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Hermann P, Zerr I. Unmet needs of biochemical biomarkers for human prion diseases. Prion 2024; 18:89-93. [PMID: 38734978 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2024.2349017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the development of aggregation assays has noticeably improved the accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of prion diseases, research on biomarkers remains vital. The major challenges to overcome are non-invasive sampling and the exploration of new biomarkers that may predict the onset or reflect disease progression. This will become extremely important in the near future, when new therapeutics are clinically evaluated and eventually become available for treatment. This article aims to provide an overview of the achievements of biomarker research in human prion diseases, addresses unmet needs in the field, and points out future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Göttingen, Germany
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2
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Bentivenga GM, Baiardi S, Mastrangelo A, Zenesini C, Mammana A, Polischi B, Capellari S, Parchi P. Diagnostic and prognostic value of cerebrospinal fluid SNAP-25 and neurogranin in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in a clinical setting cohort of rapidly progressive dementias. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:150. [PMID: 37684653 PMCID: PMC10485978 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01300-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The levels of synaptic markers synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25) and neurogranin (Ng) have been shown to increase early in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and to have prognostic potential. However, no validation studies assessed these biomarkers' diagnostic and prognostic value in a large clinical setting cohort of rapidly progressive dementia. METHODS In this retrospective study, using commercially available immunoassays, we measured the levels of SNAP-25, Ng, 14-3-3, total-tau (t-tau), neurofilament light chain (NfL), and phospho-tau181 (p-tau) in CSF samples from consecutive patients with CJD (n = 220) or non-prion rapidly progressive dementia (np-RPD) (n = 213). We evaluated and compared the diagnostic accuracy of each CSF biomarker and biomarker combination by receiver operating characteristics curve (ROC) analyses, studied SNAP-25 and Ng CSF concentrations distribution across CJD subtypes, and estimated their association with survival using multivariable Cox regression analyses. RESULTS CSF SNAP-25 and Ng levels were higher in CJD than in np-RPD (SNAP-25: 582, 95% CI 240-1250 vs. 115, 95% CI 78-157 pg/ml, p < 0.0001; Ng: 841, 95% CI 411-1473 vs. 390, 95% CI 260-766 pg/ml, p < 0.001). SNAP-25 diagnostic accuracy (AUC 0.902, 95% CI 0.873-0.931) exceeded that of 14-3-3 (AUC 0.853, 95% CI 0.816-0.889), t-tau (AUC 0.878, 95% CI 0.845-0.901), and the t-tau/p-tau ratio (AUC 0.884, 95% CI 0.851-0.916). In contrast, Ng performed worse (AUC 0.697, 95% CI 0.626-0.767) than all other surrogate biomarkers, except for NfL (AUC 0.649, 95% CI 0.593-0.705). SNAP-25 maintained a relatively high diagnostic value even for atypical CJD subtypes (AUC 0.792, 95% CI 0.729-0.854). In Cox regression analyses, SNAP-25 levels were significantly associated with survival in CJD (hazard ratio [HR] 1.71 95% CI 1.40-2.09). Conversely, Ng was associated with survival only in the most rapidly progressive CJD subtypes (sCJD MM(V)1 and gCJD M1) (HR 1.81 95% CI 1.21-2.93). CONCLUSIONS In the clinical setting, CSF SNAP-25 is a viable alternative to t-tau, 14-3-3, and the t-tau/p-tau ratio in discriminating the CJD subtypes from other RPDs. Additionally, SNAP-25 and, to a lesser extent, Ng predict survival in CJD, showing prognostic power in the range of CSF t-tau/14-3-3 and NfL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone Baiardi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DiBiNeM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Mastrangelo
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DiBiNeM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Corrado Zenesini
- IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma Neuropatologia delle Malattie Neurodegenerative, Bologna, Italy
| | - Angela Mammana
- IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma Neuropatologia delle Malattie Neurodegenerative, Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Polischi
- IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma Neuropatologia delle Malattie Neurodegenerative, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabina Capellari
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DiBiNeM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma Neuropatologia delle Malattie Neurodegenerative, Bologna, Italy
| | - Piero Parchi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DiBiNeM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
- IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma Neuropatologia delle Malattie Neurodegenerative, Bologna, Italy.
