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Sabbaghziarani F, Soleimani P, Eynshikh FR, Zafari F, Aali E. Reduced ischemia-reperfusion oxidative stress injury by melatonin and N-acetylcysteine in the male rat brain. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2024; 17:131-137. [PMID: 39175643 PMCID: PMC11339246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) is a model for inducing ischemic stroke in rodents, leading to devastating brain damage. Oxidative stress (OS) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of ischemia. In this study, the effect of melatonin and N-acetylcysteine on ischemia-reperfusion-induced oxidative stress injury in the cerebral cortex of male rats was investigated. 30 male Wistar rats were divided into sham, ischemic, NAC, melatonin and NAC + melatonin groups. All groups, except the sham group, underwent MCAO on the left side, and the treatment groups received intraperitoneal injections of either 50 mg/kg N-acetylcysteine (NAC) or 5 mg/kg melatonin or a combination of both 24 and 48 hours later. At 24 and 72 hours after surgery, the animals were examined for sensory and motor activity. The cerebral cortex was dissected after sacrificing the rats, infarct volume estimated and the concentrations of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA) and nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results indicate that the NAC + melatonin group exhibited elevated sensory-motor activity and a reduced infarct volume rate in comparison to the ischemic group (p≤ 0.05). Compared to the ischemic group, the NAC + melatonin group showed a significant increase in SOD concentration and a significant decrease in MDA (p≤ 0.05). It can therefore be concluded that the simultaneous administration of NAC and melatonin can reduce the cerebral infarction volume, and improve neurological functions by modulating SOD and MDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sabbaghziarani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Department of Anatomical sciences, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Pouria Soleimani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Farideh Rajabian Eynshikh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Department of Anatomical sciences, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Fariba Zafari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Department of Anatomical sciences, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Ehsan Aali
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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Anderberg RH, Andersson EA, Bucher V, Preissner KT, Mallard C, Ek CJ. Treatment with RNase alleviates brain injury but not neuroinflammation in neonatal hypoxia/ischemia. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25329. [PMID: 38597144 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
There is a need for new treatments to reduce brain injuries derived from neonatal hypoxia/ischemia. The only viable option used in the clinic today in infants born at term is therapeutic hypothermia, which has a limited efficacy. Treatments with exogenous RNase have shown great promise in a range of different adult animal models including stroke, ischemia/reperfusion injury, or experimental heart transplantation, often by conferring vascular protective and anti-inflammatory effects. However, any neuroprotective function of RNase treatment in the neonate remains unknown. Using a well-established model of neonatal hypoxic/ischemic brain injury, we evaluated the influence of RNase treatment on RNase activity, gray and white matter tissue loss, blood-brain barrier function, as well as levels and expression of inflammatory cytokines in the brain up to 6 h after the injury using multiplex immunoassay and RT-PCR. Intraperitoneal treatment with RNase increased RNase activity in both plasma and cerebropinal fluids. The RNase treatment resulted in a reduction of brain tissue loss but did not affect the blood-brain barrier function and had only a minor modulatory effect on the inflammatory response. It is concluded that RNase treatment may be promising as a neuroprotective regimen, whereas the mechanistic effects of this treatment appear to be different in the neonate compared to the adult and need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozita H Anderberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - E Axel Andersson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Valentina Bucher
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Klaus T Preissner
- Department of Cardiology, Medical School, Kerckhoff-Heart Research Institute, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Carina Mallard
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C Joakim Ek
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Fan H, Bai Q, Yang Y, Shi X, Du G, Yan J, Shi J, Wang D. The key roles of reactive oxygen species in microglial inflammatory activation: Regulation by endogenous antioxidant system and exogenous sulfur-containing compounds. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 956:175966. [PMID: 37549725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant innate immunity in the brain has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and depression. Except for extraparenchymal CNS-associated macrophages, which predominantly afford protection against peripheral invading pathogens, it has been reported that microglia, a population of macrophage-like cells governing CNS immune defense in nearly all neurological diseases, are the main CNS resident immune cells. Although microglia have been recognized as the most important source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the CNS, ROS also may underlie microglial functions, especially M1 polarization, by modulating redox-sensitive signaling pathways. Recently, endogenous antioxidant systems, including glutathione, hydrogen sulfide, superoxide dismutase, and methionine sulfoxide reductase A, were found to be involved in regulating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. A series of natural sulfur-containing compounds, including S-adenosyl methionine, S-methyl-L-cysteine, sulforaphane, DMS, and S-alk(enyl)-l-cysteine sulfoxide, modulating endogenous antioxidant systems have been discovered. We have summarized the current knowledge on the involvement of endogenous antioxidant systems in regulating microglial inflammatory activation and the effects of sulfur-containing compounds on endogenous antioxidant systems. Finally, we discuss the possibilities associated with compounds targeting the endogenous antioxidant system to treat neuroinflammation-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Fan
- Office of Research & Innovation, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China.
| | - Qianqian Bai
- Office of Research & Innovation, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Office of Research & Innovation, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Xiaofei Shi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Ganqin Du
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Junqiang Yan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Jian Shi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China.
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Petkova T, Rusenova N, Danova S, Milanova A. Effect of N-Acetyl-L-cysteine on Activity of Doxycycline against Biofilm-Forming Bacterial Strains. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1187. [PMID: 37508283 PMCID: PMC10376233 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilm-forming bacteria are associated with difficult-to-cure bacterial infections in veterinary patients. According to previous studies, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) showed an inhibitory effect on biofilm formation when it was applied in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics and fluoroquinolones. The lack of information about the effect of NAC on doxycycline activity against biofilm-forming strains was the reason for conducting this study. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) ATCC 25923, Staphylococcus aureus O74, Escherichia coli (E. coli) ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) ATCC 27853 were used to evaluate the activity of doxycycline with and without addition of NAC on planktonic bacteria and on biofilm formation. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of doxycycline were not affected by NAC for Gram-negative strains and were found to be two times higher for the strains of S. aureus. The minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBICs) for Gram-negative bacteria (2 μg/mL for E. coli ATCC 25922 and 32 μg/mL for P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853), determined using a standard safranin colorimetric assay, were higher than the MICs (0.5 and 4 μg/mL, respectively). The data suggest that the combinations of doxycycline and NAC could stimulate the growth of planktonic cells of S. aureus and biofilm-forming E. coli ATCC 25922. NAC did not affect the strong inhibitory effect of doxycycline on the biofilm formation by the strains of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsvetelina Petkova
- Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Nikolina Rusenova
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Svetla Danova
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, BAS, 26 Georgi Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Aneliya Milanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
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N-Acetylcysteine Administration Attenuates Sensorimotor Impairments Following Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416175. [PMID: 36555816 PMCID: PMC9783020 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic ischemic (HI) brain injury that occurs during neonatal period has been correlated with severe neuronal damage, behavioral deficits and infant mortality. Previous evidence indicates that N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a compound with antioxidant action, exerts a potential neuroprotective effect in various neurological disorders including injury induced by brain ischemia. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of NAC as a potential therapeutic agent in a rat model of neonatal HI brain injury and explore its long-term behavioral effects. To this end, NAC (50 mg/kg/dose, i.p.) was administered prior to and instantly after HI, in order to evaluate hippocampal and cerebral cortex damage as well as long-term functional outcome. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. The results revealed that NAC significantly alleviated sensorimotor deficits and this effect was maintained up to adulthood. These improvements in functional outcome were associated with a significant decrease in the severity of brain damage. Moreover, NAC decreased the short-term expression of iNOS, a finding implying that iNOS activity may be suppressed and that through this action NAC may exert its therapeutic action against neonatal HI brain injury.
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Chen X, Malaeb SN, Pan J, Wang L, Scafidi J. Editorial: Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury: Mechanisms, pathogenesis, and potential therapeutic strategies. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1086692. [PMID: 36582212 PMCID: PMC9793000 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1086692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Chen
- Women and Infants Hospital of RI, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | | | - Jonathan Pan
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Laishuan Wang
- Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Joseph Scafidi
- Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Barks JD, Liu Y, Dopp IA, Silverstein FS. Azithromycin reduces inflammation-amplified hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats. Pediatr Res 2022; 92:415-423. [PMID: 34625655 PMCID: PMC8989723 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01747-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic inflammation amplifies neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury. Azithromycin (AZ), an antibiotic with anti-inflammatory properties, improves sensorimotor function and reduces tissue damage after neonatal rat HI brain injury. The objective of this study was to determine if AZ is neuroprotective in two neonatal rat models of inflammation-amplified HI brain injury. DESIGN/METHODS Seven-day-old (P7) rats received injections of toll-like receptor agonists lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or Pam3Cys-Ser-(Lys)4 (PAM) prior to right carotid ligation followed by 50 min (LPS + HI) or 60 min (PAM + HI) in 8% oxygen. Outcomes included contralateral forelimb function (forepaw placing; grip strength), survival, %Intact right hemisphere (brain damage), and a composite score incorporating these measures. We compared postnatal day 35 outcomes in controls and groups treated with three or five AZ doses. Then, we compared P21 outcomes when the first (of five) AZ doses were administered 1, 2, or 4 h after HI. RESULTS In both LPS + HI and PAM + HI models, AZ improved sensorimotor function, survival, brain tissue preservation, and composite scores. Benefits increased with five- vs. three-dose AZ and declined with longer initiation delay. CONCLUSIONS Perinatal systemic infection is a common comorbidity of neonatal asphyxia brain injury and contributes to adverse outcomes. These data support further evaluation of AZ as a candidate treatment for neonatal neuroprotection. IMPACT AZ treatment decreases sensorimotor impairment and severity of brain injury, and improves survival, after inflammation-amplified HI brain injury, and this can be achieved even with a 2 h delay in initiation. This neuroprotective benefit is seen in models of inflammation priming by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive infections. This extends our previous findings that AZ treatment is neuroprotective after HI brain injury in neonatal rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D.E. Barks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Yiqing Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ian A. Dopp
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Faye S. Silverstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Martinello KA, Meehan C, Avdic-Belltheus A, Lingam I, Mutshiya T, Yang Q, Akin MA, Price D, Sokolska M, Bainbridge A, Hristova M, Tachtsidis I, Tann CJ, Peebles D, Hagberg H, Wolfs TGAM, Klein N, Kramer BW, Fleiss B, Gressens P, Golay X, Robertson NJ. Hypothermia is not therapeutic in a neonatal piglet model of inflammation-sensitized hypoxia-ischemia. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:1416-1427. [PMID: 34050269 PMCID: PMC8160560 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01584-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perinatal inflammation combined with hypoxia-ischemia (HI) exacerbates injury in the developing brain. Therapeutic hypothermia (HT) is standard care for neonatal encephalopathy; however, its benefit in inflammation-sensitized HI (IS-HI) is unknown. METHODS Twelve newborn piglets received a 2 µg/kg bolus and 1 µg/kg/h infusion over 52 h of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). HI was induced 4 h after LPS bolus. After HI, piglets were randomized to HT (33.5 °C 1-25 h after HI, n = 6) or normothermia (NT, n = 6). Amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram (aEEG) was recorded and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was acquired at 24 and 48 h. At 48 h, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive brain cell death, microglial activation/proliferation, astrogliosis, and cleaved caspase-3 (CC3) were quantified. Hematology and plasma cytokines were serially measured. RESULTS Two HT piglets died. aEEG recovery, thalamic and white matter MRS lactate/N-acetylaspartate, and TUNEL-positive cell death were similar between groups. HT increased microglial activation in the caudate, but had no other effect on glial activation/proliferation. HT reduced CC3 overall. HT suppressed platelet count and attenuated leukocytosis. Cytokine profile was unchanged by HT. CONCLUSIONS We did not observe protection with HT in this piglet IS-HI model based on aEEG, MRS, and immunohistochemistry. Immunosuppressive effects of HT and countering neuroinflammation by LPS may contribute to the observed lack of HT efficacy. Other immunomodulatory strategies may be more effective in IS-HI. IMPACT Acute infection/inflammation is known to exacerbate perinatal brain injury and can worsen the outcomes in neonatal encephalopathy. Therapeutic HT is the current standard of care for all infants with NE, but the benefit in infants with coinfection/inflammation is unknown. In a piglet model of inflammation (LPS)-sensitized HI, we observed no evidence of neuroprotection with cooling for 24 h, based on our primary outcome measures: aEEG, MRS Lac/NAA, and histological brain cell death. Additional neuroprotective agents, with beneficial immunomodulatory effects, require exploration in IS-HI models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Martinello
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | | | - Ingran Lingam
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tatenda Mutshiya
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Qin Yang
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mustafa Ali Akin
- Department of Paediatrics, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - David Price
- Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Magdalena Sokolska
- Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Alan Bainbridge
- Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Mariya Hristova
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ilias Tachtsidis
- Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Cally J Tann
- Adolescent, Reproductive and Child Health Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Donald Peebles
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Tim G A M Wolfs
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nigel Klein
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Boris W Kramer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bobbi Fleiss
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, Paris, France
| | | | - Xavier Golay
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nicola J Robertson
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK.
