Classification systems for discrete variables used in forensic anthropology

Sex and age related non-metric variation of the human sternum in a Northwest Indian postmortem sample: a pilot study

Nonmetric traits are quasi-continuous skeletal traits that cannot be measured, but are observed as ranks or scores. In the present study, 8 nonmetric traits of sternum were examined from 343 sternums collected from the autopsy cases. More males, particularly older subjects, had a mesosternal foramen. The frequency of mesosternal foramen, arch-shaped prominence on the manubrium and radial strips on mesosternum significantly increased but that of lateral projection of manubrium decreased in the 30+ year age-group (older individuals). The denticulate costal incisures were found mostly in females and younger subjects; however, the crescent incisures and arch shaped prominence of manubrium were noticed mainly in males and older subjects. Majority of subjects had 'deep and narrow' jugular notch and xiphi-sternum was 'bifid' or 'oblong' in males and 'small sized' in females and younger subjects. Xiphi-sternum was generally found absent in females and younger subjects. The different shapes of costal incisures, jugular notch and xiphoid process were found to have significant sex and age differences. The number of cases with fused elements significantly increased with advancing age in both sexes. The sternal elements' fusion showed a variable pattern and hence was not found to be a reliable criterion. Chi-square analysis revealed significant differences between two age-groups of individual sex in the distribution of 3 of the 8 nonmetric traits. Significant sex and age differences were noticed in the frequency of occurrence of mesosternal foramina between the younger and older age groups in both the sexes. The logistic regression analysis of the scores classified 73.8% sternums to their sex category and 70.0% sternums to their age-group. Though present findings may not be enough for absolute personal identification, these traits can still serve as important identification tools if antemortem radiographs/CT or MRI scans are available for comparisons, or help classify an unknown sternum to its sex or age category based on the morphological features discussed in present study.

Odontologic kinship analysis in skeletal remains: concepts, methods, and results

Identification of familial relationships is essential for reconstructing social structures in ancient societies. In forensic medicine, individual identification is occasionally also achieved by the same procedure. The paper discusses the role of odontologic traits for kinship analysis as well as several statistical procedures helpful in the detection and evaluation of presumptive 'genetic' relationships, and presents examples of applications.