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Smits OR, Mewes J, Jerabek P, Schwerdtfeger P. Oganesson: A Noble Gas Element That Is Neither Noble Nor a Gas. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:23636-23640. [PMID: 32959952 PMCID: PMC7814676 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Oganesson (Og) is the last entry into the Periodic Table completing the seventh period of elements and group 18 of the noble gases. Only five atoms of Og have been successfully produced in nuclear collision experiments, with an estimate half-life for294 118 Og of 0. 69 + 0 . 64 - 0 . 22 ms.[1] With such a short lifetime, chemical and physical properties inevitably have to come from accurate relativistic quantum theory. Here, we employ two complementary computational approaches, namely parallel tempering Monte-Carlo (PTMC) simulations and first-principles thermodynamic integration (TI), both calibrated against a highly accurate coupled-cluster reference to pin-down the melting and boiling points of this super-heavy element. In excellent agreement, these approaches show Og to be a solid at ambient conditions with a melting point of ≈325 K. In contrast, calculations in the nonrelativistic limit reveal a melting point for Og of 220 K, suggesting a gaseous state as expected for a typical noble gas element. Accordingly, relativistic effects shift the solid-to-liquid phase transition by about 100 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile R. Smits
- The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study and the Institute for Natural and Mathematical ScienceMassey University (Albany)0632AucklandNew Zealand
| | - Jan‐Michael Mewes
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of BonnBeringstr. 453115BonnGermany
| | - Paul Jerabek
- Nanotechnology DepartmentHelmholtz-Zentrum GeesthachtMax-Planck-Straße 121502GeesthachtGermany
| | - Peter Schwerdtfeger
- The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study and the Institute for Natural and Mathematical ScienceMassey University (Albany)0632AucklandNew Zealand
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Smits OR, Mewes J, Jerabek P, Schwerdtfeger P. Oganesson: Ein Edelgas, das weder edel noch ein Gas ist. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Odile R. Smits
- The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study and the Institute for Natural and Mathematical Science Massey University (Albany) 0632 Auckland Neuseeland
| | - Jan‐Michael Mewes
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry University of Bonn Beringstr. 4 53115 Bonn Deutschland
| | - Paul Jerabek
- Nanotechnology Department Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht Max-Planck-Straße 1 21502 Geesthacht Deutschland
| | - Peter Schwerdtfeger
- The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study and the Institute for Natural and Mathematical Science Massey University (Albany) 0632 Auckland Neuseeland
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Restrepo G. Challenges for the Periodic Systems of Elements: Chemical, Historical and Mathematical Perspectives. Chemistry 2019; 25:15430-15440. [PMID: 31663666 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We celebrate 150 years of periodic systems that reached their maturity in the 1860s. They began as pedagogical efforts to project corpuses of substances on the similarity and order relationships of the chemical elements. However, these elements are not the canned substances wrongly displayed in many periodic tables, but rather the abstract preserved entities in compound transformations. We celebrate the systems, rather than their tables or ultimate table. The periodic law, we argue, is not an all-encompassing achievement, as it does not apply to every property of all elements and compounds. Periodic systems have been generalised as ordered hypergraphs, which solves the long-lasting question on the mathematical structure of the systems. In this essay, it is shown that these hypergraphs may solve current issues such as order reversals in super-heavy elements and lack of system predictive power. We discuss research in extending the limits of the systems in the super-heavy-atom region and draw attention to other limits: the antimatter region and the limit arising from compounds under extreme conditions. As systems depend on the known chemical substances (chemical space) and such a space grows exponentially, we wonder whether systems still aim at projecting knowledge of compounds on the relationships among the elements. We claim that systems are not based on compounds anymore, rather on 20th century projections of the 1860s systems of elements on systems of atoms. These projections bring about oversimplifications based on entities far from being related to compounds. A linked oversimplification is the myth of vertical group similarity, which raises questions on the approaches to locate new elements in the system. Finally, we propose bringing back chemistry to the systems by exploring similarity and order relationships of elements using the current information of the chemical space. We ponder whether 19th century periodic systems are still there or whether they have faded away, leaving us with an empty 150th celebration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Restrepo
- Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Schädel M. Chemistry of the superheavy elements. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2015; 373:rsta.2014.0191. [PMID: 25666065 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2014.0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The quest for superheavy elements (SHEs) is driven by the desire to find and explore one of the extreme limits of existence of matter. These elements exist solely due to their nuclear shell stabilization. All 15 presently 'known' SHEs (11 are officially 'discovered' and named) up to element 118 are short-lived and are man-made atom-at-a-time in heavy ion induced nuclear reactions. They are identical to the transactinide elements located in the seventh period of the periodic table beginning with rutherfordium (element 104), dubnium (element 105) and seaborgium (element 106) in groups 4, 5 and 6, respectively. Their chemical properties are often surprising and unexpected from simple extrapolations. After hassium (element 108), chemistry has now reached copernicium (element 112) and flerovium (element 114). For the later ones, the focus is on questions of their metallic or possibly noble gas-like character originating from interplay of most pronounced relativistic effects and electron-shell effects. SHEs provide unique opportunities to get insights into the influence of strong relativistic effects on the atomic electrons and to probe 'relativistically' influenced chemical properties and the architecture of the periodic table at its farthest reach. In addition, they establish a test bench to challenge the validity and predictive power of modern fully relativistic quantum chemical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schädel