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Baiardi S, Mammana A, Capellari S, Parchi P. Human prion disease: molecular pathogenesis, and possible therapeutic targets and strategies. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:1271-1284. [PMID: 37334903 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2199923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human prion diseases are heterogeneous, and often rapidly progressive, transmissible neurodegenerative disorders associated with misfolded prion protein (PrP) aggregation and self-propagation. Despite their rarity, prion diseases comprise a broad spectrum of phenotypic variants determined at the molecular level by different conformers of misfolded PrP and host genotype variability. Moreover, they uniquely occur in idiopathic, genetically determined, and acquired forms with distinct etiologies. AREA COVERED This review provides an up-to-date overview of potential therapeutic targets in prion diseases and the main results obtained in cell and animal models and human trials. The open issues and challenges associated with developing effective therapies and informative clinical trials are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Currently tested therapeutic strategies target the cellular PrP to prevent the formation of misfolded PrP or to favor its elimination. Among them, passive immunization and gene therapy with antisense oligonucleotides against prion protein mRNA are the most promising. However, the disease's rarity, heterogeneity, and rapid progression profoundly frustrate the successful undertaking of well-powered therapeutic trials and patient identification in the asymptomatic or early stage before the development of significant brain damage. Thus, the most promising therapeutic goal to date is preventing or delaying phenoconversion in carriers of pathogenic mutations by lowering prion protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Baiardi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Angela Mammana
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabina Capellari
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Piero Parchi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Appleby BS, Shetty S, Elkasaby M. Genetic aspects of human prion diseases. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1003056. [PMID: 36277922 PMCID: PMC9579322 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1003056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human prion diseases are rapidly progressive and fatal neurodegenerative conditions caused by a disease-causing isoform of the native prion protein. The prion protein gene (PRNP) encodes for the cellular prion protein, which is the biological substrate for prion disease transmission and neurotoxicity. Human prion diseases have three etiologies: sporadic, genetic, and acquired. PRNP polymorphisms and pathogenic variants play a large role in the frequency, age at onset, and clinicopathologic phenotype of prion diseases. Genetic prion diseases will be covered in detail and information necessary for clinical care, predictive genetic testing, and genetic counseling will be reviewed. Because the prion protein is necessary for transmission and neurotoxicity, many experimental treatments targeting its production are being investigated and hold potential promise as a disease modifying treatment for all forms of prion disease, including asymptomatic mutation carriers. This article will review genetic aspects of human prion disease and their influence on epidemiology, clinicopathologic phenotype, diagnostics, clinical management, and potential treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S. Appleby
- Department of Pathology, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Brian S. Appleby
| | - Shashirekha Shetty
- Department of Pathology, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Pathology, Center for Human Genetics Laboratory, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Mohamed Elkasaby
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Nihat A, Ranson JM, Harris D, McNiven K, Mok T, Rudge P, Collinge J, Llewellyn DJ, Mead S. Development of prognostic models for survival and care status in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac201. [PMID: 35974795 PMCID: PMC9374480 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, the most common human prion disease, typically presents as a rapidly progressive dementia and has a highly variable prognosis. Despite this heterogeneity, clinicians need to give timely advice on likely prognosis and care needs. No prognostic models have been developed that predict survival or time to increased care status from the point of diagnosis. We aimed to develop clinically useful prognostic models with data from a large prospective observational cohort study. Five hundred and thirty-seven patients were visited by mobile teams of doctors and nurses from the National Health Service National Prion Clinic within 5 days of notification of a suspected diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, enrolled to the study between October 2008 and March 2020, and followed up until November 2020. Prediction of survival over 10-, 30- and 100-day periods was the main outcome. Escalation of care status over the same time periods was a secondary outcome for a subsample of 113 patients with low care status at initial assessment. Two hundred and eighty (52.1%) patients were female and the median age was 67.2 (interquartile range 10.5) years. Median survival from initial assessment was 24 days (range 0–1633); 414 patients died within 100 days (77%). Ten variables were included in the final prediction models: sex; days since symptom onset; baseline care status; PRNP codon 129 genotype; Medical Research Council Prion Disease Rating Scale, Motor and Cognitive Examination Scales; count of MRI abnormalities; Mini-Mental State Examination score and categorical disease phenotype. The strongest predictor was PRNP codon 129 genotype (odds ratio 6.65 for methionine homozygous compared with methionine-valine heterozygous; 95% confidence interval 3.02–14.68 for 30-day mortality). Of 113 patients with lower care status at initial assessment, 88 (78%) had escalated care status within 100 days, with a median of 35 days. Area under the curve for models predicting outcomes within 10, 30 and 100 days was 0.94, 0.92 and 0.91 for survival, and 0.87, 0.87 and 0.95 for care status escalation, respectively. Models without PRNP codon 129 genotype, which is not immediately available at initial assessment, were also highly accurate. We have developed a model that can accurately predict survival and care status escalation in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients using clinical, imaging and genetic data routinely available in a specialist national referral service. The utility and generalizability of these models to other settings could be prospectively evaluated when recruiting to clinical trials and providing clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akın Nihat
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases , Cleveland Street, London W1W 7FF , UK
- National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , London WC1N 3BG , UK
| | - Janice M Ranson
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter , Exeter EX1 2HZ , UK
- Deep Dementia Phenotyping Network , Exeter EX1 2LU , UK
| | - Dominique Harris
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases , Cleveland Street, London W1W 7FF , UK
| | - Kirsty McNiven
- National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , London WC1N 3BG , UK
