1
|
Fortes-Lima CA, Burgarella C, Hammarén R, Eriksson A, Vicente M, Jolly C, Semo A, Gunnink H, Pacchiarotti S, Mundeke L, Matonda I, Muluwa JK, Coutros P, Nyambe TS, Cikomola JC, Coetzee V, de Castro M, Ebbesen P, Delanghe J, Stoneking M, Barham L, Lombard M, Meyer A, Steyn M, Malmström H, Rocha J, Soodyall H, Pakendorf B, Bostoen K, Schlebusch CM. The genetic legacy of the expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples in Africa. Nature 2024; 625:540-547. [PMID: 38030719 PMCID: PMC10794141 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06770-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The expansion of people speaking Bantu languages is the most dramatic demographic event in Late Holocene Africa and fundamentally reshaped the linguistic, cultural and biological landscape of the continent1-7. With a comprehensive genomic dataset, including newly generated data of modern-day and ancient DNA from previously unsampled regions in Africa, we contribute insights into this expansion that started 6,000-4,000 years ago in western Africa. We genotyped 1,763 participants, including 1,526 Bantu speakers from 147 populations across 14 African countries, and generated whole-genome sequences from 12 Late Iron Age individuals8. We show that genetic diversity amongst Bantu-speaking populations declines with distance from western Africa, with current-day Zambia and the Democratic Republic of Congo as possible crossroads of interaction. Using spatially explicit methods9 and correlating genetic, linguistic and geographical data, we provide cross-disciplinary support for a serial-founder migration model. We further show that Bantu speakers received significant gene flow from local groups in regions they expanded into. Our genetic dataset provides an exhaustive modern-day African comparative dataset for ancient DNA studies10 and will be important to a wide range of disciplines from science and humanities, as well as to the medical sector studying human genetic variation and health in African and African-descendant populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A Fortes-Lima
- Human Evolution Program, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Concetta Burgarella
- Human Evolution Program, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- AGAP Institut, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Rickard Hammarén
- Human Evolution Program, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Eriksson
- cGEM, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mário Vicente
- Centre for Palaeogenetics, University of Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecile Jolly
- Human Evolution Program, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Armando Semo
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hilde Gunnink
- UGent Centre for Bantu Studies (BantUGent), Department of Languages and Cultures, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sara Pacchiarotti
- UGent Centre for Bantu Studies (BantUGent), Department of Languages and Cultures, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leon Mundeke
- University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Igor Matonda
- University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Joseph Koni Muluwa
- Institut Supérieur Pédagogique de Kikwit, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Peter Coutros
- UGent Centre for Bantu Studies (BantUGent), Department of Languages and Cultures, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Vinet Coetzee
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Minique de Castro
- Biotechnology Platform, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Peter Ebbesen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, University of Aalborg, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Joris Delanghe
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mark Stoneking
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lawrence Barham
- Department of Archaeology, Classics & Egyptology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marlize Lombard
- Palaeo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anja Meyer
- Human Variation and Identification Research Unit, School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Maryna Steyn
- Human Variation and Identification Research Unit, School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Helena Malmström
- Human Evolution Program, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Palaeo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jorge Rocha
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Himla Soodyall
- Division of Human Genetics, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Academy of Science of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Koen Bostoen
- UGent Centre for Bantu Studies (BantUGent), Department of Languages and Cultures, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carina M Schlebusch
- Human Evolution Program, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Palaeo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- SciLifeLab, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Oliveira S, Fehn AM, Amorim B, Stoneking M, Rocha J. Genome-wide variation in the Angolan Namib Desert reveals unique pre-Bantu ancestry. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh3822. [PMID: 37738339 PMCID: PMC10516492 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh3822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Ancient DNA studies reveal the genetic structure of Africa before the expansion of Bantu-speaking agriculturalists; however, the impact of now extinct hunter-gatherer and herder societies on the genetic makeup of present-day African groups remains elusive. Here, we uncover the genetic legacy of pre-Bantu populations from the Angolan Namib Desert, where we located small-scale groups associated with enigmatic forager traditions, as well as the last speakers of the Khoe-Kwadi family's Kwadi branch. By applying an ancestry decomposition approach to genome-wide data from these and other African populations, we reconstructed the fine-scale histories of contact emerging from the migration of Khoe-Kwadi-speaking pastoralists and identified a deeply divergent ancestry, which is exclusively shared between groups from the Angolan Namib and adjacent areas of Namibia. The unique genetic heritage of the Namib peoples shows how modern DNA research targeting understudied regions of high ethnolinguistic diversity can complement ancient DNA studies in probing the deep genetic structure of the African continent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Oliveira