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Animal Models of Chorioamnionitis: Considerations for Translational Medicine. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040811. [PMID: 35453561 PMCID: PMC9032938 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth is defined as any birth occurring before 37 completed weeks of gestation by the World Health Organization. Preterm birth is responsible for perinatal mortality and long-term neurological morbidity. Acute chorioamnionitis is observed in 70% of premature labor and is associated with a heavy burden of multiorgan morbidities in the offspring. Unfortunately, chorioamnionitis is still missing effective biomarkers and early placento- as well as feto-protective and curative treatments. This review summarizes recent advances in the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of chorioamnionitis and subsequent impacts on the pregnancy outcome, both during and beyond gestation. This review also describes relevant and current animal models of chorioamnionitis used to decipher associated mechanisms and develop much needed therapies. Improved knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning chorioamnionitis based on preclinical models is a mandatory step to identify early in utero diagnostic biomarkers and design novel anti-inflammatory interventions to improve both maternal and fetal outcomes.
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Thiamine as a Possible Neuroprotective Strategy in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:antiox11010042. [PMID: 35052546 PMCID: PMC8772822 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
On the basis that similar biochemical and histological sequences of events occur in the brain during thiamine deficiency and hypoxia/ischemia related brain damage, we have planned this review to discuss the possible therapeutic role of thiamine and its derivatives in the management of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Among the many benefits, thiamine per se as antioxidant, given intravenously (IV) at high doses, defined as dosage greater than 100 mg IV daily, should counteract the damaging effects of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the brain, including the reaction of peroxynitrite with the tyrosine residues of the major enzymes involved in intracellular glucose metabolism, which plays a key pathophysiological role in HIE in neonates. Accordingly, it is conceivable that, in neonatal HIE, the blockade of intracellular progressive oxidative stress and the rescue of mitochondrial function mediated by thiamine and its derivatives can lead to a definite neuroprotective effect. Because therapeutic hypothermia and thiamine may both act on the latent period of HIE damage, a synergistic effect of these therapeutic strategies is likely. Thiamine treatment may be especially important in mild HIE and in areas of the world where there is limited access to expensive hypothermia equipment.
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Singh-Mallah G, Kawamura T, Ardalan M, Chumak T, Svedin P, Arthur PG, James C, Hagberg H, Sandberg M, Mallard C. N-Acetyl Cysteine Restores Sirtuin-6 and Decreases HMGB1 Release Following Lipopolysaccharide-Sensitized Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury in Neonatal Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:743093. [PMID: 34867200 PMCID: PMC8634142 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.743093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) are important etiological factors of perinatal brain injury. However, underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Sirtuins are a family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)+-dependent histone deacetylases. Sirtuin-6 is thought to regulate inflammatory and oxidative pathways, such as the extracellular release of the alarmin high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1). The expression and role of sirtuin-6 in neonatal brain injury are unknown. In a well-established model of neonatal brain injury, which encompasses inflammation (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and hypoxia-ischemia (LPS+HI), we investigated the protein expression of sirtuin-6 and HMGB1, as well as thiol oxidation. Furthermore, we assessed the effect of the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) on sirtuin-6 expression, nuclear to cytoplasmic translocation, and release of HMGB1 in the brain and blood thiol oxidation after LPS+HI. We demonstrate reduced expression of sirtuin-6 and increased release of HMGB1 in injured hippocampus after LPS+HI. NAC treatment restored sirtuin-6 protein levels, which was associated with reduced extracellular HMGB1 release and reduced thiol oxidation in the blood. The study suggests that early reduction in sirtuin-6 is associated with HMGB1 release, which may contribute to neonatal brain injury, and that antioxidant treatment is beneficial for the alleviation of these injurious mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Singh-Mallah
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Takuya Kawamura
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Maryam Ardalan
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tetyana Chumak
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Svedin
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter G Arthur
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Christopher James
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mats Sandberg
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Mallard
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Jenkins DD, Moss HG, Brown TR, Yazdani M, Thayyil S, Montaldo P, Vento M, Kuligowski J, Wagner C, Hollis BW, Wiest DB. NAC and Vitamin D Improve CNS and Plasma Oxidative Stress in Neonatal HIE and Are Associated with Favorable Long-Term Outcomes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1344. [PMID: 34572976 PMCID: PMC8466838 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and vitamin D provide effective neuroprotection in animal models of severe or inflammation-sensitized hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). To translate these FDA-approved drugs to HIE neonates, we conducted an early phase, open-label trial of 10 days of NAC (25, 40 mg/kg q12h) + 1,25(OH)2D (calcitriol 0.05 mg/kg q12h, 0.03 mg/kg q24h), (NVD), for pharmacokinetic (PK) estimates during therapeutic hypothermia and normothermia. We paired PK samples with pharmacodynamic (PD) targets of plasma isoprostanoids, CNS glutathione (GSH) and total creatine (tCr) by serial MRS in basal ganglia (BG) before and after NVD infusion at five days. Infants had moderate (n = 14) or severe HIE (n = 16), funisitis (32%), and vitamin D deficiency (75%). NVD resulted in rapid, dose-responsive increases in CNS GSH and tCr that correlated positively with plasma [NAC], inversely with plasma isofurans, and was greater in infants with lower baseline [GSH] and [tCr], suggesting increases in these PD markers were titrated by neural demand. Hypothermia and normothermia altered NAC PK estimates. NVD was well tolerated. Excluding genetic syndromes (2), prolonged ECMO (2), lost-to-follow-up (1) and SIDS death (1), 24 NVD treated HIE infants have no evidence of cerebral palsy, autism or cognitive delay at 24-48 months. These data confirm that low, safe doses of NVD in HIE neonates decreased oxidative stress in plasma and CNS, improved CNS energetics, and are associated with favorable developmental outcomes at two to four years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea D Jenkins
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, 10 McClennan Banks Drive, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (C.W.); (B.W.H.)
| | - Hunter G Moss
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (H.G.M.); (T.R.B.); (M.Y.)
| | - Truman R Brown
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (H.G.M.); (T.R.B.); (M.Y.)
| | - Milad Yazdani
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (H.G.M.); (T.R.B.); (M.Y.)
| | - Sudhin Thayyil
- Centre for Perinatal Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London W12 0HS, UK; (S.T.); (P.M.)
| | - Paolo Montaldo
- Centre for Perinatal Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London W12 0HS, UK; (S.T.); (P.M.)
| | - Maximo Vento
- Neonatal Research Group, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (M.V.); (J.K.)
| | - Julia Kuligowski
- Neonatal Research Group, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (M.V.); (J.K.)
| | - Carol Wagner
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, 10 McClennan Banks Drive, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (C.W.); (B.W.H.)
| | - Bruce W Hollis
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, 10 McClennan Banks Drive, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (C.W.); (B.W.H.)