| | - TzeHow Mok
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases , Cleveland Street, London W1W 7FF , UK
- National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , London WC1N 3BG , UK
| | - Peter Rudge
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases , Cleveland Street, London W1W 7FF , UK
| | - John Collinge
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases , Cleveland Street, London W1W 7FF , UK
- National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , London WC1N 3BG , UK
| | - David J Llewellyn
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter , Exeter EX1 2HZ , UK
- Deep Dementia Phenotyping Network , Exeter EX1 2LU , UK
- Alan Turing Institute , London NW1 2DB , UK
| | - Simon Mead
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases , Cleveland Street, London W1W 7FF , UK
- National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , London WC1N 3BG , UK
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Altuna M, Ruiz I, Zelaya MV, Mendioroz M. Role of Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Prion Diseases: A Narrative Review. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58040473. [PMID: 35454316 PMCID: PMC9030755 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58040473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disorders with a low incidence (1.5–2 cases per million per year). Genetic (10–15%), acquired (anecdotal) and sporadic (85%) forms of the disease have been described. The clinical spectrum of prion diseases is very varied, although the most common symptoms are rapidly progressive dementia, cerebellar ataxia and myoclonus. Mean life expectancy from the onset of symptoms is 6 months. There are currently diagnostic criteria based on clinical phenotype, as well as neuroimaging biomarkers (magnetic resonance imaging), neurophysiological tests (electroencephalogram and polysomnogram), and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers (14-3-3 protein and real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC)). The sensitivity and specificity of some of these tests (electroencephalogram and 14-3-3 protein) is under debate and the applicability of other tests, such as RT-QuIC, is not universal. However, the usefulness of these biomarkers beyond the most frequent prion disease, sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, remains unclear. Therefore, research is being carried out on new, more efficient cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers (total tau, ratio total tau/phosphorylated tau and neurofilament light chain) and potential blood biomarkers (neurofilament light chain, among others) to try to universalize access to early diagnosis in the case of prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miren Altuna
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau—Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau—Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
- Centre of Biomedical Investigation Network for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- CITA-Alzheimer Foundation, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-935-56-59-86; Fax: +34-935-56-56-02
| | - Iñigo Ruiz
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau—Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau—Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - María Victoria Zelaya
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Maite Mendioroz
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory-Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), 31006 Pamplona, Spain
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7
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Schmitz M, Villar-Piqué A, Hermann P, Escaramís G, Calero M, Chen C, Kruse N, Cramm M, Golanska E, Sikorska B, Liberski PP, Pocchiari M, Lange P, Stehmann C, Sarros S, Martí E, Baldeiras I, Santana I, Žáková D, Mitrová E, Dong XP, Collins S, Poleggi A, Ladogana A, Mollenhauer B, Kovacs GG, Geschwind MD, Sánchez-Valle R, Zerr I, Llorens F. Diagnostic accuracy of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in genetic prion diseases. Brain 2022; 145:700-712. [PMID: 35288744 PMCID: PMC9014756 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic prion diseases are a rare and diverse group of fatal neurodegenerative disorders caused by pathogenic sequence variations in the prion protein gene, PRNP. Data on CSF biomarkers in patients with genetic prion diseases are limited and conflicting results have been reported for unclear reasons. Here, we aimed to analyse the diagnostic accuracy of CSF biomarkers currently used in prion clinical diagnosis in 302 symptomatic genetic prion disease cases from 11 prion diagnostic centres, encompassing a total of 36 different pathogenic sequence variations within the open reading frame of PRNP. CSF samples were assessed for the surrogate markers of neurodegeneration, 14-3-3 protein (14-3-3), total-tau protein (t-tau) and α-synuclein and for prion seeding activity through the real-time quaking-induced conversion assay. Biomarker results were compared with those obtained in healthy and neurological controls. For the most prevalent PRNP pathogenic sequence variations, biomarker accuracy and associations between biomarkers, demographic and genetic determinants were assessed. Additionally, the prognostic value of biomarkers for predicting total disease duration from symptom onset to death was investigated. High sensitivity of the four biomarkers was detected for genetic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease associated with the E200K and V210I mutations, but low sensitivity was observed for mutations associated with Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome and fatal familial insomnia. All biomarkers showed good to excellent specificity using the standard cut-offs often used for sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. In genetic prion diseases related to octapeptide repeat insertions, the biomarker sensitivity correlated with the number of repeats. New genetic prion disease-specific cut-offs for 14-3-3, t-tau and α-synuclein were calculated. Disease duration in genetic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease-E200K, Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker-P102L and fatal familial insomnia was highly dependent on PRNP codon 129 MV polymorphism and was significantly associated with biomarker levels. In a large cohort of genetic prion diseases, the simultaneous analysis of CSF prion disease biomarkers allowed the determination of new mutation-specific cut-offs improving the discrimination of genetic prion disease cases and unveiled genetic prion disease-specific associations with disease duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and National Reference Center for CJD Surveillance, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna Villar-Piqué
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Spain
| | - Peter Hermann
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and National Reference Center for CJD Surveillance, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Geòrgia Escaramís
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Calero
- Alzheimer Disease Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Queen Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Center Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Niels Kruse
- Institute for Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maria Cramm
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and National Reference Center for CJD Surveillance, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ewa Golanska