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Computational and Molecular Population Genetics, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Maria Fehn
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Biopolis Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Amorim
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Biopolis Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mark Stoneking
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jorge Rocha
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Biopolis Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Araújo V, Fehn AM, Phiri A, Wills J, Rocha J, Gayà-Vidal M. Oral microbiome homogeneity across diverse human groups from southern Africa: first results from southwestern Angola and Zimbabwe. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:226. [PMID: 37596536 PMCID: PMC10436416 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02970-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the human oral microbiome is known to play an important role in systemic health, its average composition and diversity patterns are still poorly understood. To gain better insights into the general composition of the microbiome on a global scale, the characterization of microbiomes from a broad range of populations, including non-industrialized societies, is needed. Here, we used the portion of non-human reads obtained through an expanded exome capture sequencing approach to characterize the saliva microbiomes of 52 individuals from eight ethnolinguistically diverse southern African populations from Angola (Kuvale, Kwepe, Himba, Tjimba, Kwisi, Twa, !Xun) and Zimbabwe (Tshwa), including foragers, food-producers, and peripatetic groups (low-status communities who provide services to their dominant neighbors). RESULTS Our results indicate that neither host genetics nor livelihood seem to influence the oral microbiome profile, with Neisseria, Streptococcus, Prevotella, Rothia, and Porphyromonas being the five most frequent genera in southern African groups, in line with what has been shown for other human populations. However, we found that some Tshwa and Twa individuals display an enrichment of pathogenic genera from the Enterobacteriaceae family (i.e. Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Salmonella) of the Proteobacteria phylum, probably reflecting deficient sanitation and poor health conditions associated with social marginalization. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results suggest that socio-economic status, rather than ethnolinguistic affiliation or subsistence mode, is a key factor in shaping the salivary microbial profiles of human populations in southern Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vítor Araújo
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, CIBIO, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Vairão, 4485-661, Portugal
- Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, BIOPOLIS, Campus de Vairão, Vairão, 4485-661, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Anne-Maria Fehn
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, CIBIO, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Vairão, 4485-661, Portugal
- Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, BIOPOLIS, Campus de Vairão, Vairão, 4485-661, Portugal
| | - Admire Phiri
- Department of Linguistics and Language Practice, University of Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | | | - Jorge Rocha
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, CIBIO, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Vairão, 4485-661, Portugal
- Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, BIOPOLIS, Campus de Vairão, Vairão, 4485-661, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Magdalena Gayà-Vidal
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, CIBIO, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Vairão, 4485-661, Portugal.
- Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, BIOPOLIS, Campus de Vairão, Vairão, 4485-661, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sikdar M. Complete mitochondrial DNA sequence tries to settle hitherto putative history of Kayastha population of India. Am J Hum Biol 2022; 35:e23851. [PMID: 36571462 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Indian caste system is unique as it has an inimitable type of class system where the social ordering is done based on birth. Within the caste system, there is a distinct endogamous population known as the Kayastha, who have had inconclusive stratification records due to unidentified historical records. METHODS To gain a more inclusive view on the history and genetic affinities of Kayastha people, complete mitochondrial genomes from 15 individuals of a Kayastha population from North-western India have been sequenced. RESULTS Interestingly, three novel sub-clades (U2b2a, M3d2, and M33a3b) have been identified that represent unique Kayastha motifs. CONCLUSION The haplotype-based analysis suggests that the Kayastha population shares genetic affinities with the Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan populations found in the trans-Himalayan region. The FST based population comparison and the MDS plot indicates that Kayastha people have close maternal genetic affinity with the available genetic database of Brahmins, Kashmiris, and Tharus. The maternal genetic lineages among Kayastha population shows deep in situ origin that emerged much before settled life developed on this sub-continent. Both mtDNA and Y-chromosome markers, trace the genetic lineages of Kayastha population with Tharus, who regard themselves Kshatriya, corroborated by the oral history of the Kayasthas for their Kshatriya affiliation. It also validates genetic heritage of earliest settlers of India in both indigenous tribal and caste populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mithun Sikdar