| | - Donald B Wiest
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
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Tetorou K, Sisa C, Iqbal A, Dhillon K, Hristova M. Current Therapies for Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischaemic and Infection-Sensitised Hypoxic-Ischaemic Brain Damage. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 13:709301. [PMID: 34504417 PMCID: PMC8421799 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.709301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic brain damage is a leading cause of child mortality and morbidity, including cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and cognitive disabilities. The majority of neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic cases arise as a result of impaired cerebral perfusion to the foetus attributed to uterine, placental, or umbilical cord compromise prior to or during delivery. Bacterial infection is a factor contributing to the damage and is recorded in more than half of preterm births. Exposure to infection exacerbates neuronal hypoxic-ischaemic damage thus leading to a phenomenon called infection-sensitised hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury. Models of neonatal hypoxia-ischaemia (HI) have been developed in different animals. Both human and animal studies show that the developmental stage and the severity of the HI insult affect the selective regional vulnerability of the brain to damage, as well as the subsequent clinical manifestations. Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is the only clinically approved treatment for neonatal HI. However, the number of HI infants needed to treat with TH for one to be saved from death or disability at age of 18-22 months, is approximately 6-7, which highlights the need for additional or alternative treatments to replace TH or increase its efficiency. In this review we discuss the mechanisms of HI injury to the immature brain and the new experimental treatments studied for neonatal HI and infection-sensitised neonatal HI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mariya Hristova
- Perinatal Brain Repair Group, Department of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, UCL Institute for Women’s Health, London, United Kingdom
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Elsayed NA, Boyer TM, Burd I. Fetal Neuroprotective Strategies: Therapeutic Agents and Their Underlying Synaptic Pathways. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 13:680899. [PMID: 34248595 PMCID: PMC8262796 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.680899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic signaling is integral for proper brain function. During fetal development, exposure to inflammation or mild hypoxic-ischemic insult may lead to synaptic changes and neurological damage that impairs future brain function. Preterm neonates are most susceptible to these deleterious outcomes. Evaluating clinically used and novel fetal neuroprotective measures is essential for expanding treatment options to mitigate the short and long-term consequences of fetal brain injury. Magnesium sulfate is a clinical fetal neuroprotective agent utilized in cases of imminent preterm birth. By blocking N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, magnesium sulfate reduces glutamatergic signaling, which alters calcium influx, leading to a decrease in excitotoxicity. Emerging evidence suggests that melatonin and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) may also serve as novel putative fetal neuroprotective candidates. Melatonin has important anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and is a known mediator of synaptic plasticity and neuronal generation. While NAC acts as an antioxidant and a precursor to glutathione, it also modulates the glutamate system. Glutamate excitotoxicity and dysregulation can induce perinatal preterm brain injury through damage to maturing oligodendrocytes and neurons. The improved drug efficacy and delivery of the dendrimer-bound NAC conjugate provides an opportunity for enhanced pharmacological intervention. Here, we review recent literature on the synaptic pathways underlying these therapeutic strategies, discuss the current gaps in knowledge, and propose future directions for the field of fetal neuroprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada A. Elsayed
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Theresa M. Boyer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Irina Burd
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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15
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Adams LE, Moss HG, Lowe DW, Brown T, Wiest DB, Hollis BW, Singh I, Jenkins DD. NAC and Vitamin D Restore CNS Glutathione in Endotoxin-Sensitized Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:489. [PMID: 33804757 PMCID: PMC8003885 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic hypothermia does not improve outcomes in neonatal hypoxia ischemia (HI) complicated by perinatal infection, due to well-described, pre-existing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation that shorten the therapeutic window. For effective neuroprotection post-injury, we must first define and then target CNS metabolomic changes immediately after endotoxin-sensitized HI (LPS-HI). We hypothesized that LPS-HI would acutely deplete reduced glutathione (GSH), indicating overwhelming oxidative stress in spite of hypothermia treatment in neonatal rats. Post-natal day 7 rats were randomized to sham ligation, or severe LPS-HI (0.5 mg/kg 4 h before right carotid artery ligation, 90 min 8% O2), followed by hypothermia alone or with N-acetylcysteine (25 mg/kg) and vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D3, 0.05 μg/kg) (NVD). We quantified in vivo CNS metabolites by serial 7T MR Spectroscopy before, immediately after LPS-HI, and after treatment, along with terminal plasma drug concentrations. GSH was significantly decreased in all LPS-HI rats compared with baseline and sham controls. Two hours of hypothermia alone did not improve GSH and allowed glutamate + glutamine (GLX) to increase. Within 1 h of administration, NVD increased GSH close to baseline and suppressed GLX. The combination of NVD with hypothermia rapidly improved cellular redox status after LPS-HI, potentially inhibiting important secondary injury cascades and allowing more time for hypothermic neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Adams
- Department of Pediatrics, 10 McLellan Banks Dr, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (L.E.A.); (B.W.H.); (I.S.)
| | - Hunter G. Moss
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Medical University of South Carolina, 68 President St. Room 205, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (H.G.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Danielle W. Lowe
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 Presidents St., MSC 861, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Truman Brown
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Medical University of South Carolina, 68 President St. Room 205, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (H.G.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Donald B. Wiest
- Department of Pharmacy and Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Bruce W. Hollis
- Department of Pediatrics, 10 McLellan Banks Dr, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (L.E.A.); (B.W.H.); (I.S.)
| | - Inderjit Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, 10 McLellan Banks Dr, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (L.E.A.); (B.W.H.); (I.S.)
| | - Dorothea D. Jenkins
- Department of Pediatrics, 10 McLellan Banks Dr, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (L.E.A.); (B.W.H.); (I.S.)
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Ladak Z, Garcia E, Yoon J, Landry T, Armstrong EA, Yager JY, Persad S. Sulforaphane (SFA) protects neuronal cells from oxygen & glucose deprivation (OGD). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248777. [PMID: 33735260 PMCID: PMC7971874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perinatal brain injury results in neurodevelopmental disabilities (neuroDDs) that include cerebral palsy, autism, attention deficit disorder, epilepsy, learning disabilities and others. Commonly, injury occurs when placental circulation, that is responsible for transporting nutrients and oxygen to the fetus, is compromised. Placental insufficiency (PI) is a reduced supply of blood and oxygen to the fetus and results in a hypoxic-ischemic (HI) environment. A significant HI state in-utero leads to perinatal compromise, characterized by fetal growth restriction and brain injury. Given that over 80% of perinatal brain injuries that result in neuroDDs occur during gestation, prior to birth, preventive approaches are needed to reduce or eliminate the potential for injury and subsequent neuroDDs. Sulforaphane (SFA) derived from cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli sprouts (BrSps) is a phase-II enzyme inducer that acts via cytoplasmic Nrf2 to enhance the production of anti-oxidants in the brain through the glutathione pathway. We have previously shown a profound in vivo neuro-protective effect of BrSps/SFA as a dietary supplement in pregnant rat models of both PI and fetal inflammation. Strong evidence also points to a role for SFA as treatment for various cancers. Paradoxically, then SFA has the ability to enhance cell survival, and with conditions of cancer, enhance cell death. Given our findings of the benefit of SFA/Broccoli Sprouts as a dietary supplement during pregnancy, with improvement to the fetus, it is important to determine the beneficial and toxic dosing range of SFA. We therefore explored, in vitro, the dosing range of SFA for neuronal and glial protection and toxicity in normal and oxygen/glucose deprived (OGD) cell cultures. METHODS OGD simulates, in vitro, the condition experienced by the fetal brain due to PI. We developed a cell culture model of primary cortical neuronal, astrocyte and combined brain cell co-cultures from newborn rodent brains. The cultures were exposed to an OGD environment for various durations of time to determine the LD50 (duration of OGD required for 50% cell death). Using the LD50 as the time point, we evaluated the efficacy of varying doses of SFA for neuroprotective and neurotoxicity effects. Control cultures were exposed to normal media without OGD, and cytotoxicity of varying doses of SFA was also evaluated. Immunofluorescence (IF) and Western blot analysis of cell specific markers were used for culture characterization, and quantification of LD50. Efficacy and toxicity effect of SFA was assessed by IF/high content microscopy and by AlamarBlue viability assay, respectively. RESULTS We determined the LD50 to be 2 hours for neurons, 8 hours for astrocytes, and 10 hours for co-cultures. The protective effect of SFA was noticeable at 2.5 μM and 5 μM for neurons, although it was not significant. There was a significant protective effect of SFA at 2.5 μM (p<0.05) for astrocytes and co-cultures. Significant toxicity ranges were also confirmed in OGD cultures as ≥ 100 μM (p<0.05) for astrocytes, ≥ 50 μM (p<0.01) for co-cultures, but not toxic in neurons; and toxic in control cultures as ≥ 100 μM (p<0.01) for neurons, and ≥ 50 μM (p<0.01) for astrocytes and co-cultures. One Way ANOVA and Dunnett's Multiple Comparison Test were used for statistical analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that cell death shows a trend to reduction in neuronal and astrocyte cultures, and is significantly reduced in co-cultures treated with low doses of SFA exposed to OGD. Doses of SFA that were 10 times higher were toxic, not only under conditions of OGD, but in normal control cultures as well. The findings suggest that: 1. SFA shows promise as a preventative agent for fetal ischemic brain injury, and 2. Because the fetus is a rapidly growing organism with profound cell multiplication, dosing parameters must be established to insure safety within efficacious ranges. This study will influence the development of innovative therapies for the prevention of childhood neuroDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeenat Ladak
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Garcia
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jenny Yoon
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Takaaki Landry
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Edward A. Armstrong
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jerome Y. Yager
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sujata Persad
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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17
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Thingore C, Kshirsagar V, Juvekar A. Amelioration of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in lipopolysaccharide-induced memory impairment using Rosmarinic acid in mice. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:299-313. [PMID: 33068223 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00629-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a pivotal part in the manifestation of neuroinflammation, which further leads to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD). Systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces neuroinflammation resulting in memory impairment (MI) and cognitive decline. In this study, we evaluated whether prophylactic administration of Rosmarinic acid (RA), a naturally occurring compound, exerts a neuroprotective effect in LPS-induced MI and cognitive decline. Herein, Swiss albino mice were pre-treated with RA (0.5 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg i.p.) for 28 days and were intermittently exposed to LPS (0.25 mg/kg i.p.) for 7 days. LPS caused poor memory retention and increased cognitive decline in Morris water maze (MWM) and Y maze paradigms respectively. Additionally, LPS increased oxidative stress which was denoted by a decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, and increased lipid peroxidation in the brain. Imbalance in the cholinergic system was analyzed by measuring the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Pre-treatment with RA improved memory and behavioral disturbances by alleviating oxidative stress and AChE activity. LPS augmented levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, caspase-3, and c-Jun. Pre-treatment with RA revitalized the elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines and apoptotic proteins. In conclusion, this study showcases the amelioration of MI by RA in LPS-challenged memory and cognitive decline, which could be credited to its anti-oxidant effect, inhibitory effect on both proinflammatory cytokines and apoptotic regulators, and reduction in AChE activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan Thingore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Viplav Kshirsagar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Archana Juvekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