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Neuropathology Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Beata Sikorska
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Neuropathology Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Pawel P Liberski
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Neuropathology Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Peter Lange
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and National Reference Center for CJD Surveillance, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Stehmann
- Australian National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Registry, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shannon Sarros
- Australian National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Registry, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eulàlia Martí
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inês Baldeiras
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Coimbra University Hospital, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Santana
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Coimbra University Hospital, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Dana Žáková
- Department of Prion Diseases, Slovak Medical University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Mitrová
- Department of Prion Diseases, Slovak Medical University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Steven Collins
- Australian National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Registry, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medicine (RMH), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anna Poleggi
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Ladogana
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Brit Mollenhauer
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Paracelsus-Elena Klinik, Center for Parkinsonism and Movement Disorders, Kassel, Germany
| | - Gabor G Kovacs
- Neuropathology and Prion Disease Reference Center, Department of Forensic and Insurance Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (CRND) and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael D Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and National Reference Center for CJD Surveillance, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franc Llorens
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and National Reference Center for CJD Surveillance, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Spain
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8
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Kong Y, Chen Z, Zhang J, Wu L. Erythrocyte Indices in Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Predict Survival Time. Front Neurol 2022; 13:839081. [PMID: 35237232 PMCID: PMC8884143 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.839081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease caused by propagation of abnormally folded prion proteins (PrPSc). Some fluid biomarkers have been reported to be associated with disease duration in CJD. Based on studies which have found that prion protein (PrPC) played a role in erythrocytic hematopoiesis, we evaluated the association between peripheral red blood cell indices and survival time in CJD. Methods We retrospectively collected data on peripheral red blood cell indices, including red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and red cell distribution width (RDW), from 125 CJD patients. Cox proportional hazard models were generated to determine whether red cell indices correlated with survival time of patients with CJD. Results Of the 125 included participants, 70 (56%) were male, and the mean age at diagnosis (SD) was 60.3 (9.5) years. Hemoglobin levels (hazard ratio 1.710, 95% CI 1.124–2.600, p = 0.012) and HCT (hazard ratio 1.689, 95% CI 1.112–2.565, p=0.014) were significantly associated with survival time after controlling for sex, age, and Barthel Index. Red blood cell count, MCV, MCH, MCHC, and RDW were not associated with survival time before or after adjusting for covariates. Conclusions Our study found that Hb and HCT were significantly associated with survival time in patients with CJD. These results may inform evaluation of the mechanisms of interaction between prion disease and hematopoiesis, and indicate that Hb and HCT may be potential prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kong
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongyun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liyong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Hermann P, Haller P, Goebel S, Bunck T, Schmidt C, Wiltfang J, Zerr I. Total and Phosphorylated Cerebrospinal Fluid Tau in the Differential Diagnosis of Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and Rapidly Progressive Alzheimer’s Disease. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020276. [PMID: 35215868 PMCID: PMC8874601 DOI: 10.3390/v14020276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: CSF total-tau (t-tau) became a standard cerebrospinal fluid biomarker in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In parallel, extremely elevated levels were observed in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). Therefore, tau is also considered as an alternative CJD biomarker, potentially complicating the interpretation of results. We investigated CSF t-tau and the t-tau/phosphorylated tau181 ratio in the differential diagnosis of sCJD and rapidly-progressive AD (rpAD). In addition, high t-tau concentrations and associated tau-ratios were explored in an unselected laboratory cohort. Methods: Retrospective analyses included n = 310 patients with CJD (n = 205), non-rpAD (n = 65), and rpAD (n = 40). The diagnostic accuracies of biomarkers were calculated and compared. Differential diagnoses were evaluated in patients from a neurochemistry laboratory with CSF t-tau >1250 pg/mL (n = 199 out of 7036). Results: CSF t-tau showed an AUC of 0.942 in the discrimination of sCJD from AD and 0.918 in the discrimination from rpAD. The tau ratio showed significantly higher AUCs (p < 0.001) of 0.992 versus non-rpAD and 0.990 versus rpAD. In the neurochemistry cohort, prion diseases accounted for only 25% of very high CSF t-tau values. High tau-ratios were observed in CJD, but also in non-neurodegenerative diseases. Conclusions: CSF t-tau is a reliable biomarker for sCJD, but false positive results may occur, especially in rpAD and acute encephalopathies. The t-tau/p-tau ratio may improve the diagnostic accuracy in centers where specific biomarkers are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hermann
- Department of Neurology, National Reference Center for CJD Surveillance, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (P.H.); (S.G.); (T.B.); (C.S.); (I.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-551-39-8955
| | - Philip Haller
- Department of Neurology, National Reference Center for CJD Surveillance, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (P.H.); (S.G.); (T.B.); (C.S.); (I.Z.)
| | - Stefan Goebel
- Department of Neurology, National Reference Center for CJD Surveillance, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (P.H.); (S.G.); (T.B.); (C.S.); (I.Z.)
| | - Timothy Bunck
- Department of Neurology, National Reference Center for CJD Surveillance, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (P.H.); (S.G.); (T.B.); (C.S.); (I.Z.)
| | - Christian Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, National Reference Center for CJD Surveillance, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (P.H.); (S.G.); (T.B.); (C.S.); (I.Z.)