- DNA Laboratory Unit, Anthropological Survey of India, Southern Regional Center, Mysore, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Joerin-Luque IA, Augusto DG, Calonga-Solís V, de Almeida RC, Lopes CVG, Petzl-Erler ML, Beltrame MH. Uniparental markers reveal new insights on subcontinental ancestry and sex-biased admixture in Brazil. Mol Genet Genomics 2022; 297:419-435. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-022-01857-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
6
|
Rotival M, Cossart P, Quintana-Murci L. Reconstructing 50,000 years of human history from our DNA: lessons from modern genomics. C R Biol 2021; 344:177-187. [PMID: 34213855 DOI: 10.5802/crbiol.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The advent of high throughput sequencing approaches and ancient DNA techniques have enabled reconstructing the history of human populations at an unprecedented level of resolution. The symposium from the French Academy of Sciences "50,000 ans d'épopée humaine dans notre ADN" has reviewed some of the latest contributions from the fields of genomics, archaeology, and linguistics to our understanding of >300,000 years of human history. DNA has revealed the richness of the human journey, from the deep divergences between human populations in Africa, to the first encounters of Homo Sapiens with other hominins on their way to Eurasia and the peopling of Remote Oceania. The symposium has also emphasized how migrations, cultural practices, and environmental pathogens have contributed to shape the genetic diversity of modern humans, through admixture, genetic drift or genetic adaptation. Finally, special attention was also given to how human behaviours have shaped the genome of other species, through the spreading of microbes and pathogens, as in the case of Yersinia Pestis, or through domestication, as elegantly demonstrated for dogs, horses, and apples. Altogether, this conference illustrated how the complex history of human populations is tightly linked with their contemporary genetic diversity that, in turn, has direct effects on their identity and health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Rotival
- Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR 2000, CNRS, Paris 75015, France
| | - Pascale Cossart
- Bacteria/Cell Interactions Unit, Institut Pasteur, U604, Inserm, Paris 75015, France
| | - Lluis Quintana-Murci
- Chair of Human Genomics and Evolution, Collège de France, Paris, 75005, France.,Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR 2000, CNRS, Paris 75015, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Almeida J, Fehn AM, Ferreira M, Machado T, Hagemeijer T, Rocha J, Gayà-Vidal M. The Genes of Freedom: Genome-Wide Insights into Marronage, Admixture and Ethnogenesis in the Gulf of Guinea. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:833. [PMID: 34071462 PMCID: PMC8229774 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The forced migration of millions of Africans during the Atlantic Slave Trade led to the emergence of new genetic and linguistic identities, thereby providing a unique opportunity to study the mechanisms giving rise to human biological and cultural variation. Here we focus on the archipelago of São Tomé and Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea, which hosted one of the earliest plantation societies relying exclusively on slave labor. We analyze the genetic variation in 25 individuals from three communities who speak distinct creole languages (Forros, Principenses and Angolares), using genomic data from expanded exomes in combination with a contextual dataset from Europe and Africa, including newly generated data from 28 Bantu speakers from Angola. Our findings show that while all islanders display mixed contributions from the Gulf of Guinea and Angola, the Angolares are characterized by extreme genetic differentiation and inbreeding, consistent with an admixed maroon isolate. In line with a more prominent Bantu contribution to their creole language, we additionally found that a previously reported high-frequency Y-chromosome haplotype in the Angolares has a likely Angolan origin, suggesting that their genetic, linguistic and social characteristics were influenced by a small group of dominant men who achieved disproportionate reproductive success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Almeida
- CIBIO-Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; (J.A.); (A.-M.F.); (M.F.); (T.M.); (M.G.-V.)
- CIIMAR/CIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Anne-Maria Fehn
- CIBIO-Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; (J.A.); (A.-M.F.); (M.F.); (T.M.); (M.G.-V.)
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Margarida Ferreira
- CIBIO-Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; (J.A.); (A.-M.F.); (M.F.); (T.M.); (M.G.-V.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine—iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Teresa Machado
- CIBIO-Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; (J.A.); (A.-M.F.); (M.F.); (T.M.); (M.G.-V.)
| | - Tjerk Hagemeijer
- Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-214 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Faculdade de Letras, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-214 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jorge Rocha
- CIBIO-Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; (J.A.); (A.-M.F.); (M.F.); (T.M.); (M.G.-V.)