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18
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Andersen M, Pedersen MV, Andelius TCK, Kyng KJ, Henriksen TB. Neurological Outcome Following Newborn Encephalopathy With and Without Perinatal Infection: A Systematic Review. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:787804. [PMID: 34988041 PMCID: PMC8721111 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.787804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Studies have suggested that neurological outcome may differ in newborns with encephalopathy with and without perinatal infection. We aimed to systematically review this association. Methods: We conducted this systematic review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Studies were obtained from four databases including Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, and The Cochrane Database. Newborns with encephalopathy with and without markers of perinatal infection were compared with regard to neurodevelopmental assessments, neurological disorders, and early biomarkers of brain damage. Risk of bias and quality of evidence were assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa scale and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). Results: We screened 4,284 studies of which eight cohort studies and one case-control study met inclusion criteria. A narrative synthesis was composed due to heterogeneity between studies. Six studies were classified as having low risk of bias, while three studies were classified as having high risk of bias. Across all outcomes, the quality of evidence was very low. The neurological outcome was similar in newborns with encephalopathy with and without markers of perinatal infection. Conclusions: Further studies of higher quality are needed to clarify whether perinatal infection may affect neurological outcome following newborn encephalopathy. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42020185717.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Andersen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Kasper Jacobsen Kyng
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tine Brink Henriksen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Rodriguez J, Li T, Xu Y, Sun Y, Zhu C. Role of apoptosis-inducing factor in perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:205-213. [PMID: 32859765 PMCID: PMC7896227 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.290875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal complications, such as asphyxia, can cause brain injuries that are often associated with subsequent neurological deficits, such as cerebral palsy or mental retardation. The mechanisms of perinatal brain injury are not fully understood, but mitochondria play a prominent role not only due to their central function in metabolism but also because many proteins with apoptosis-related functions are located in the mitochondrion. Among these proteins, apoptosis-inducing factor has already been shown to be an important factor involved in neuronal cell death upon hypoxia-ischemia, but a better understanding of the mechanisms behind these processes is required for the development of more effective treatments during the early stages of perinatal brain injury. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, specifically on the importance of apoptosis-inducing factor. The relevance of apoptosis-inducing factor is based not only because it participates in the caspase-independent apoptotic pathway but also because it plays a crucial role in mitochondrial energetic functionality, especially with regard to the maintenance of electron transport during oxidative phosphorylation and in oxidative stress, acting as a free radical scavenger. We also discuss all the different apoptosis-inducing factor isoforms discovered, focusing especially on apoptosis-inducing factor 2, which is only expressed in the brain and the functions of which are starting now to be clarified. Finally, we summarized the interaction of apoptosis-inducing factor with several proteins that are crucial for both apoptosis-inducing factor functions (pro-survival and pro-apoptotic) and that are highly important in order to develop promising therapeutic targets for improving outcomes after perinatal brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Rodriguez
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tao Li
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yiran Xu
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yanyan Sun
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Changlian Zhu
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Antenatal N-acetylcysteine to improve outcomes of premature infants with intra-amniotic infection and inflammation (Triple I): randomized clinical trial. Pediatr Res 2021; 89:175-184. [PMID: 32818949 PMCID: PMC7451831 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-01106-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrauterine infection and/or inflammation (Triple I) is an important cause of preterm birth (PTB) and adverse newborn outcomes. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug safely administered to pregnant women with acetaminophen toxicity. METHODS We conducted a single-center, quadruple-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pregnant women with impending PTB due to confirmed Triple I. Participants (n = 67) were randomized to an intravenous infusion of NAC or placebo mimicking the FDA-approved regimen. Outcomes included clinical measures and mechanistic biomarkers. RESULTS Newborns exposed to NAC (n = 33) had significantly improved status at birth and required less intensive resuscitation compared to placebo (n = 34). Fewer NAC-exposed newborns developed two or more prematurity-related severe morbidities [NAC: 21% vs. placebo: 47%, relative risk, 0.45; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.21-0.95] with the strongest protection afforded against bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD, NAC: 3% vs. placebo: 32%, relative risk, 0.10; 95% CI: 0.01-0.73). These effects were independent of gestational age, birth weight, sex, or race. Umbilical cord plasma NAC concentration correlated directly with cysteine, but not with plasma or whole blood glutathione. NAC reduced the placental expression of histone deacetylase-2, suggesting that epigenetic mechanisms may be involved. CONCLUSIONS These data provide support for larger studies of intrapartum NAC to reduce prematurity-related morbidity. IMPACT In this randomized clinical trial of 65 women and their infants, maternal intravenous NAC employing the FDA-approved dosing protocol resulted in lower composite neonatal morbidity independent of gestational age, race, sex, and birthweight. Administration of NAC in amniocentesis-confirmed Triple I resulted in a remarkably lower incidence of BPD. As prior studies have not shown a benefit of postnatal NAC in ventilated infants, our trial highlights the critical antenatal timing of NAC administration. Repurposing of NAC for intrapartum administration should be explored in larger clinical trials as a strategy to improve prematurity-related outcomes and decrease the incidence of BPD.
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21
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Conde-Agudelo A, Romero R, Jung EJ, Garcia Sánchez ÁJ. Management of clinical chorioamnionitis: an evidence-based approach. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020; 223:848-869. [PMID: 33007269 PMCID: PMC8315154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
This review aimed to examine the existing evidence about interventions proposed for the treatment of clinical chorioamnionitis, with the goal of developing an evidence-based contemporary approach for the management of this condition. Most trials that assessed the use of antibiotics in clinical chorioamnionitis included patients with a gestational age of ≥34 weeks and in labor. The first-line antimicrobial regimen for the treatment of clinical chorioamnionitis is ampicillin combined with gentamicin, which should be initiated during the intrapartum period. In the event of a cesarean delivery, patients should receive clindamycin at the time of umbilical cord clamping. The administration of additional antibiotic therapy does not appear to be necessary after vaginal or cesarean delivery. However, if postdelivery antibiotics are prescribed, there is support for the administration of an additional dose. Patients can receive antipyretic agents, mainly acetaminophen, even though there is no clear evidence of their benefits. Current evidence suggests that the administration of antenatal corticosteroids for fetal lung maturation and of magnesium sulfate for fetal neuroprotection to patients with clinical chorioamnionitis between 24 0/7 and 33 6/7 weeks of gestation, and possibly between 23 0/7 and 23 6/7 weeks of gestation, has an overall beneficial effect on the infant. However, delivery should not be delayed to complete the full course of corticosteroids and magnesium sulfate. Once the diagnosis of clinical chorioamnionitis has been established, delivery should be considered, regardless of the gestational age. Vaginal delivery is the safer option and cesarean delivery should be reserved for standard obstetrical indications. The time interval between the diagnosis of clinical chorioamnionitis and delivery is not related to most adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Patients may require a higher dose of oxytocin to achieve adequate uterine activity or greater uterine activity to effect a given change in cervical dilation. The benefit of using continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring in these patients is unclear. We identified the following promising interventions for the management of clinical chorioamnionitis: (1) an antibiotic regimen including ceftriaxone, clarithromycin, and metronidazole that provides coverage against the most commonly identified microorganisms in patients with clinical chorioamnionitis; (2) vaginal cleansing with antiseptic solutions before cesarean delivery with the aim of decreasing the risk of endometritis and, possibly, postoperative wound infection; and (3) antenatal administration of N-acetylcysteine, an antioxidant and antiinflammatory agent, to reduce neonatal morbidity and mortality. Well-powered randomized controlled trials are needed to assess these interventions in patients with clinical chorioamnionitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustin Conde-Agudelo
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL.
| | - Eun Jung Jung
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Ángel José Garcia Sánchez
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Zhang Z, Lin YA, Kim SY, Su L, Liu J, Kannan RM, Kannan S. Systemic dendrimer-drug nanomedicines for long-term treatment of mild-moderate cerebral palsy in a rabbit model. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:319. [PMID: 33100217 PMCID: PMC7586697 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01984-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation mediated by microglia plays a central role in the pathogenesis of perinatal/neonatal brain injury, including cerebral palsy (CP). Therapeutics mitigating neuroinflammation potentially provide an effective strategy to slow the disease progression and rescue normal brain development. Building on our prior results which showed that a generation-4 hydroxyl poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer could deliver drugs specifically to activated glia from systemic circulation, we evaluated the sustained efficacy of a generation-6 (G6) hydroxyl-terminated PAMAM dendrimer that showed a longer blood circulation time and increased brain accumulation. N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent that has high plasma protein binding properties and poor brain penetration, was conjugated to G6-PAMAM dendrimer-NAC (G6D-NAC). The efficacy of microglia-targeted G6D-NAC conjugate was evaluated in a clinically relevant rabbit model of CP, with a mild/moderate CP phenotype to provide a longer survival of untreated CP kits, enabling the assessment of sustained efficacy over 15 days of life. METHODS G6D-NAC was conjugated and characterized. Cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory assays were performed in BV-2 microglial cells. The efficacy of G6D-NAC was evaluated in a rabbit model of CP. CP kits were randomly divided into 5 groups on postnatal day 1 (PND1) and received an intravenous injection of a single dose of PBS, or G6D-NAC (2 or 5 mg/kg), or NAC (2 or 5 mg/kg). Neurobehavioral tests, microglia morphology, and neuroinflammation were evaluated at postnatal day 5 (PND5) and day 15 (PND15). RESULTS A single dose of systemic 'long circulating' G6D-NAC showed a significant penetration across the impaired blood-brain-barrier (BBB), delivered NAC specifically to activated microglia, and significantly reduced microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in both the cortex and cerebellum white matter areas. Moreover, G6D-NAC treatment significantly improved neonatal rabbit survival rate and rescued motor function to nearly healthy control levels at least up to 15 days after birth (PND15), while CP kits treated with free NAC died before PND9. CONCLUSIONS Targeted delivery of therapeutics to activated microglia in neonatal brain injury can ameliorate pro-inflammatory microglial responses to injury, promote survival rate, and improve neurological outcomes that can be sustained for a long period. Appropriate manipulation of activated microglia enabled by G6D-NAC can impact the injury significantly beyond inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Present address: Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA