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany;
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Neurosciences and Signaling Group, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, National Reference Center for CJD Surveillance, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (P.H.); (S.G.); (T.B.); (C.S.); (I.Z.)
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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10
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Tejedor-Romero L, López-Cuadrado T, Almazán-Isla J, Calero M, García López FJ, de Pedro-Cuesta J. Survival Patterns of Human Prion Diseases in Spain, 1998–2018: Clinical Phenotypes and Etiological Clues. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:773727. [PMID: 35126037 PMCID: PMC8811314 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.773727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundHuman transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are a group of fatal neurodegenerative disorders of short duration. There are few studies on TSE survival. This study sought to analyze the survival and related factors of a TSE patient cohort, based on a nationwide surveillance system in Spain.MethodsSurvival analyses were performed on 1,530 cases diagnosed across the period 1998–2018 in Spain. We calculated median survival times and plotted survival curves using the Kaplan–Meier method for all cases and for sporadic TSE (sTSE) and genetic TSE (gTSE). Crude and adjusted Cox proportional hazard models were used to identify variables associated with shorter survival.FindingsMedian age at onset decreased from the sporadic forms to gTSE and, lastly, to acquired TSE. Overall median and interquartile range (IQR) survival time was 5.2 (IQR, 3.0–11.7) months and 4.9 (IQR, 2.8–10.8) months in sporadic cases and 9 (IQR, 4.9 to over 12) months in genetic cases, p < 0.001. Male sex, older age at onset, presence of 14-3-3 protein, typical MRI, and MM and VV polymorphisms at codon 129 were associated with shorter survival. gTSE showed higher survival in crude comparisons but not after adjustment.InterpretationTSE survival in Spain replicates both the magnitude of that shown and the TSE entity-specific population patterns observed in Western countries but differs from features described in Asian populations, such as the Japanese. The reduction in differences in survival between gTSE and sTSE on adjusting for covariates and international patterns might support the view that gTSE and sTSE share causal and pathophysiological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tejedor-Romero
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Ageing and Mental Health, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Preventive Medicine Unit, La Princesa University Teaching Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Laura Tejedor-Romero,
| | - Teresa López-Cuadrado
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Ageing and Mental Health, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Almazán-Isla
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Ageing and Mental Health, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Calero
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Unit, Fundación CIEN (Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Neurológicas), Queen Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Centre, Madrid, Spain
- Chronic Disease Programme, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando J. García López
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Ageing and Mental Health, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús de Pedro-Cuesta
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Ageing and Mental Health, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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11
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Editorial comment: Prognostic value of diffusion-weighted imaging in patients with newly diagnosed sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Eur Radiol 2022; 32:1939-1940. [PMID: 35032214 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-021-08496-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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12
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Wu J, Chen D, Shi Q, Dong X. Protein amplification technology: New advances in human prion disease diagnosis. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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13
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Park HY, Suh CH, Shim WH, Kim SO, Kim WS, Jeong S, Lee JH, Kim SJ. Prognostic value of diffusion-weighted imaging in patients with newly diagnosed sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Eur Radiol 2021; 32:1941-1950. [PMID: 34842958 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-021-08363-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate clinico-radiologic markers that predict poor overall survival (OS) in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) and to develop a prognostic model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with newly diagnosed sCJD were included who underwent diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) from February 2000 to July 2020. The impact of 9 clinico-radiologic features on OS was analyzed using univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model. The DWI prognostic score model was generated. The weighted kappa was calculated for interobserver agreement. RESULTS Sixty patients (mean age ± SD, 61.0 ± 9.7 years, 32 women) were included. Univariable analysis showed positive associations between poor OS and patient age (p = 0.003), extent of involved cortical lobes (p = 0.11), involvement of caudate nucleus (p = 0.07), and putamen (p = 0.04). Multivariable analysis demonstrated two independent prognostic factors: age ≥ 60 (HR 2.65, 95% CI, 1.41-4.98), and diffusion restriction in caudate nucleus and putamen (HR 2.24, 95% CI, 1.15-4.37). Based on these features, the DWI prognostic score model was generated: low-risk (0-1 point), intermediate-risk (2-3 points), and high-risk (4-5 points) groups. Median OS in high-risk group was 1.7 months, which was significantly shorter than those in the intermediate-risk (14.2 months) and low-risk (26.5 months) groups (p < 0.001). Interobserver agreements were excellent (κ = 0.91-0.92). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that age and diffusion restriction in caudate nucleus and putamen were the independent prognostic factors of poor overall survival in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Our DWI prognostic score model may be useful in clinical settings for disease stratification. KEY POINTS • Age ≥ 60, and diffusion restriction in caudate nucleus and putamen were the independent prognostic factors of poor overall survival in sCJD. • Based on our DWI prognostic score model, median overall survival in high-risk group was 1.7 months, which was significantly shorter than those in the intermediate-risk group (14.2 months) and low-risk group (26.5 months) (p < 0.001). • The proposed DWI prognostic score model may be useful in clinical settings for disease stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Young Park