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Magdalena Gayà-Vidal
- CIBIO-Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; (J.A.); (A.-M.F.); (M.F.); (T.M.); (M.G.-V.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Choudhury A, Sengupta D, Ramsay M, Schlebusch C. Bantu-speaker migration and admixture in southern Africa. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:R56-R63. [PMID: 33367711 PMCID: PMC8117461 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of Early and Middle Stone Age human remains and associated archeological artifacts from various sites scattered across southern Africa, suggests this geographic region to be one of the first abodes of anatomically modern humans. Although the presence of hunter-gatherer cultures in this region dates back to deep times, the peopling of southern Africa has largely been reshaped by three major sets of migrations over the last 2000 years. These migrations have led to a confluence of four distinct ancestries (San hunter-gatherer, East-African pastoralist, Bantu-speaker farmer and Eurasian) in populations from this region. In this review, we have summarized the recent insights into the refinement of timelines and routes of the migration of Bantu-speaking populations to southern Africa and their admixture with resident southern African Khoe-San populations. We highlight two recent studies providing evidence for the emergence of fine-scale population structure within some South-Eastern Bantu-speaker groups. We also accentuate whole genome sequencing studies (current and ancient) that have both enhanced our understanding of the peopling of southern Africa and demonstrated a huge potential for novel variant discovery in populations from this region. Finally, we identify some of the major gaps and inconsistencies in our understanding and emphasize the importance of more systematic studies of southern African populations from diverse ethnolinguistic groups and geographic locations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ananyo Choudhury
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Dhriti Sengupta
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Michele Ramsay
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Carina Schlebusch
- Palaeo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
- Human Evolution, Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18C, SE-752 36 Uppsala 75326, Sweden
- SciLifeLab, Uppsala 75237, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pakendorf B, Stoneking M. The genomic prehistory of peoples speaking Khoisan languages. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 30:R49-R55. [PMID: 33075813 PMCID: PMC8117426 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Peoples speaking so-called Khoisan languages-that is, indigenous languages of southern Africa that do not belong to the Bantu family-are culturally and linguistically diverse. They comprise herders, hunter-gatherers as well as groups of mixed modes of subsistence, and their languages are classified into three distinct language families. This cultural and linguistic variation is mirrored by extensive genetic diversity. We here review the recent genomics literature and discuss the genetic evidence for a formerly wider geographic spread of peoples with Khoisan-related ancestry, for the deep divergence among populations speaking Khoisan languages overlaid by more recent gene flow among these groups and for the impact of admixture with immigrant food-producers in their prehistory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Pakendorf
- Dynamique du Langage, UMR5596, CNRS & Université de Lyon, 14 avenue Berthelot, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Mark Stoneking
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, MPI for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Semo A, Gayà-Vidal M, Fortes-Lima C, Alard B, Oliveira S, Almeida J, Prista A, Damasceno A, Fehn AM, Schlebusch C, Rocha J. Along the Indian Ocean Coast: Genomic Variation in Mozambique Provides New Insights into the Bantu Expansion. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 37:406-416. [PMID: 31593238 PMCID: PMC6993857 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bantu expansion, which started in West Central Africa around 5,000 BP, constitutes a major migratory movement involving the joint spread of peoples and languages across sub-Saharan Africa. Despite the rich linguistic and archaeological evidence available, the genetic relationships between different Bantu-speaking populations and the migratory routes they followed during various phases of the expansion remain poorly understood. Here, we analyze the genetic profiles of southwestern and southeastern Bantu-speaking peoples located at the edges of the Bantu expansion by generating genome-wide data for 200 individuals from 12 Mozambican and 3 Angolan populations using ∼1.9 million autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms. Incorporating a wide range of available genetic data, our analyses confirm previous results favoring a “late split” between West and East Bantu speakers, following a joint passage through the rainforest. In addition, we find that Bantu speakers from eastern Africa display genetic substructure, with Mozambican populations forming a gradient of relatedness along a North–South cline stretching from the coastal border between Kenya and Tanzania to South Africa. This gradient is further associated with a southward increase in genetic homogeneity, and involved minimum admixture with resident populations. Together, our results provide the first genetic evidence in support of a rapid North–South dispersal of Bantu peoples along the Indian Ocean Coast, as inferred from the distribution and antiquity of Early Iron Age assemblages associated with the Kwale archaeological tradition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armando Semo
- CIBIO - Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Magdalena Gayà-Vidal