| | - Yi-An Lin
- Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 400 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Soo-Young Kim
- Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 400 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Lilly Su
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jinhuan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rangaramanujam M Kannan
- Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 400 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Sujatha Kannan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Charlotte Bloomberg Children's Center 6318D, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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Jung E, Romero R, Yeo L, Diaz-Primera R, Marin-Concha J, Para R, Lopez AM, Pacora P, Gomez-Lopez N, Yoon BH, Kim CJ, Berry SM, Hsu CD. The fetal inflammatory response syndrome: the origins of a concept, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and obstetrical implications. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2020; 25:101146. [PMID: 33164775 PMCID: PMC10580248 DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2020.101146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The fetus can deploy a local or systemic inflammatory response when exposed to microorganisms or, alternatively, to non-infection-related stimuli (e.g., danger signals or alarmins). The term "Fetal Inflammatory Response Syndrome" (FIRS) was coined to describe a condition characterized by evidence of a systemic inflammatory response, frequently a result of the activation of the innate limb of the immune response. FIRS can be diagnosed by an increased concentration of umbilical cord plasma or serum acute phase reactants such as C-reactive protein or cytokines (e.g., interleukin-6). Pathologic evidence of a systemic fetal inflammatory response indicates the presence of funisitis or chorionic vasculitis. FIRS was first described in patients at risk for intraamniotic infection who presented preterm labor with intact membranes or preterm prelabor rupture of the membranes. However, FIRS can also be observed in patients with sterile intra-amniotic inflammation, alloimmunization (e.g., Rh disease), and active autoimmune disorders. Neonates born with FIRS have a higher rate of complications, such as early-onset neonatal sepsis, intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, and death, than those born without FIRS. Survivors are at risk for long-term sequelae that may include bronchopulmonary dysplasia, neurodevelopmental disorders, such as cerebral palsy, retinopathy of prematurity, and sensorineuronal hearing loss. Experimental FIRS can be induced by intra-amniotic administration of bacteria, microbial products (such as endotoxin), or inflammatory cytokines (such as interleukin-1), and animal models have provided important insights about the mechanisms responsible for multiple organ involvement and dysfunction. A systemic fetal inflammatory response is thought to be adaptive, but, on occasion, may become dysregulated whereby a fetal cytokine storm ensues and can lead to multiple organ dysfunction and even fetal death if delivery does not occur ("rescued by birth"). Thus, the onset of preterm labor in this context can be considered to have survival value. The evidence so far suggests that FIRS may compound the effects of immaturity and neonatal inflammation, thus increasing the risk of neonatal complications and long-term morbidity. Modulation of a dysregulated fetal inflammatory response by the administration of antimicrobial agents, anti-inflammatory agents, or cell-based therapy holds promise to reduce infant morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjung Jung
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Lami Yeo
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ramiro Diaz-Primera
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Julio Marin-Concha
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Robert Para
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ashley M Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Percy Pacora
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Bo Hyun Yoon
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong Jai Kim
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Stanley M Berry
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Chaur-Dong Hsu
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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24
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Martini S, Austin T, Aceti A, Faldella G, Corvaglia L. Free radicals and neonatal encephalopathy: mechanisms of injury, biomarkers, and antioxidant treatment perspectives. Pediatr Res 2020; 87:823-833. [PMID: 31655487 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0639-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal encephalopathy (NE), most commonly a result of the disruption of cerebral oxygen delivery, is the leading cause of neurologic disability in term neonates. Given the key role of free radicals in brain injury development following hypoxia-ischemia-reperfusion, several oxidative biomarkers have been explored in preclinical and clinical models of NE. Among these, antioxidant enzyme activity, uric acid excretion, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, and non-protein-bound iron have shown promising results as possible predictors of NE severity and outcome. Owing to high costs and technical complexity, however, their routine use in clinical practice is still limited. Several strategies aimed at reducing free radical production or upregulating physiological scavengers have been proposed for NE. Room-air resuscitation has proved to reduce oxidative stress following perinatal asphyxia and is now universally adopted. A number of medications endowed with antioxidant properties, such as melatonin, erythropoietin, allopurinol, or N-acetylcysteine, have also shown potential neuroprotective effects in perinatal asphyxia; nevertheless, further evidence is needed before these antioxidant approaches could be implemented as standard care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Martini
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Topun Austin
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Arianna Aceti
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giacomo Faldella
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigi Corvaglia
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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25
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Mottahedin A, Blondel S, Ek J, Leverin AL, Svedin P, Hagberg H, Mallard C, Ghersi-Egea JF, Strazielle N. N-acetylcysteine inhibits bacterial lipopeptide-mediated neutrophil transmigration through the choroid plexus in the developing brain. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:4. [PMID: 31973769 PMCID: PMC6979079 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0877-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of neurological impairments associated with prematurity and other perinatal complications often involves an infectious or pro-inflammatory component. The use of antioxidant molecules have proved useful to protect the neonatal brain from injury. The choroid plexuses-CSF system shapes the central nervous system response to inflammation at the adult stage, but little is known on the neuroimmune interactions that take place at the choroidal blood-CSF barrier during development. We previously described that peripheral administration to neonatal mice of the TLR2 ligand PAM3CSK4 (P3C), a prototypic Gram-positive bacterial lipopeptide, induces the migration of innate immune cells to the CSF. Here we showed in neonatal rats exposed to P3C that the migration of neutrophils into the CSF, which occurred through the choroid plexuses, is abolished following administration of the antioxidant drug N-acetylcysteine. Combining light sheet microscopy imaging of choroid plexus, a differentiated model of the blood-CSF barrier, and multiplex cytokine assays, we showed that the choroidal epithelium responds to the bacterial insult by a specific pattern of cytokine secretion, leading to a selective accumulation of neutrophils in the choroid plexus and to their trafficking into CSF. N-acetylcysteine acted by blocking neutrophil migration across both the endothelium of choroidal stromal vessels and the epithelium forming the blood-CSF barrier, without interfering with neutrophil blood count, neutrophil tropism for choroid plexus, and choroidal chemokine-driven chemotaxis. N-acetylcysteine reduced the injury induced by hypoxia-ischemia in P3C-sensitized neonatal rats. Overall, the data show that a double endothelial and epithelial check point controls the transchoroidal migration of neutrophils into the developing brain. They also point to the efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in reducing the deleterious effects of inflammation-associated perinatal injuries by a previously undescribed mechanism, i.e. the inhibition of innate immune cell migration across the choroid plexuses, without interfering with the systemic inflammatory response to infection.
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26
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Ward P, Moss HG, Brown TR, Kalivas P, Jenkins DD. N-acetylcysteine mitigates acute opioid withdrawal behaviors and CNS oxidative stress in neonatal rats. Pediatr Res 2020; 88:77-84. [PMID: 31935745 PMCID: PMC7326708 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0728-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) is a significant problem. Opioid withdrawal induces oxidative stress and disrupts glutamate and glutathione homeostasis. We hypothesized that N-acetylcysteine (NAC) administered during acute opioid withdrawal in neonatal rats would decrease withdrawal behaviors and normalize CNS glutathione and glutamate. METHODS Osmotic minipumps with methadone (opioid dependent, OD) and saline (Sham) were implanted into Sprague Dawley dams 7 days prior to delivery. Pups were randomized to receive either naloxone plus saline or NAC (50-100 mg/kg), administered on postnatal day (PND) 7. We performed MR spectroscopy on PND6-7 before, 30 min, and 120 min after withdrawal. On PND7, we assessed withdrawal behaviors for 90 min after naloxone administration and summed scores during peak withdrawal period. RESULTS Mean summed behavioral scores were significantly different between groups (χ2 (2) = 10.49, p = 0.005) but not different between NAC/NAL/OD and Sham (p = 0.14): SAL/NAL/OD = 17.2 ± 4.2 (n = 10); NAC/NAL/OD = 11.3 ± 5.6 (n = 9); Sham = 6.5 ± 0.6 (n = 4). SAL/NAL/OD pups had decreased glutathione at 120 min (p = 0.01), while NAC/NAL/OD pups maintained pre-withdrawal glutathione (p = 0.26). CONCLUSION In antenatal OD, NAC maintains CNS glutathione and mitigates acute opioid withdrawal in neonatal rats. This is the first study to demonstrate acute opioid withdrawal neurochemical changes in vivo in neonatal OD. NAC is a potential novel treatment for NAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Price Ward
- 0000 0001 2189 3475grid.259828.cDepartment of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC USA
| | - Hunter G. Moss
- 0000 0001 2189 3475grid.259828.cDepartment of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC USA
| | - Truman R. Brown
- 0000 0001 2189 3475grid.259828.cDepartment of Radiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC USA
| | - Peter Kalivas
- 0000 0001 2189 3475grid.259828.cDepartment of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC USA
| | - Dorothea D. Jenkins
- 0000 0001 2189 3475grid.259828.cDepartment of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC USA
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Lee YH, Lee SR. Neuroprotective effects of N-acetylcysteine via inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase in a mouse model of transient global cerebral ischemia. Brain Res Bull 2019; 154:142-150. [PMID: 31722253 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is known to serve many biological functions including acting as an antioxidant, and electing antiinflammatory effects. Previous reports have revealed that NAC may have neuroprotective effects against the deleterious effects of brain ischemia. Despite of this, the mechanism by which NAC prevents neuronal damage after brain ischemia remains unclear. The current study aimed to investigate this mechanism in a mouse model of transient global brain ischemia. In the present study, mice were subjected to 20 min of transient global brain ischemia, proceeded by intraperitoneal administration of NAC (150 mg/kg) in one group. The mice were then euthanized 72 h after this ischemic insult for collection of experimental tissues. The effect of NAC on neuronal damage and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activity were assessed and immunofluorescence, and hippocampal terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay experiments were conducted and results compared between NAC- and vehicle-treated groups. Neuronal damage was primarily observed in the hippocampal CA1 and CA2 regions. In NAC-treated mice, neuronal damage was significantly reduced after ischemia when compared to vehicle-treated animals. NAC also inhibited increased MMP-9 activity after global brain ischemia. NAC increased laminin and NeuN expression and inhibited increases in TUNEL-positive cells, all in the hippocampus. These results suggest that NAC reduces hippocampal neuronal damage following transient global ischemia, potentially via reductions in MMP-9 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Hyung Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and ODR center, Brain Research Institute, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, South Korea; Department of Urology, Fatima Hospital, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Seong-Ryong Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and ODR center, Brain Research Institute, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, South Korea.
