pramanik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
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10
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Liu S, Zhang P, Zhang Y, Zhou X, Liang J, Nan J, Ma Y. Bifunctional acidic ionic liquid-catalyzed decarboxylative cascade synthesis of quinoxalines in water under ambient conditions. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01068a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An acid-functionalized ionic liquid (IL)-catalyzed cascade decarboxylative cyclization of 2-arylanilines with α-oxocarboxylic acids was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Pingjun Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Xianying Zhou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Jiahui Liang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Nan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Yangmin Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, P. R. China
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11
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Patil BN, Lade JJ, Pardeshi SD, Patil P, Chaskar AC. Polyethylene‐Glycol‐ (PEG‐400) Mediated Environmentally Benign Protocol for the Synthesis of Pyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinoxalines from Benzyl Amines at Room Temperature. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhausaheb N. Patil
- National Centre for Nanosciences and NanotechnologyUniversity of Mumbai, VidyanagariKalina Campus, Santacruz (East) Mumbai- 400098, Maharashtra India
| | - Jatin J. Lade
- National Centre for Nanosciences and NanotechnologyUniversity of Mumbai, VidyanagariKalina Campus, Santacruz (East) Mumbai- 400098, Maharashtra India
| | - Sachin D. Pardeshi
- National Centre for Nanosciences and NanotechnologyUniversity of Mumbai, VidyanagariKalina Campus, Santacruz (East) Mumbai- 400098, Maharashtra India
| | - Prashant Patil
- VERT Chemmie, Naupada, Thane (W) 400602 Maharashtra India
| | - Atul C. Chaskar
- National Centre for Nanosciences and NanotechnologyUniversity of Mumbai, VidyanagariKalina Campus, Santacruz (East) Mumbai- 400098, Maharashtra India
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12
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Krishna T, Reddy TN, Laxminarayana E, Kalita D. Copper-Catalyzed One-Pot Synthesis of Pyrrolo[1,2-a
]quinoxaline Derivatives from 1-(2-Aminophenyl)-pyrroles and Aldehydes. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thalishetti Krishna
- Technology Development Centre; Custom Pharmaceutical Services, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd; Hyderabad 500049 India
- Department of Chemistry; Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad, Kukatpally, Hyderabad -; 500 085 Telangana India
| | - Thatikonda Narendar Reddy
- Crop Protection Chemicals Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Telangana; Hyderabad-500007 India
| | - Eppakayala Laxminarayana
- Department of Chemistry, Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology (Autonomous), Ghatkesar; Hyderabad- 501301, Telangana India
| | - Dipak Kalita
- Technology Development Centre; Custom Pharmaceutical Services, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd; Hyderabad 500049 India
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13
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Lade JJ, Patil BN, Vhatkar MV, Vadagaonkar KS, Chaskar AC. An Efficient Synthesis of Pyrrolo[1,2-a
]quinoxalines by Copper-Catalyzed C−H Activation of Arylacetic Acids. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201700239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jatin J. Lade
- National Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology; University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari, Kalina Campus, Santacruz (East); Mumbai- 400098 India
| | - Bhausaheb N. Patil
- National Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology; University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari, Kalina Campus, Santacruz (East); Mumbai- 400098 India
| | - Mahendra V. Vhatkar
- National Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology; University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari, Kalina Campus, Santacruz (East); Mumbai- 400098 India
| | - Kamlesh S. Vadagaonkar
- Department of Dyestuff Technology; Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga (East); Mumbai- 400019 India
| | - Atul C. Chaskar
- National Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology; University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari, Kalina Campus, Santacruz (East); Mumbai- 400098 India
- Department of Dyestuff Technology; Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga (East); Mumbai- 400019 India
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14
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Lade JJ, Patil BN, Sathe PA, Vadagaonkar KS, Chetti P, Chaskar AC. Iron Catalyzed Cascade Protocol for the Synthesis of Pyrrolo[1, 2-a
]quinoxalines: A Powerful Tool to Access Solid State Emissive Organic Luminophores. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jatin J. Lade
- National Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology; University of Mumbai-; 400 098 India
| | - Bhausaheb N. Patil
- National Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology; University of Mumbai-; 400 098 India
| | - Pratima A. Sathe
- National Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology; University of Mumbai-; 400 098 India
| | - Kamlesh S. Vadagaonkar
- Department of Dyestuff Technology; Institute of Chemical Technology; Mumbai- 400019 India
| | - Prabhakar Chetti
- Department of Chemistry; National Institute of Technology; Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana India
| | - Atul C. Chaskar
- National Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology; University of Mumbai-; 400 098 India
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15
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Expedient synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalines through one-pot three-component reactions of o-phenylenediamines, 2-alkoxy-2,3-dihydrofurans and ketones. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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16
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Wang C, Li Y, Zhao J, Cheng B, Wang H, Zhai H. An environmentally friendly approach to pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalines using oxygen as the oxidant. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Sokolova EA, Festa AA. Synthesis of pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles and indolo-[1,2-a]quinoxalines (microreview). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-016-1866-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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18
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Lv W, Budke B, Pawlowski M, Connell PP, Kozikowski AP. Development of Small Molecules that Specifically Inhibit the D-loop Activity of RAD51. J Med Chem 2016; 59:4511-25. [PMID: 27049177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
RAD51 is the central protein in homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair and represents a therapeutic target in oncology. Herein we report a novel class of RAD51 inhibitors that were identified by high throughput screening. In contrast to many previously reported RAD51 inhibitors, our lead compound 1 is capable of blocking RAD51-mediated D-loop formation (IC50 21.3 ± 7.8 μM) at concentrations that do not influence RAD51 binding to ssDNA. In human cells, 1 inhibits HR (IC50 13.1 ± 1.6 μM) without blocking RAD51's ability to assemble into subnuclear foci at sites of DNA damage. We determined that the active constituent of 1 is actually an oxidized derivative (termed RI(dl)-1 or 8) of the original screening compound. Our SAR campaign also yielded RI(dl)-2 (hereafter termed 9h), which effectively blocks RAD51's D-loop activity in biochemical systems (IC50 11.1 ± 1.3 μM) and inhibits HR activity in human cells (IC50 3.0 ± 1.8 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lv
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Drug Discovery Program, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, 833 South Wood Street 539c PHAR, MC 781, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Brian Budke
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Michal Pawlowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Drug Discovery Program, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, 833 South Wood Street 539c PHAR, MC 781, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Philip P Connell
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Alan P Kozikowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Drug Discovery Program, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, 833 South Wood Street 539c PHAR, MC 781, Illinois 60612, United States
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