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Japan GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung mbH, Darmstadt, Germany
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Abstract
Abstract
The chemistry of superheavy elements - or transactinides from their position in the Periodic Table - is summarized. After giving an overview over historical developments, nuclear aspects about synthesis of neutron-rich isotopes of these elements, produced in hot-fusion reactions, and their nuclear decay properties are briefly mentioned. Specific requirements to cope with the one-atom-at-a-time situation in automated chemical separations and recent developments in aqueous-phase and gas-phase chemistry are presented. Exciting, current developments, first applications, and future prospects of chemical separations behind physical recoil separators (“pre-separator”) are discussed in detail. The status of our current knowledge about the chemistry of rutherfordium (Rf, element 104), dubnium (Db, element 105), seaborgium (Sg, element 106), bohrium (Bh, element 107), hassium (Hs, element 108), copernicium (Cn, element 112), and element 114 is discussed from an experimental point of view. Recent results are emphasized and compared with empirical extrapolations and with fully-relativistic theoretical calculations, especially also under the aspect of the architecture of the Periodic Table.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Schädel
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan / GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
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Pershina V, Anton J. Theoretical predictions of properties and gas-phase chromatography behaviour of carbonyl complexes of group-6 elements Cr, Mo, W, and element 106, Sg. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:174301. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4802765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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Theoretical modelling of the adsorption of thallium and element 113 atoms on gold using two-component density functional methods with effective core potentials. Chem Phys 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2011.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Pershina V, Anton J. Theoretical predictions of properties and gas-phase chromatography behaviour of bromides of group-5 elements Nb, Ta, and element 105, Db. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:034308. [PMID: 22280761 DOI: 10.1063/1.3676176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- V Pershina
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstr. 1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany.
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Abstract
Abstract
The isothermal gas chromatographic behaviour of the group 5 elements Nb, Ta and Db was investigated in a brominating atmosphere using the OLGA technique. It was found that Db forms a very volatile compound, most likely the pentabromide, being more volatile than similar compounds formed under identical conditions with Nb and Ta, respectively. This observation is in disagreement with previous experimental investigations of the same compound but in agreement with theoretical prediction.
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Abstract
Abstract
Chemical studies at the upper end of the periodic table have reached atomic number 114. Recent experiments aiming at investigating chemical properties of elements Cn, 113, and 114 are summarized. Though partly preliminary, all these elements behave as expected: due to the filled 6d
10 shell, they do not behave like transition metals anymore, as observed for the lighter transactinides. They exhibit a volatile behavior as expected for 7s and 7p elements. On the other hand, due to the extremely low signal to noise ratio in detectors used to identify separated products highest precaution on identifying single atoms is mandatory. As an example, published early attempts to synthesize Cn and to perform chemical studies with this element that could not be confirmed in later studies are summarized.
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Wang SG, Schwarz W. Symbol der Chemie: Das Periodensystem der chemischen Elemente im jungen Jahrhundert. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200800827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Wang SG, Schwarz W. Icon of Chemistry: The Periodic System of Chemical Elements in the New Century. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:3404-15. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200800827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Hummrich H, Banik NL, Breckheimer M, Brüchle W, Buda R, Feist F, Jäger E, Kratz JV, Kuczewski B, Liebe D, Niewisch L, Schädel M, Schausten B, Schimpf E, Wiehl N. Electrodeposition methods in superheavy element chemistry. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2008. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.2008.1473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Gaston N, Opahle I, Gäggeler H, Schwerdtfeger P. Ist Eka-Quecksilber (Element 112) ein Metall der Gruppe 12? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200604262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Gaston N, Opahle I, Gäggeler HW, Schwerdtfeger P. Is Eka-Mercury (Element 112) a Group 12 Metal? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:1663-6. [PMID: 17397075 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200604262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Gaston
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme, Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
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Criteria that must be satisfied for the discovery of a new chemical element to be recognized. PURE APPL CHEM 1991. [DOI: 10.1351/pac199163060879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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