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Solevåg AL, Schmölzer GM, Cheung PY. Novel interventions to reduce oxidative-stress related brain injury in neonatal asphyxia. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 142:113-122. [PMID: 31039399 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal asphyxia-induced brain injury may present as hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in the neonatal period, and disability including cerebral palsy in the long term. The brain injury is secondary to both the hypoxic-ischemic event and the reoxygenation-reperfusion following resuscitation. Early events in the cascade of brain injury can be classified as either inflammation or oxidative stress through the generation of free radicals. The objective of this paper is to present efforts that have been made to limit the oxidative stress associated with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. In the acute phase of ischemia/hypoxia and reperfusion/reoxygenation, the outcomes of asphyxiated infants can be improved by optimizing the initial delivery room stabilization. Interventions include limiting oxygen exposure, and shortening the time to return of spontaneous circulation through improved methods for supporting hemodynamics and ventilation. Allopurinol, melatonin, noble gases such as xenon and argon, and magnesium administration also target the acute injury phase. Therapeutic hypothermia, N-acetylcysteine2-iminobiotin, remote ischemic postconditioning, cannabinoids and doxycycline target the subacute phase. Erythropoietin, mesenchymal stem cells, topiramate and memantine could potentially limit injury in the repair phase after asphyxia. To limit the injurious biochemical processes during the different stages of brain injury, determination of the stage of injury in any particular infant remains essential. Currently, therapeutic hypothermia is the only established treatment in the subacute phase of asphyxia-induced brain injury. The effects and side effects of oxidative stress reducing/limiting medications may however be difficult to predict in infants during therapeutic hypothermia. Future neuroprotection in asphyxiated infants may indeed include a combination of therapies. Challenges include timing, dosing and administration route for each neuroprotectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Solevåg
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - G M Schmölzer
- Centre for the Studies of Asphyxia and Resuscitation, Neonatal Research Unit, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - P-Y Cheung
- Centre for the Studies of Asphyxia and Resuscitation, Neonatal Research Unit, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Singh-Mallah G, Nair S, Sandberg M, Mallard C, Hagberg H. The Role of Mitochondrial and Endoplasmic Reticulum Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Models of Perinatal Brain Injury. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:643-663. [PMID: 30957515 PMCID: PMC6657303 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Perinatal brain injury is caused by hypoxia-ischemia (HI) in term neonates, perinatal arterial stroke, and infection/inflammation leading to devastating long-term neurodevelopmental deficits. Therapeutic hypothermia is the only currently available treatment but is not successful in more than 50% of term neonates suffering from hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Thus, there is an urgent unmet need for alternative or adjunct therapies. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important for physiological signaling, however, their overproduction/accumulation from mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) during HI aggravate cell death. Recent Advances and Critical Issues: Mechanisms underlying ER stress-associated ROS production have been primarily elucidated using either non-neuronal cells or adult neurodegenerative experimental models. Findings from mature brain cannot be simply transferred to the immature brain. Therefore, age-specific studies investigating ER stress modulators may help investigate ER stress-associated ROS pathways in the immature brain. New therapeutics such as mitochondrial site-specific ROS inhibitors that selectively inhibit superoxide (O2•-)/hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production are currently being developed. Future Directions: Because ER stress and oxidative stress accentuate each other, a combinatorial therapy utilizing both antioxidants and ER stress inhibitors may prove to be more protective against perinatal brain injury. Moreover, multiple relevant targets need to be identified for targeting ROS before they are formed. The role of organelle-specific ROS in brain repair needs investigation. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 31, 643-663.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Singh-Mallah
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Syam Nair
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mats Sandberg
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Mallard
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Ryu CM, Shin JH, Yu HY, Ju H, Kim S, Lim J, Heo J, Lee S, Shin DM, Choo MS. N-acetylcysteine prevents bladder tissue fibrosis in a lipopolysaccharide-induced cystitis rat model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8134. [PMID: 31148586 PMCID: PMC6544636 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44631-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic options for non-Hunner type interstitial cystitis (IC), which is histologically characterized by fibrosis and mast cell infiltration, are limited. We developed a rat model that replicates chronic inflammation and fibrosis and evaluated the therapeutic effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a well-known anti-fibrotic agent, on the model. Intravesical instillation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 750 μg) after protamine sulfate (10 mg) was conducted twice per week for five consecutive weeks. One week after final instillation, 200 mg/kg NAC (n = 10, IC + NAC group) or phosphate-buffered saline (n = 10, IC group) was daily injected intraperitoneally once daily for 5 days. LPS instillation induced bladder fibrosis, mast cell infiltration, and apoptotic tissue damage. Functionally, LPS insult led to irregular micturition, decreased inter-contraction intervals, and decreased micturition volume. NAC significantly improved most of the voiding parameters and reversed histological damages including fibrosis. NAC inhibited the induction and nuclear localization of phospho-Smad2 protein in bladder tissues and the upregulation of genes related to fibrosis, such as Tgfb2, Tgfb3, Smad2, Smad3, Cxcl10, and Card10. This is the first study to demonstrate the beneficial effects on NAC in restoring voiding function, relieving tissue fibrosis and related bladder injuries, in the LPS-induced cystitis rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae-Min Ryu
- Department of Urology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Shin
- Department of Urology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwan Yeul Yu
- Department of Urology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyein Ju
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Physiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sujin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Physiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jisun Lim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Physiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinbeom Heo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Physiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seungun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Physiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Myung Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Physiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Myung-Soo Choo
- Department of Urology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Postnatal N‑acetylcysteine does not provide neuroprotection in extremely low birth weight infants: A follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Early Hum Dev 2019; 132:13-17. [PMID: 30927687 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Vasconcelos AR, Dos Santos NB, Scavone C, Munhoz CD. Nrf2/ARE Pathway Modulation by Dietary Energy Regulation in Neurological Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:33. [PMID: 30778297 PMCID: PMC6369171 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) regulates the expression of an array of enzymes with important detoxifying and antioxidant functions. Current findings support the role of high levels of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. Given the central role played by Nrf2 in counteracting oxidative damage, a number of studies have targeted the modulation of this transcription factor in order to confer neuroprotection. Nrf2 activity is tightly regulated by oxidative stress and energy-based stimuli. Thus, many dietary interventions based on energy intake regulation, such as dietary energy restriction (DER) or high-fat diet (HFD), modulate Nrf2 with consequences for a variety of cellular processes that affect brain health. DER, by either restricting calorie intake or meal frequency, activates Nrf2 thereby triggering its protective effects, whilst HFD inhibit this pathway, thereby exacerbating oxidative stress. Consequently, DER protocols can be valuable strategies in the management of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Herein, we review current knowledge of the role of Nrf2 signaling in neurological diseases, namely Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis and cerebral ischemia, as well as the potential of energy intake regulation in the management of Nrf2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rodrigues Vasconcelos
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nilton Barreto Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinopharmacology and Immunomodulation, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristoforo Scavone
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Demarchi Munhoz
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinopharmacology and Immunomodulation, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Rodriguez J, Zhang Y, Li T, Xie C, Sun Y, Xu Y, Zhou K, Huo K, Wang Y, Wang X, Andersson D, Ståhlberg A, Xing Q, Mallard C, Hagberg H, Modjtahedi N, Kroemer G, Blomgren K, Zhu C. Lack of the brain-specific isoform of apoptosis-inducing factor aggravates cerebral damage in a model of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Cell Death Dis 2018; 10:3. [PMID: 30584234 PMCID: PMC6315035 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1250-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) may contribute to neuronal cell death, and its influence is particularly prominent in the immature brain after hypoxia-ischemia (HI). A brain-specific AIF splice-isoform (AIF2) has recently been discovered, but has not yet been characterized at the genetic level. The aim of this study was to determine the functional and regulatory profile of AIF2 under physiological conditions and after HI in mice. We generated AIF2 knockout (KO) mice by removing the AIF2-specific exon and found that the relative expression of Aif1 mRNA increased in Aif2 KO mice and that this increase became even more pronounced as Aif2 KO mice aged compared to their wild-type (WT) littermates. Mitochondrial morphology and function, reproductive function, and behavior showed no differences between WT and Aif2 KO mice. However, lack of AIF2 enhanced brain injury in neonatal mice after HI compared to WT controls, and this effect was linked to increased oxidative stress but not to caspase-dependent or -independent apoptosis pathways. These results indicate that AIF2 deficiency exacerbates free radical production and HI-induced neonatal brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Rodriguez
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 40530, Sweden
| | - Yaodong Zhang
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 40530, Sweden
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tao Li
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 40530, Sweden
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Cuicui Xie
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 40530, Sweden
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yanyan Sun
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 40530, Sweden
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yiran Xu
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 40530, Sweden
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 40530, Sweden
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kaiming Huo
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 40530, Sweden
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yafeng Wang
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 40530, Sweden
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 40530, Sweden
| | - Daniel Andersson
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 40530, Sweden
| | - Anders Ståhlberg
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 40530, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Qinghe Xing
- Institute of Biomedical Science of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Carina Mallard
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 40530, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Center for Perinatal Medicine and Health, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Guido Kroemer
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, GRCC, Villejuif, France; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Labex Immuno-Oncology, Paris, France
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Changlian Zhu
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 40530, Sweden.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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Park JH, Kim D, Shin BS. Effects of propofol and isoflurane on excitatory amino acid carrier 1 mRNA and glutathione protein levels in rat hippocampus. J Int Med Res 2018; 46:4705-4716. [PMID: 30198359 PMCID: PMC6259380 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518795583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We compared the effects of two anesthetics, isoflurane and propofol, on the nuclear or cytosolic localization of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), mRNA expression levels of excitatory amino acid carrier 1 (EAAC1), and glutathione (GSH) protein levels in the rat hippocampus. METHODS Fifty-two adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: a control group, a group that received propofol for 240 minutes (P240), and a group that received isoflurane for 240 minutes (I240). We compared GSH protein and EAAC1 mRNA expression levels in the rat hippocampus and evaluated Nrf2 content in cytosolic and nuclear fractions in the three groups. RESULTS GSH protein and EAAC1 mRNA expression levels were significantly higher in the I240 and P240 groups compared with the control group. The I240 and P240 groups showed lower Nrf2 protein levels in the cytosolic fractions, but higher levels in the nuclear fractions compared with the control group. CONCLUSION Treatment with isoflurane or propofol may enhance GSH production by facilitating translocation of Nrf2 into the nucleus and increasing EAAC1mRNA expression in the rat hippocampus. Isoflurane and propofol show similar profiles in EAAC1 expression-associated GSH production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hyoung Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Doyeon Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Seop Shin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Treatment outcomes and associated factors among extremely preterm infants in a major children hospital in Guangxi, China. Pediatr Neonatol 2018; 59:263-266. [PMID: 29037512 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In developing countries, infant survival rate and long-term outcomes of extremely preterm infants(EPIs) have significantly improved due to advances in perinatal care. The striking gap in the treatment outcome of EPIs between China and the other developed countries was a major concern. To assess treatment outcomes and associated factors among EPIs in Nanning, China. METHODS This was a perspective study consisting of eligible cases with gestational age between 22 and 28 weeks and infants were followed to 18-24 months of age. Data including clinical characteristics, perinatal factors and after-birth conditions were collected from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in a major women's and children's health hospital in Guangxi Province from January 1st 2010 to February 1st 2015. RESULTS During that period 79 EPIs were born in the hospital. Twenty-eight infants died in hospital after their parents decided to withdraw clinical treatment. Of the 51 surviving infants, 5 infants were lost to follow-up. Eleven of the 46 infants were evaluated at 18-24 months of age and were diagnosed with neurodevelopmental disability and 35 infants showed normal motor language development. The incidence of intrauterine infection and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) grade III were both higher in the group of infants who were diagnosed neurodevelopmental disability than in the group of infants with normal motor language development (p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that intrauterine infection (OR = 33.290, 95%CI = 2.180-508.351) and IVH grade III (OR = 26.814, 95%CI = 3.631-197.989) were the major risk factors for neurodevelopmental disability in EPIs. CONCLUSIONS Intrauterine infection and IVH grade III were associated with the neurodevelopmental disability in EPIs.
