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Liu Y, Lu G, Liu L, He Y, Gong W. Cognitive reserve over the life course and risk of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1358992. [PMID: 38681665 PMCID: PMC11047126 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1358992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The number of people with dementia is soaring. Cognitive reserve has been thought to be associated with dementia risk. It is not clear at which period in the life course and which cognitive reserve proxies contribute to the reduced risk of dementia. Methods By scanning four databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and MEDLINE) up to Jun 3, 2023, longitudinal studies of life-course cognitive reserve and risk of dementia were found. The HRs and 95% CIs for each study were summarized using random effects models. Subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were conducted. Utilizing funnel plots, Begg and Egger tests, publication bias was investigated. Results A total of 27 studies were included, containing 10 in early-life, 10 in middle-life, and 13 in late-life. All studies used validated questionnaires to measure cognitive reserve, and dementia diagnosis followed recognized worldwide guidelines. All included studies were of medium or low risk. Cognitive reserve in early-life (Hazard ratio (HR): 0.82; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.79-0.86), middle-life (HR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.84-0.98) and late-life (HR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.75-0.88) all have protective effects on dementia risk. Multiple sensitivity analyses showed consistent results. Conclusion Dementia risk is reduced by the buildup of cognitive reserves during life-course. Accumulation of proxies for cognitive reserve in early and late life had the greatest effect on dementia risk reduction. Social connection may be an effective approach to lower dementia risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Weijuan Gong
- School of Nursing and School of Public Health, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Brisendine MH, Nichenko AS, Bandara AB, Willoughby OS, Amiri N, Weingrad Z, Specht KS, Bond JM, Addington A, Jones RG, Murach KA, Poelzing S, Craige SM, Grange RW, Drake JC. Neuromuscular Dysfunction Precedes Cognitive Impairment in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Function (Oxf) 2023; 5:zqad066. [PMID: 38111538 PMCID: PMC10727840 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqad066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) develops along a continuum that spans years prior to diagnosis. Decreased muscle function and mitochondrial respiration occur years earlier in those that develop AD; however, it is unknown what causes these peripheral phenotypes in a disease of the brain. Exercise promotes muscle, mitochondria, and cognitive health and is proposed to be a potential therapeutic for AD, but no study has investigated how skeletal muscle adapts to exercise training in an AD-like context. Utilizing 5xFAD mice, an AD model that develops ad-like pathology and cognitive impairments around 6 mo of age, we examined in vivo neuromuscular function and exercise adapations (mitochondrial respiration and RNA sequencing) before the manifestation of overt cognitive impairment. We found 5xFAD mice develop neuromuscular dysfunction beginning as early as 4 mo of age, characterized by impaired nerve-stimulated muscle torque production and compound nerve action potential of the sciatic nerve. Furthermore, skeletal muscle in 5xFAD mice had altered, sex-dependent, adaptive responses (mitochondrial respiration and gene expression) to exercise training in the absence of overt cognitive impairment. Changes in peripheral systems, specifically neural communication to skeletal muscle, may be harbingers for AD and have implications for lifestyle interventions, like exercise, in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H Brisendine
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Anna S Nichenko
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Aloka B Bandara
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Orion S Willoughby
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Niloufar Amiri
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Zach Weingrad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Kalyn S Specht
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Jacob M Bond
- Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health Program, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Adele Addington
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Ronald G Jones
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Kevin A Murach
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Steven Poelzing
- Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health Program, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Siobhan M Craige
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health Program, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Robert W Grange
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Joshua C Drake
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health Program, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
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Aravena JM. Healthy lifestyle and cognitive aging: What is the gap behind prescribing healthier lifestyle? Alzheimers Dement 2023. [PMID: 37079777 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Although there is a clear link between lifestyle and cognitive health, the dissonance between observational and intervention studies results reveals gaps in the knowledge of how to translate healthy lifestyles into better cognitive health for the population. This letter discusses gaps in interpreting observational studies linking healthy lifestyles and cognitive health in older adults. The main goal is to briefly highlight the necessity of understanding and incorporating intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of engagement in healthy lifestyles before prescribing and implementing individual and multicomponent programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Aravena
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, United States
- Instituto de Investigación y Postgrado, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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