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Ragazzon G, Malferrari M, Arduini A, Secchi A, Rapino S, Silvi S, Credi A. Autonomous Non-Equilibrium Self-Assembly and Molecular Movements Powered by Electrical Energy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214265. [PMID: 36422473 PMCID: PMC10107654 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The ability to exploit energy autonomously is one of the hallmarks of life. Mastering such processes in artificial nanosystems can open technological opportunities. In the last decades, light- and chemically driven autonomous systems have been developed in relation to conformational motion and self-assembly, mostly in relation to molecular motors. In contrast, despite electrical energy being an attractive energy source to power nanosystems, its autonomous harnessing has received little attention. Herein we consider an operation mode that allows the autonomous exploitation of electrical energy by a self-assembling system. Threading and dethreading motions of a pseudorotaxane take place autonomously in solution, powered by the current flowing between the electrodes of a scanning electrochemical microscope. The underlying autonomous energy ratchet mechanism drives the self-assembly steps away from equilibrium with a higher energy efficiency compared to other autonomous systems. The strategy is general and might be extended to other redox-driven systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Ragazzon
- Institut de Science et d'Ingégnierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) UMR 7006, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marco Malferrari
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Arturo Arduini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Secchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefania Rapino
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Serena Silvi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.,CLAN-Center for Light-Activated Nanostructures (CLAN), Università di Bologna and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Credi
- CLAN-Center for Light-Activated Nanostructures (CLAN), Università di Bologna and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
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2
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Dieckhöfer S, Öhl D, Junqueira JRC, Quast T, Turek T, Schuhmann W. Probing the Local Reaction Environment During High Turnover Carbon Dioxide Reduction with Ag-Based Gas Diffusion Electrodes. Chemistry 2021; 27:5906-5912. [PMID: 33527522 PMCID: PMC8048634 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Discerning the influence of electrochemical reactions on the electrode microenvironment is an unavoidable topic for electrochemical reactions that involve the production of OH− and the consumption of water. That is particularly true for the carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR), which together with the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) exert changes in the local OH− and H2O activity that in turn can possibly affect activity, stability, and selectivity of the CO2RR. We determine the local OH− and H2O activity in close proximity to a CO2‐converting Ag‐based gas diffusion electrode (GDE) with product analysis using gas chromatography. A Pt nanosensor is positioned in the vicinity of the working GDE using shear‐force‐based scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) approach curves, which allows monitoring changes invoked by reactions proceeding within an otherwise inaccessible porous GDE by potentiodynamic measurements at the Pt‐tip nanosensor. We show that high turnover HER/CO2RR at a GDE lead to modulations of the alkalinity of the local electrolyte, that resemble a 16 m KOH solution, variations that are in turn linked to the reaction selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Dieckhöfer
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Denis Öhl
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - João R C Junqueira
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Quast
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Turek
- Institute of Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstr 17, 38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
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3
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Bollella P, Melman A, Katz E. Electrochemically Generated Interfacial pH Change: Application to Signal‐Triggered Molecule Release. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bollella
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular ScienceClarkson University 8 Clarkson Ave. Potsdam NY 13699 USA
| | - Artem Melman
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular ScienceClarkson University 8 Clarkson Ave. Potsdam NY 13699 USA
| | - Evgeny Katz
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular ScienceClarkson University 8 Clarkson Ave. Potsdam NY 13699 USA
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4
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Dorfi AE, Zhou S, West AC, Wright J, Esposito DV. Probing the Speed Limits of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy with In situ Colorimetric Imaging. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. Dorfi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia Electrochemical Energy Center, Lenfest Center for Sustainable EnergyColumbia University in the City of New York 500 W 120th Street New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Shijie Zhou
- Department of Electrical EngineeringColumbia University in the City of New York 500 W 120th Street New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Alan C. West
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia Electrochemical Energy Center, Lenfest Center for Sustainable EnergyColumbia University in the City of New York 500 W 120th Street New York NY 10027 USA
| | - John Wright
- Department of Electrical EngineeringColumbia University in the City of New York 500 W 120th Street New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Daniel V. Esposito
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia Electrochemical Energy Center, Lenfest Center for Sustainable EnergyColumbia University in the City of New York 500 W 120th Street New York NY 10027 USA
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5
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Atesyan A, Belhadj O, Combellas C, Kanoufi F, Rouchon V, Noël J. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy for the Electroless Deposition of Gold on Natural Pyrite: Effect of Ferric Ions. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201801271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Atesyan
- Université Sorbonne Paris CitéUniversité Paris Diderot, ITODYS, CNRS UMR 7086 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf F-75013 Paris France
- Centre de Recherches sur la ConservationCNRS USR 3224 36 rue Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire F-75005 Paris France
| | - Oulfa Belhadj
- Centre de Recherches sur la ConservationCNRS USR 3224 36 rue Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire F-75005 Paris France
| | - Catherine Combellas
- Université Sorbonne Paris CitéUniversité Paris Diderot, ITODYS, CNRS UMR 7086 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf F-75013 Paris France
| | - Frédéric Kanoufi
- Université Sorbonne Paris CitéUniversité Paris Diderot, ITODYS, CNRS UMR 7086 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf F-75013 Paris France
| | - Véronique Rouchon
- Centre de Recherches sur la ConservationCNRS USR 3224 36 rue Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire F-75005 Paris France
| | - Jean‐Marc Noël
- Université Sorbonne Paris CitéUniversité Paris Diderot, ITODYS, CNRS UMR 7086 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf F-75013 Paris France
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6
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Botz A, Clausmeyer J, Öhl D, Tarnev T, Franzen D, Turek T, Schuhmann W. Die lokalen Aktivitäten von Hydroxidionen und Wasser bestimmen die Funktionsweise von auf Silber basierenden Sauerstoffverzehrkathoden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Botz
- Analytical Chemistry -, Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES); Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Universitätsstraße 150 44780 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Jan Clausmeyer
- Analytical Chemistry -, Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES); Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Universitätsstraße 150 44780 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Denis Öhl