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36
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Sharma R, Sharma A, Kambhampati SP, Reddy RR, Zhang Z, Cleland JL, Kannan S, Kannan RM. Scalable synthesis and validation of PAMAM dendrimer- N-acetyl cysteine conjugate for potential translation. Bioeng Transl Med 2018; 3:87-101. [PMID: 30065965 PMCID: PMC6063872 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendrimer-N-acetyl cysteine (D-NAC) conjugate has shown significant promise in multiple preclinical models of brain injury and is undergoing clinical translation. D-NAC is a generation-4 hydroxyl-polyamidoamine dendrimer conjugate where N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) is covalently bound through disulfide linkages on the surface of the dendrimer. It has shown remarkable potential to selectively target and deliver NAC to activated microglia and astrocytes at the site of brain injury in several animal models, producing remarkable improvements in neurological outcomes at a fraction of the free drug dose. Here we present a highly efficient, scalable, greener, well-defined route to the synthesis of D-NAC, and validate the structure, stability and activity to define the benchmarks for this compound. This newly developed synthetic route has significantly reduced the synthesis time from three weeks to one week, uses industry-friendly solvents/reagents, and involves simple purification procedures, potentially enabling efficient scale up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Sharma
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of OphthalmologyWilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21287
| | - Anjali Sharma
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of OphthalmologyWilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21287
| | - Siva P. Kambhampati
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of OphthalmologyWilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21287
| | - Rajsekar Rami Reddy
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of OphthalmologyWilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21287
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Dept. of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21287
| | | | - Sujatha Kannan
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of OphthalmologyWilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21287
- Dept. of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21287
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Inc.BaltimoreMD21205
- Kennedy Krieger Institute – Johns Hopkins University for Cerebral Palsy Research ExcellenceBaltimoreMD21287
| | - Rangaramanujam M. Kannan
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of OphthalmologyWilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21287
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Inc.BaltimoreMD21205
- Kennedy Krieger Institute – Johns Hopkins University for Cerebral Palsy Research ExcellenceBaltimoreMD21287
- Dept.of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD21218
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37
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Ma Q, Zhang L. C-type natriuretic peptide functions as an innate neuroprotectant in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in mouse via natriuretic peptide receptor 2. Exp Neurol 2018; 304:58-66. [PMID: 29501420 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is the most common cause of brain injury in neonates, which leads to high neonatal mortality and severe neurological morbidity in later life (Vannucci, 2000; Volpe, 2001). Yet the molecular mechanisms of neuronal death and brain damage induced by neonatal HI remain largely elusive. Herein, using both in vivo and in vitro models, we determine an endogenous neuroprotectant role of c-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) in preserving neuronal survival after HI brain injury in mouse pups. Postnatal day 7 (P7) mouse pups with CNP deficiency (Nppclbab/lbab) exhibit increased brain infarct size and worsened long-term locomotor function after neonatal HI compared with wildtype control (Nppc+/+). In isolated primary cortical neurons, recombinant CNP dose-dependently protects primary neurons from oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) insult. This neuroprotective effect appears to be mediated through its cognate natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (NPR2), in that antagonization of NPR2, but not NPR3, exacerbates neuronal death and counteracts the protective effect of CNP on primary neurons exposed to OGD insult. Immunoblot and confocal microscopy demonstrate the abundant expression of NPR2 in neurons of the neonatal brain and in isolated primary cortical neurons as well. Moreover, similar to CNP deficiency, administration of NPR2 antagonist P19 via intracerebroventricular injection prior to HI results in exacerbated neuronal death and brain injury after HI. Altogether, the present study indicates that CNP and its cognate receptor NPR2 mainly expressed in neurons represent an innate neuroprotective mechanism in neonatal HI brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyi Ma
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | - Lubo Zhang
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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Abd-Ellah HF, Abou-Zeid NRA, Nasr NM. The possible protective effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine and folic acid in combination against aspartame-induced cerebral cortex neurotoxicity in adult male rats: a light and transmission electron microscopic study. Ultrastruct Pathol 2018; 42:228-245. [DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2018.1440270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hala F. Abd-Ellah
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science & Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nadia R. A. Abou-Zeid
- Electron Microscope Lab., Ain Shams Specialized Hospital, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nadia M. Nasr
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science & Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Parikh P, Juul SE. Neuroprotective Strategies in Neonatal Brain Injury. J Pediatr 2018; 192:22-32. [PMID: 29031859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Parikh
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Sandra E Juul
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
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40
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Murphy NP, Lampe KJ. Fabricating PLGA microparticles with high loads of the small molecule antioxidant N-acetylcysteine that rescue oligodendrocyte progenitor cells from oxidative stress. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 115:246-256. [PMID: 28872660 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), encompassing all oxygen radical or non-radical oxidizing agents, play key roles in disease progression. Controlled delivery of antioxidants is therapeutically relevant in such oxidant-stressed environments. Encapsulating small hydrophilic molecules into hydrophobic polymer microparticles via traditional emulsion methods has long been a challenge due to rapid mass transport of small molecules out of particle pores. We have developed a simple alteration to the existing water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) drug encapsulation method that dramatically improves loading efficiency: doping external water phases with drug to mitigate drug diffusion out of the particle during fabrication. PLGA microparticles with diameters ranging from 0.6 to 0.9 micrometers were fabricated, encapsulating high loads of 0.6-0.9 µm diameter PLGA microparticles were fabricated, encapsulating high loads of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC), and released active, ROS-scavenging NAC for up to 5 weeks. Encapsulation efficiencies, normalized to the theoretical load of traditional encapsulation without doping, ranged from 96% to 400%, indicating that NAC-loaded external water phases not only prevented drug loss due to diffusion, but also doped the particles with additional drug. Antioxidant-doped particles positively affected the metabolism of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) under H2 O2 -mediated oxidative stress when administered both before (protection) or after (rescue) injury. Antioxidant doped particles improved outcomes of OPCs experiencing multiple doses of H2 O2 by increasing the intracellular glutathione content and preserving cellular viability relative to the injury control. Furthermore, antioxidant-doped particles preserve cell number, number of process extensions, cytoskeletal morphology, and nuclear size of H2 O2 -stressed OPCs relative to the injury control. These NAC-doped particles have the potential to provide temporally-controlled antioxidant therapy in neurodegenerative disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS) that are characterized by continuous oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Murphy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Kyle J Lampe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Zhang Y, Cui W, Zhai Q, Zhang T, Wen X. N-acetylcysteine ameliorates repetitive/stereotypic behavior due to its antioxidant properties without activation of the canonical Wnt pathway in a valproic acid-induced rat model of autism. Mol Med Rep 2017. [PMID: 28627665 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is widely used as an antioxidant, and previous studies have suggested that it may have potential as an alternative therapeutic strategy for the treatment of patients with autism. However, the exact effects of NAC administration on the development of autism, as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying its actions, have yet to be fully elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of NAC on the oxidative status of rats in a valproic acid (VPA)‑induced model of autism, and to examine the involvement of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway in the actions of NAC. Rats exposed to VPA were monitored for behavioral changes, and oxidative stress indicators and key molecules of the canonical Wnt pathway were investigated using colorimetric and western blot analysis, respectively. The present results demonstrated that NAC ameliorated repetitive and stereotypic activity in autism model rats. Furthermore, NAC was revealed to relieve oxidative stress, as demonstrated by the increased glutathione and reduced malondialdehyde levels compared with VPA‑treated rats. However, NAC did not appear to affect the activity of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. The present findings suggested that the beneficial effects of NAC in autism may be associated with its antioxidative properties, and may not be mediated by the canonical Wnt pathway. However, it may be hypothesized that the canonical Wnt pathway can be indirectly regulated by NAC through the activation of other signaling pathways or upstream factors. Taken together, the present study has contributed to the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms that underlie the actions of NAC in autism, suggesting its potential for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of patients with autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Department of Human Anatomy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Weigang Cui
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Department of Human Anatomy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Zhai
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Tianran Zhang
- Undergraduate Student of Basic Medicine School, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojun Wen
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Department of Human Anatomy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
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Vilhardt F, Haslund‐Vinding J, Jaquet V, McBean G. Microglia antioxidant systems and redox signalling. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1719-1732. [PMID: 26754582 PMCID: PMC5446583 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For many years, microglia, the resident CNS macrophages, have been considered only in the context of pathology, but microglia are also glial cells with important physiological functions. Microglia-derived oxidant production by NADPH oxidase (NOX2) is implicated in many CNS disorders. Oxidants do not stand alone, however, and are not always pernicious. We discuss in general terms, and where available in microglia, GSH synthesis and relation to cystine import and glutamate export, and the thioredoxin system as the most important antioxidative defence mechanism, and further, we discuss in the context of protein thiolation of target redox proteins the necessity for tightly localized, timed and confined oxidant production to work in concert with antioxidant proteins to promote redox signalling. NOX2-mediated redox signalling modulates the acquisition of the classical or alternative microglia activation phenotypes by regulating major transcriptional programs mediated through NF-κB and Nrf2, major regulators of the inflammatory and antioxidant response respectively. As both antioxidants and NOX-derived oxidants are co-secreted, in some instances redox signalling may extend to neighboring cells through modification of surface or cytosolic target proteins. We consider a role for microglia NOX-derived oxidants in paracrine modification of synaptic function through long term depression and in the communication with the adaptive immune system. There is little doubt that a continued foray into the functions of the antioxidant response in microglia will reveal antioxidant proteins as dynamic players in redox signalling, which in concert with NOX-derived oxidants fulfil important roles in the autocrine or paracrine regulation of essential enzymes or transcriptional programs. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Redox Biology and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.12/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Haslund‐Vinding
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular MedicineCopenhagen UniversityCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Pathology and ImmunologyCentre Médical UniversitaireGenevaSwitzerland
| | - V Jaquet
- Department of Pathology and ImmunologyCentre Médical UniversitaireGenevaSwitzerland
| | - G McBean
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical ScienceUniversity College DublinDublin 4Ireland