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong Hyun Suh
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woo Hyun Shim
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Ok Kim
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Seok Kim
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee Jeong
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Lee
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Joon Kim
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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14
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Feng S, Zhao X, Zhou X, Ye X, Yu X, Jiang W, Deng Y, Zhou S, Ma L, Shan P, Zhou G. Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease: A Retrospective Study in Eastern China. Front Neurol 2021; 12:700485. [PMID: 34690910 PMCID: PMC8526550 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.700485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: We aimed to characterize the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) in eastern China in this retrospective study. Methods: This study enrolled 67 patients with sCJD hospitalized in a grade-A tertiary hospital in eastern China from January 2010 to January 2020. Demographic data, clinical symptoms, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electroencephalogram (EEG), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 14-3-3 protein test, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and DNA sequence determination of genes were collected and analyzed. Results: There were 62 patients with probable sCJD and 5 patients with possible sCJD. Male (28 cases) to female (39 cases) ratio was 1:1.39. Mean age at disease onset was 64.42 ± 9.00 years (range: 29-88 years), and mean survival time was 9.39 ± 12.58 months (range: 1-60 months for patients who received the follow-ups). The most common onset symptoms were dementia (49.25%), movement disorder (44.78%), and visual disturbance (22.39%), while the most frequent clinical manifestations were language disorders (74.63%), ataxia (70.15%), and myoclonus (70.15%). The positive rates of brain MRI abnormalities, 14-3-3 protein in CSF, and periodic sharp wave complexes (PSWCs) on EEG were 84.90, 68.00, and 46.03%, respectively. The 14-3-3 protein positive (p = 0.033) and PSWCs on EEG (p = 0.020) acted as the favorable and unfavorable factor for over 1 year of survival time, respectively. Conclusions: There were some differences in epidemiological and clinical characteristics among patients in China and those of other countries. The prognosis and its influencing factors were relatively unexplored in China. The mean survival time of Chinese patients was longer than that of Caucasian patients but shorter than that of Japanese patients. The 14-3-3 protein in CSF and PSWCs on EEG were both closely related to the survival time. It is necessary to promote autopsy or biopsy to better understand sCJD in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Feng
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xinjing Zhao
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xueying Zhou
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiang Ye
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaolin Yu
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shengnian Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Peiyan Shan
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guoyu Zhou
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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15
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Čiauškaitė J, Puleikytė I, Jesmanas S, Jurkevičienė G, Vaitkus A, Rastenytė D. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Clin Case Rep 2021; 9:e04699. [PMID: 34466255 PMCID: PMC8385257 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.4699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare rapidly progressive fatal neurodegenerative disease. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a complication of antipsychotic medications which may be used to treat neuropsychiatric symptoms of CJD. We present a case of a 51‐year‐ old woman with CJD who developed NMS after being prescribed quetiapine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julija Čiauškaitė
- Department of Neurology Medical Academy Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Ieva Puleikytė
- Department of Neurology Medical Academy Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Simonas Jesmanas
- Department of Radiology Medical Academy Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Giedrė Jurkevičienė
- Department of Neurology Medical Academy Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Antanas Vaitkus
- Department of Neurology Medical Academy Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Daiva Rastenytė
- Department of Neurology Medical Academy Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas Lithuania
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16
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Kortazar-Zubizarreta I, Ruiz-Onandi R, Pereda A, Vado Y, González-Chinchon G, Eraña H, Perez de Nanclares G, Castilla J. Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with extremely long 14-year survival period. Eur J Neurol 2021; 28:2901-2906. [PMID: 34060706 PMCID: PMC8457091 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background and purpose Sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease is a rapidly progressing and highly variable neurodegenerative disease with heterogeneous clinical presentation and a median survival time from diagnosis to death of 4–6 months. Methods We report a rare case of a 61‐year‐old woman with a history of initially rapidly progressive dementia, with subsequent development of pyramidal and extrapyramidal signs and with an unusually long survival period of 14 years. Initial magnetic resonance imaging evaluation, single‐photon emission computed tomography, and electroencephalogram did not show relevant alterations. Results The postmortem examination of the brain showed diffuse spongiform change, gliosis, and neuronal loss along with abnormal immunostaining of prion protein in the grey matter, especially in the cerebellum. Indirect PRNP genetic analysis was negative. Conclusions This case is, to our knowledge, the sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease patient with the longest survival period ever documented. This surprisingly long duration highlights the importance of histopathological confirmation with brain autopsies for suspected cases, as the disease can easily be misdiagnosed in such slowly progressing cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izaro Kortazar-Zubizarreta
- Department of Neurology, Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Araba University Hospital-Txagorritxu, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Rebeca Ruiz-Onandi
- Department of Pathology, Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Araba University Hospital-Txagorritxu, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Arrate Pereda
- Molecular (Epi)Genetics Laboratory, Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Araba University Hospital, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Yerai Vado