- CIBIO - Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Cesar Fortes-Lima
- Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Bérénice Alard
- CIBIO - Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Sandra Oliveira
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - João Almeida
- CIBIO - Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - António Prista
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Desporto, Universidade Pedagógica de Moçambique, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | - Anne-Maria Fehn
- CIBIO - Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal.,Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Carina Schlebusch
- Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden.,Palaeo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa.,SciLifeLab, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jorge Rocha
- CIBIO - Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
The Impacts of Conservation and Militarization on Indigenous Peoples : A Southern African San Perspective. HUMAN NATURE-AN INTERDISCIPLINARY BIOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE 2019; 30:217-241. [PMID: 30888612 DOI: 10.1007/s12110-019-09339-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
There has been a long-standing debate about the roles of San in the militaries of southern Africa and the prevalence of violence among the Ju/'hoansi and other San people. The evolutionary anthropology and social anthropological debates over the contexts in which violence and warfare occurs among hunters and gatherers are considered, as is the "tribal zone theory" of warfare between states and indigenous people. This paper assesses the issues that arise from these discussions, drawing on data from San in Angola, Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe. Utilizing cases of how San have been affected by military forces and wildlife conservation agencies in what became protected areas in southern Africa, this article shows that indigenous peoples have been treated differentially by state and nongovernmental organizations involved in anti-poaching, shoot-to-kill, and forced resettlement policies. Particular emphasis is placed on the !Xun and Khwe San of southern Angola and northern Namibia and the Tshwa San of western Zimbabwe and northern Botswana, who have been impacted by militarization and coercive conservation efforts since the late nineteenth century. Principal conclusions are that conservation and militarization efforts have led to a reduction in land and resources available to indigenous people, higher levels of poverty, increased socioeconomic stratification, and lower levels of physical well-being. San have responded to these trends by engaging in social activism, forming community-based institutions, and pursuing legal actions aimed at obtaining human rights and equitable treatment.
Collapse
|
12
|
Fortes‐Lima C, Mtetwa E, Schlebusch C. Unraveling African diversity from a cross-disciplinary perspective. Evol Anthropol 2019; 28:288-292. [PMID: 31617954 PMCID: PMC6916536 DOI: 10.1002/evan.21801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Fortes‐Lima
- Human Evolution, Department of Organismal BiologyEvolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Ezekia Mtetwa
- Human Evolution, Department of Organismal BiologyEvolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Carina Schlebusch
- Human Evolution, Department of Organismal BiologyEvolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
- Palaeo‐Research InstituteUniversity of JohannesburgJohannesburgSouth Africa
- SciLifeLabUppsalaSweden
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Montinaro F, Capelli C. The evolutionary history of Southern Africa. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2018; 53:157-164. [PMID: 30522870 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The genomic variability of Southern African groups is characterized by an exceptional degree of diversity, which is the result of long-term local evolutionary history, migrations and gene-flow. Over the last few years several investigations have identified and described signatures related to these processes, revealing how ancient and more recent events have shaped the structure and ancestry composition of local populations. Here we discuss recent insights into the genetic history of the Southernmost part of the African continent provided by the analysis of modern and ancient genomes. Future work is expected to clarify the population dynamics associated with the emergence of Homo sapiens across Africa and the details of the process of dispersion and admixture associated with the arrival of Bantu-speaking groups in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Montinaro
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, UK; Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Oliveira S, Hübner A, Fehn AM, Aço T, Lages F, Pakendorf B, Stoneking M, Rocha J. The role of matrilineality in shaping patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA sequence variation in southwestern Angola. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 27:475-483. [PMID: 30467412 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-018-0304-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Southwestern Angola is a region characterized by contact between indigenous foragers and incoming food-producers, involving genetic and cultural exchanges between peoples speaking Kx'a, Khoe-Kwadi, and Bantu languages. Although present-day Bantu speakers share a patrilocal residence pattern and matrilineal principle of clan and group membership, a highly stratified social setting divides dominant pastoralists from marginalized groups that subsist on alternative strategies and have previously been thought to have pre-Bantu origins. Here, we compare new high-resolution sequence data from 2.3 Mb of the male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY) from 170 individuals with previously reported mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genomes, to investigate the population history of seven representative southwestern Angolan groups (Himba, Kuvale, Kwisi, Kwepe, Twa, Tjimba, !Xun), and to study the causes and consequences of sex-biased processes in their genetic variation. We found no clear link between the formerly Kwadi-speaking Kwepe and pre-Bantu eastern African migrants, and no pre-Bantu MSY lineages among Bantu-speaking groups, except for small amounts of "Khoisan" introgression. We therefore propose that irrespective of their subsistence strategies, all Bantu-speaking groups of the area share a male Bantu origin. Additionally, we show that in Bantu-speaking groups, the levels of among-group and between-group variation are higher for mtDNA than for MSY. These results, together with our previous demonstration that the matriclanic systems of southwestern Angolan Bantu groups are genealogically consistent, suggest that matrilineality strongly enhances both female population sizes and interpopulation mtDNA variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Oliveira
- CIBIO/InBIO: Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal. .,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Alexander Hübner
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anne-Maria Fehn
- CIBIO/InBIO: Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.,Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 00745, Jena, Germany.,Institute for African Studies, Goethe University, 60323, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Teresa Aço
- Centro de Estudos do Deserto (CEDO), Namibe, Angola
| | - Fernanda Lages
- ISCED/Huíla-Instituto Superior de Ciências da Educação, Lubango, Angola
| | - Brigitte Pakendorf
- Laboratoire Dynamique du Langage, UMR5596, CNRS & Univ Lyon, 69007, Lyon, France
| | - Mark Stoneking
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jorge Rocha
- CIBIO/InBIO: Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.,ISCED/Huíla-Instituto Superior de Ciências da Educação, Lubango, Angola
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bajić V, Barbieri C, Hübner A, Güldemann T, Naumann C, Gerlach L, Berthold F, Nakagawa H, Mpoloka SW, Roewer L, Purps J, Stoneking M, Pakendorf B. Genetic structure and sex-biased gene flow in the history of southern African populations. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 167:656-671. [PMID: 30192370 PMCID: PMC6667921 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Objectives We investigated the genetic history of southern African populations with a special focus on their paternal history. We reexamined previous claims that the Y‐chromosome haplogroup E1b1b (E‐M293) was brought to southern Africa by pastoralists from eastern Africa, and investigated patterns of sex‐biased gene flow in southern Africa. Materials and methods We analyzed previously published complete mtDNA genome sequences and ∼900 kb of NRY sequences from 23 populations from Namibia, Botswana, and Zambia, as well as haplogroup frequencies from a large sample of southern African populations and 23 newly genotyped Y‐linked STR loci for samples assigned to haplogroup E1b1b. Results Our results support an eastern African origin for Y‐chromosome haplogroup E1b1b (E‐M293); however, its current distribution in southern Africa is not strongly associated with pastoralism, suggesting more complex demographic events and/or changes in subsistence practices in this region. The Bantu expansion in southern Africa had a notable genetic impact and was probably a rapid, male‐dominated expansion. Our finding of a significant increase in the intensity of the sex‐biased gene flow from north to south may reflect changes in the social dynamics between Khoisan and Bantu groups over time. Conclusions Our study shows that the population history of southern Africa has been complex, with different immigrating groups mixing to different degrees with the autochthonous populations. The Bantu expansion led to heavily sex‐biased admixture as a result of interactions between Khoisan females and Bantu males, with a geographic gradient which may reflect changes in the social dynamics between Khoisan and Bantu groups over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Bajić
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, MPI for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Chiara Barbieri
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, MPI for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Hübner
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, MPI for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tom Güldemann
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, MPI for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Asian and African Studies, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christfried Naumann
- Institute of Asian and African Studies, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Linda Gerlach
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, MPI for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Falko Berthold
- Max Planck Research Group on Comparative Population Linguistics, MPI for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germary
| | - Hirosi Nakagawa
- Institute of Global Studies, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sununguko W Mpoloka
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Lutz Roewer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Forensic Genetics, Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josephine Purps
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Forensic Genetics, Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark Stoneking
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, MPI for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Brigitte Pakendorf
- Laboratoire «Dynamique du Langage», CNRS & Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|