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Khatib N, Weiner Z, Ginsberg Y, Awad N, Beloosesky R. Protective Effect of N-Acetyl-Cysteine (NAC) in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-Associated Inflammatory Response in Rat Neonates. Rambam Maimonides Med J 2017; 8:RMMJ.10303. [PMID: 28467758 PMCID: PMC5415372 DOI: 10.5041/rmmj.10303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased inflammatory response may be associated with adverse clinical outcomes, especially in the neonatal period. The aims of this study were to determine whether N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), an anti-inflammatory agent, attenuates the inflammatory response in young rats and to determine the most effective route of administration. METHODS Four groups of Sprague-Dawley rats (in each group four rats) were studied at 30 days of age. One hour following intraperitoneal (IP) injection of lipopolysaccharide 50 μg/kg, the rats were randomized to subcutaneous (SC), per os (PO), or intraperitoneal (IP) injection of NAC 300 mg/kg, or saline. The control group received saline injection (IP). Three hours following the N-acetyl-cysteine injection the rats were sacrificed, then serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-6 levels were determined by ELISA. RESULTS Lipopolysaccharide significantly increased the neonatal serum IL-6 and TNF-α (2051.0±349 and 147.0±25.8 pg/mL, respectively; P<0.01) levels compared to 10 pg/mL in the controls. N-acetyl-cysteine administered one hour following lipopolysaccharide injection significantly attenuated the inflammatory response. Intraperitoneal administration of NAC decreased IL-6 and TNF-α concentration to 294.6 and 17.1 pg/mL, respectively, and was more effective than SC or PO administration. CONCLUSIONS N-acetyl-cysteine attenuated the inflammatory response in the neonatal rats, and IP was the most effective administration route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nizar Khatib
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Zeev Weiner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
- Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yuval Ginsberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nibal Awad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ron Beloosesky
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
- Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Ginsberg Y, Khatib N, Weiner Z, Beloosesky R. Maternal Inflammation, Fetal Brain Implications and Suggested Neuroprotection: A Summary of 10 Years of Research in Animal Models. Rambam Maimonides Med J 2017; 8:RMMJ.10305. [PMID: 28467756 PMCID: PMC5415374 DOI: 10.5041/rmmj.10305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence implies that maternal inflammation during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in the offspring. The pathophysiological mechanisms by which maternal inflammation evokes fetal brain injury and contributes to long-term adverse neurological outcomes are not completely understood. In this review, we summarize 10 years of our research experience on maternal inflammation and the implications upon the fetal/offspring brain. We review our findings regarding the underlying mechanisms that connects maternal inflammation and fetal brain injuries (e.g. cytokines, oxidative stress); we discuss our imaging, pathological and behavioral test results which support brain damage following maternal inflammation; and finally we describe some of the therapeutic strategies which might prevent the damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Ginsberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nizar Khatib
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Zeev Weiner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
- The Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ron Beloosesky
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
- The Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Arteaga O, Álvarez A, Revuelta M, Santaolalla F, Urtasun A, Hilario E. Role of Antioxidants in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury: New Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E265. [PMID: 28134843 PMCID: PMC5343801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic brain damage is an alarming health and economic problem in spite of the advances in neonatal care. It can cause mortality or detrimental neurological disorders such as cerebral palsy, motor impairment and cognitive deficits in neonates. When hypoxia-ischemia occurs, a multi-faceted cascade of events starts out, which can eventually cause cell death. Lower levels of oxygen due to reduced blood supply increase the production of reactive oxygen species, which leads to oxidative stress, a higher concentration of free cytosolic calcium and impaired mitochondrial function, triggering the activation of apoptotic pathways, DNA fragmentation and cell death. The high incidence of this type of lesion in newborns can be partly attributed to the fact that the developing brain is particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress. Since antioxidants can safely interact with free radicals and terminate that chain reaction before vital molecules are damaged, exogenous antioxidant therapy may have the potential to diminish cellular damage caused by hypoxia-ischemia. In this review, we focus on the neuroprotective effects of antioxidant treatments against perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, in the light of the most recent advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olatz Arteaga
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain.
| | - Antonia Álvarez
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain.
| | - Miren Revuelta
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain.
| | - Francisco Santaolalla
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Basurto University Hospital, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain.
| | - Andoni Urtasun
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain.
- Neurogenomiks Laboratory, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48170 Zamudio, Spain.
| | - Enrique Hilario
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain.
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Santos P, Herrmann AP, Benvenutti R, Noetzold G, Giongo F, Gama CS, Piato AL, Elisabetsky E. Anxiolytic properties of N -acetylcysteine in mice. Behav Brain Res 2017; 317:461-469. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Hendaus MA, Jomha FA, Alhammadi AH. Melatonin in the management of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: light at the end of the tunnel? Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016; 12:2473-2479. [PMID: 27729791 PMCID: PMC5045913 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s115533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) affects one to three per 1,000 live full-term births and can lead to severe and permanent neuropsychological sequelae, such as cerebral palsy, epilepsy, mental retardation, and visual motor or visual perceptive dysfunction. Melatonin has begun to be contemplated as a good choice in order to diminish the neurological sequelae from hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Melatonin emerges as a very interesting medication, because of its capacity to cross all physiological barriers extending to subcellular compartments and its safety and effectiveness. The purpose of this commentary is to detail the evidence on the use of melatonin as a neuroprotection agent. The pharmacologic aspects of the drug as well as its potential neuroprotective characteristics in human and animal studies are described in this study. Melatonin seems to be safe and beneficial in protecting neonatal brains from perinatal HIE. Larger randomized controlled trials in humans are required, to implement a long-awaited feasible treatment in order to avoid the dreaded sequelae of HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Hendaus
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Academic General Pediatrics, Hamad Medical Corporation
- Department of Clinical Pediatrics, Weill-Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fatima A Jomha
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Khiara, Lebanon
| | - Ahmed H Alhammadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Academic General Pediatrics, Hamad Medical Corporation
- Department of Clinical Pediatrics, Weill-Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
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Díaz R, Barba F. ESTRÉS PRENATAL Y SUS EFECTOS SOBRE EL NEURODESARROLLO. REVISTA MÉDICA CLÍNICA LAS CONDES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmclc.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Nie X, Lowe DW, Rollins LG, Bentzley J, Fraser JL, Martin R, Singh I, Jenkins D. Sex-specific effects of N-acetylcysteine in neonatal rats treated with hypothermia after severe hypoxia-ischemia. Neurosci Res 2016; 108:24-33. [PMID: 26851769 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Approximately half of moderate to severely hypoxic-ischemic (HI) newborns do not respond to hypothermia, the only proven neuroprotective treatment. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant and glutathione precursor, shows promise for neuroprotection in combination with hypothermia, mitigating post-HI neuroinflammation due to oxidative stress. As mechanisms of HI injury and cell death differ in males and females, sex differences must be considered in translational research of neuroprotection. We assessed the potential toxicity and efficacy of NAC in combination with hypothermia, in male and female neonatal rats after severe HI injury. NAC 50mg/kg/d administered 1h after initiation of hypothermia significantly decreased iNOS expression and caspase 3 activation in the injured hemisphere versus hypothermia alone. However, only females treated with hypothermia +NAC 50mg/kg showed improvement in short-term infarct volumes compared with saline treated animals. Hypothermia alone had no effect in this severe model. When NAC was continued for 6 weeks, significant improvement in long-term neuromotor outcomes over hypothermia treatment alone was observed, controlling for sex. Antioxidants may provide insufficient neuroprotection after HI for neonatal males in the short term, while long-term therapy may benefit both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingju Nie
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Medical University of South Carolina, 165 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
| | - Danielle W Lowe
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, 165 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
| | - Laura Grace Rollins
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA 02125, United States.
| | - Jessica Bentzley
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, 165 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
| | - Jamie L Fraser
- Medical Genetics Training Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-2152, United States.
| | - Renee Martin
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Medical University of South Carolina, 165 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
| | - Inderjit Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, 165 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
| | - Dorothea Jenkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, 165 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
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50
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Jenkins DD, Wiest DB, Mulvihill DM, Hlavacek AM, Majstoravich SJ, Brown TR, Taylor JJ, Buckley JR, Turner RP, Rollins LG, Bentzley JP, Hope KE, Barbour AB, Lowe DW, Martin RH, Chang EY. Fetal and Neonatal Effects of N-Acetylcysteine When Used for Neuroprotection in Maternal Chorioamnionitis. J Pediatr 2016; 168:67-76.e6. [PMID: 26545726 PMCID: PMC4698030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical safety of antenatal and postnatal N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as a neuroprotective agent in maternal chorioamnionitis in a randomized, controlled, double-blinded trial. STUDY DESIGN Twenty-two mothers >24 weeks gestation presenting within 4 hours of diagnosis of clinical chorioamnionitis were randomized with their 24 infants to NAC or saline treatment. Antenatal NAC (100 mg/kg/dose) or saline was given intravenously every 6 hours until delivery. Postnatally, NAC (12.5-25 mg/kg/dose, n = 12) or saline (n = 12) was given every 12 hours for 5 doses. Doppler studies of fetal umbilical and fetal and infant cerebral blood flow, cranial ultrasounds, echocardiograms, cerebral oxygenation, electroencephalograms, and serum cytokines were evaluated before and after treatment, and 12, 24, and 48 hours after birth. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and diffusion imaging were performed at term age equivalent. Development was followed for cerebral palsy or autism to 4 years of age. RESULTS Cardiovascular measures, cerebral blood flow velocity and vascular resistance, and cerebral oxygenation did not differ between treatment groups. Cerebrovascular coupling was disrupted in infants with chorioamnionitis treated with saline but preserved in infants treated with NAC, suggesting improved vascular regulation in the presence of neuroinflammation. Infants treated with NAC had higher serum anti-inflammatory interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and lower proinflammatory vascular endothelial growth factor over time vs controls. No adverse events related to NAC administration were noted. CONCLUSIONS In this cohort of newborns exposed to chorioamnionitis, antenatal and postnatal NAC was safe, preserved cerebrovascular regulation, and increased an anti-inflammatory neuroprotective protein. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00724594.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea D. Jenkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Donald B. Wiest
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcome Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Denise M. Mulvihill
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Anthony M. Hlavacek
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | | | - Truman R. Brown
- Department of Neuroscience’s Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Joseph J. Taylor
- Department of Neuroscience’s Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Jason R. Buckley
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Robert P. Turner
- Department of Clinical Pediatrics and Neurology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine and Palmetto Health Richland Children’s Hospital, Columbia, SC
| | | | - Jessica P. Bentzley
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Kathryn E. Hope
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Andrew B. Barbour
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Danielle W. Lowe
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Renee H. Martin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Eugene Y. Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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