- Molecular (Epi)Genetics Laboratory, Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Araba University Hospital, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Gonzalo González-Chinchon
- Department of Neurology, Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Araba University Hospital-Txagorritxu, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Hasier Eraña
- Centre for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain.,Atlas Molecular Pharma, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - Guiomar Perez de Nanclares
- Molecular (Epi)Genetics Laboratory, Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Araba University Hospital, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Joaquín Castilla
- Centre for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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17
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Diaz-Lucena D, Kruse N, Thüne K, Schmitz M, Villar-Piqué A, da Cunha JEG, Hermann P, López-Pérez Ó, Andrés-Benito P, Ladogana A, Calero M, Vidal E, Riggert J, Pineau H, Sim V, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Del Río JA, Marín-Moreno A, Espinosa JC, Torres JM, Sánchez-Valle R, Mollenhauer B, Ferrer I, Zerr I, Llorens F. TREM2 expression in the brain and biological fluids in prion diseases. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 141:841-859. [PMID: 33881612 PMCID: PMC8113222 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is an innate immune cell surface receptor that regulates microglial function and is involved in the pathophysiology of several neurodegenerative diseases. Its soluble form (sTREM2) results from shedding of the TREM2 ectodomain. The role of TREM2 in prion diseases, a group of rapidly progressive dementias remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we analysed the expression of TREM2 and its main sheddase ADAM10 in the brain of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) patients and evaluated the role of CSF and plasma sTREM2 as a potential diagnostic marker of prion disease. Our data indicate that, compared to controls, TREM2 is increased in sCJD patient brains at the mRNA and protein levels in a regional and subtype dependent fashion, and expressed in a subpopulation of microglia. In contrast, ADAM10 is increased at the protein, but not the mRNA level, with a restricted neuronal expression. Elevated CSF sTREM2 is found in sCJD, genetic CJD with mutations E200K and V210I in the prion protein gene (PRNP), and iatrogenic CJD, as compared to healthy controls (HC) (AUC = 0.78–0.90) and neurological controls (AUC = 0.73–0.85), while CSF sTREM2 is unchanged in fatal familial insomnia. sTREM2 in the CSF of cases with Alzheimer’s disease, and multiple sclerosis was not significantly altered in our series. CSF sTREM2 concentrations in sCJD are PRNP codon 129 and subtype-related, correlate with CSF 14-3-3 positivity, total-tau and YKL-40, and increase with disease progression. In plasma, sTREM2 is increased in sCJD compared with HC (AUC = 0.80), displaying positive correlations with plasma total-tau, neurofilament light, and YKL-40. We conclude that comparative study of TREM2 in brain and biological fluids of prion diseases reveals TREM2 to be altered in human prion diseases with a potential value in target engagement, patient stratification, and disease monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Diaz-Lucena
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Niels Kruse
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute of Neuropathology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Thüne
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Gern August University, Robert Koch Strasse 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Gern August University, Robert Koch Strasse 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna Villar-Piqué
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | | | - Peter Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Gern August University, Robert Koch Strasse 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Óscar López-Pérez
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Pol Andrés-Benito
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Anna Ladogana
- Department of Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Miguel Calero
- Alzheimer Disease Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Chronic Disease Programme, Queen Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Center, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Enric Vidal
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Institut de Recerca I Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joachim Riggert
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hailey Pineau
- Department of Medicine-Division of Neurology, Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Valerie Sim
- Department of Medicine-Division of Neurology, Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jose Antonio Del Río
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Scientific Park of Barcelona, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Institute of Neuroscience, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Raquel Sánchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Brit Mollenhauer
- Paracelsus-Elena Klinik, Kassel, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Hospitalet de Llobregat, University of Barcelona, Feixa Llarga S/N, 08907, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Gern August University, Robert Koch Strasse 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Franc Llorens
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Gern August University, Robert Koch Strasse 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
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Abu-Rumeileh S, Parchi P. Cerebrospinal Fluid and Blood Neurofilament Light Chain Protein in Prion Disease and Other Rapidly Progressive Dementias: Current State of the Art. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:648743. [PMID: 33776643 PMCID: PMC7994519 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.648743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapidly progressive dementia (RPD) is an umbrella term referring to several conditions causing a rapid neurological deterioration associated with cognitive decline and short disease duration. They comprise Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD), the archetypal RPD, rapidly progressive variants of the most common neurodegenerative dementias (NDs), and potentially treatable conditions such as infectious or autoimmune encephalitis and cerebrovascular disease. Given the significant clinical and, sometimes, neuroradiological overlap between these different disorders, biofluid markers also contribute significantly to the differential diagnosis. Among them, the neurofilament light chain protein (NfL) has attracted growing attention in recent years as a biofluid marker of neurodegeneration due to its sensitivity to axonal damage and the reliability of its measurement in both cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood. Here, we summarize current knowledge regarding biological and clinical implications of NfL evaluation in biofluids across RPDs, emphasizing CJD, and other prion diseases. In the latter, NfL demonstrated a good diagnostic and prognostic accuracy and a potential value as a marker of proximity to clinical onset in pre-symptomatic PRNP mutation carriers. Similarly, in Alzheimer’s disease and other NDs, higher NfL concentrations seem to predict a faster disease progression. While increasing evidence indicates a potential clinical value of NfL in monitoring cerebrovascular disease, the association between NfL and prediction of outcome and/or disease activity in autoimmune encephalitis and infectious diseases has only been investigated in few cohorts and deserves confirmatory studies. In the era of precision medicine and evolving therapeutic options, CSF and blood NfL might aid the diagnostic and prognostic assessment of RPDs and the stratification and management of patients according to disease progression in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piero Parchi
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto delle Sciente Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Hermann P, Appleby B, Brandel JP, Caughey B, Collins S, Geschwind MD, Green A, Haïk S, Kovacs GG, Ladogana A, Llorens F, Mead S, Nishida N, Pal S, Parchi P, Pocchiari M, Satoh K, Zanusso G, Zerr I. Biomarkers and diagnostic guidelines for sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Lancet Neurol 2021; 20:235-246. [PMID: 33609480 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30477-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is a fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by misfolded prion proteins (PrPSc). Effective therapeutics are currently not available and accurate diagnosis can be challenging. Clinical diagnostic criteria use a combination of characteristic neuropsychiatric symptoms, CSF proteins 14-3-3, MRI, and EEG. Supportive biomarkers, such as high CSF total tau, could aid the diagnostic process. However, discordant studies have led to controversies about the clinical value of some established surrogate biomarkers. Development and clinical application of disease-specific protein aggregation and amplification assays, such as real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC), have constituted major breakthroughs for the confident pre-mortem diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Updated criteria for the diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, including application of RT-QuIC, should improve early clinical confirmation, surveillance, assessment of PrPSc seeding activity in different tissues, and trial monitoring. Moreover, emerging blood-based, prognostic, and potentially pre-symptomatic biomarker candidates are under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hermann
- National Reference Center for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Brian Appleby
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Brandel
- Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Byron Caughey
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Steven Collins
- Australian National Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Registry, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Alison Green
- National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stephane Haïk
- Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Gabor G Kovacs
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anna Ladogana
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Franc Llorens
- National Reference Center for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Network Center For Biomedical Research Of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute Carlos III, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Simon Mead
- National Prion Clinic, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Medical Research Council Prion Unit at University College London, Institute of Prion Diseases, London, UK
| | - Noriyuki Nishida
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Suvankar Pal
- National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Piero Parchi
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura e Carattere Scientifico, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Katsuya Satoh
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Gianluigi Zanusso
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Inga Zerr
- National Reference Center for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Göttingen, Germany
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Ascari LM, Rocha SC, Gonçalves PB, Vieira TCRG, Cordeiro Y. Challenges and Advances in Antemortem Diagnosis of Human Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:585896. [PMID: 33195151 PMCID: PMC7606880 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.585896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), also known as prion diseases, arise from the structural conversion of the monomeric, cellular prion protein (PrPC) into its multimeric scrapie form (PrPSc). These pathologies comprise a group of intractable, rapidly evolving neurodegenerative diseases. Currently, a definitive diagnosis of TSE relies on the detection of PrPSc and/or the identification of pathognomonic histological features in brain tissue samples, which are usually obtained postmortem or, in rare cases, by brain biopsy (antemortem). Over the past two decades, several paraclinical tests for antemortem diagnosis have been developed to preclude the need for brain samples. Some of these alternative methods have been validated and can provide a probable diagnosis when combined with clinical evaluation. Paraclinical tests include in vitro cell-free conversion techniques, such as the real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC), as well as immunoassays, electroencephalography (EEG), and brain bioimaging methods, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), whose importance has increased over the years. PrPSc is the main biomarker in TSEs, and the RT-QuIC assay stands out for its ability to detect PrPSc in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), olfactory mucosa, and dermatome skin samples with high sensitivity and specificity. Other biochemical biomarkers are the proteins 14-3-3, tau, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), astroglial protein S100B, α-synuclein, and neurofilament light chain protein (NFL), but they are not specific for TSEs. This paper reviews the techniques employed for definite diagnosis, as well as the clinical and paraclinical methods for possible and probable diagnosis, both those in use currently and those no longer employed. We also discuss current criteria, challenges, and perspectives for TSE diagnosis. An early and accurate diagnosis may allow earlier implementation of strategies to delay or stop disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas M. Ascari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Stephanie C. Rocha
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Priscila B. Gonçalves
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tuane C. R. G. Vieira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Yraima Cordeiro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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