- Analytical Chemistry -, Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES); Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Universitätsstraße 150 44780 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Tsvetan Tarnev
- Analytical Chemistry -, Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES); Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Universitätsstraße 150 44780 Bochum Deutschland
| | - David Franzen
- Institut für Chemische und Elektrochemische Verfahrenstechnik; Technische Universität Clausthal; Leibnizstraße 17 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Deutschland
| | - Thomas Turek
- Institut für Chemische und Elektrochemische Verfahrenstechnik; Technische Universität Clausthal; Leibnizstraße 17 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Deutschland
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry -, Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES); Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Universitätsstraße 150 44780 Bochum Deutschland
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7
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Botz A, Clausmeyer J, Öhl D, Tarnev T, Franzen D, Turek T, Schuhmann W. Local Activities of Hydroxide and Water Determine the Operation of Silver-Based Oxygen Depolarized Cathodes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:12285-12289. [PMID: 30073732 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Local ion activity changes in close proximity to the surface of an oxygen depolarized cathode (ODC) were measured by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). While the operating ODC produces OH- ions and consumes O2 and H2 O through the electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), local changes in the activity of OH- ions and H2 O are detected by means of a positioned Pt microelectrode serving as an SECM tip. Sensing at the Pt tip is based on the pH-dependent reduction of PtO and obviates the need for prior electrode modification steps. It can be used to evaluate the coordination numbers of OH- ions and H2 O, and the method was exploited as a novel approach of catalyst activity assessment. We show that the electrochemical reaction on highly active catalysts can have a drastic influence on the reaction environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Botz
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jan Clausmeyer
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Denis Öhl
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tsvetan Tarnev
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - David Franzen
- Institute of Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstr. 17, 38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Turek
- Institute of Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstr. 17, 38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
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8
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Development and characterization of electrochemical flow cells for hydrodynamic scanning electrochemical microscopy. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-018-2201-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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9
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Lin TE, Lu YJ, Sun CL, Pick H, Chen JP, Lesch A, Girault HH. Weiche elektrochemische Sonden zum Abbilden der Verteilung von Biomarkern und injizierten Nanomaterialien in tierischem und menschlichem Gewebe. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-En Lin
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; EPFL Valais Wallis; 1951 Sitten Schweiz
| | - Yu-Jen Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery; Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Guishan Taoyuan 33305 Taiwan
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine; Guishan Taoyuan 33302 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Liang Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery; Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Guishan Taoyuan 33305 Taiwan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; Chang Gung University; Guishan Taoyuan 33302 Taiwan
| | - Horst Pick
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry of Macromolecules; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL; 1015 Lausanne Schweiz
| | - Jyh-Ping Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; Chang Gung University; Guishan Taoyuan 33302 Taiwan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center; Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Guishan Taoyuan 33305 Taiwan
| | - Andreas Lesch
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; EPFL Valais Wallis; 1951 Sitten Schweiz
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; EPFL Valais Wallis; 1951 Sitten Schweiz
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10
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Lin TE, Lu YJ, Sun CL, Pick H, Chen JP, Lesch A, Girault HH. Soft Electrochemical Probes for Mapping the Distribution of Biomarkers and Injected Nanomaterials in Animal and Human Tissues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:16498-16502. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-En Lin
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; EPFL Valais Wallis; 1951 Sion Switzerland
| | - Yu-Jen Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery; Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Guishan Taoyuan 33305 Taiwan
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine; Guishan Taoyuan 33302 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Liang Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery; Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Guishan Taoyuan 33305 Taiwan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; Chang Gung University; Guishan Taoyuan 33302 Taiwan
| | - Horst Pick
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry of Macromolecules; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL; 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Jyh-Ping Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; Chang Gung University; Guishan Taoyuan 33302 Taiwan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center; Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Guishan Taoyuan 33305 Taiwan
| | - Andreas Lesch
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; EPFL Valais Wallis; 1951 Sion Switzerland
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; EPFL Valais Wallis; 1951 Sion Switzerland
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11
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Gunawan CA, Nam EV, Marquis CP, Gooding JJ, Thordarson P, Zhao C. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy of Cytochrome
c
Peroxidase through the Orientation‐Controlled Immobilisation of Cytochrome
c. ChemElectroChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ekaterina V. Nam
- School of Chemistry The University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia
- The Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, School of Chemistry The University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - Christopher P. Marquis
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences The University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - J. Justin Gooding
- School of Chemistry The University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia
- The Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, School of Chemistry The University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - Pall Thordarson
- School of Chemistry The University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia
- The Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, School of Chemistry The University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - Chuan Zhao
- School of Chemistry The University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia
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12
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Estrada-Vargas A, Bandarenka A, Kuznetsov V, Schuhmann W. In Situ Characterization of Ultrathin Films by Scanning Electrochemical Impedance Microscopy. Anal Chem 2016; 88:3354-62. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Estrada-Vargas
- Analytical
Chemistry—Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Aliaksandr Bandarenka
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 München, Germany
- Physik-Department
ECS, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Volodymyr Kuznetsov
- Analytical
Chemistry—Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical
Chemistry—Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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13
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Kuznetsov V, Estrada-Vargas A, Maljusch A, Berkes BB, Bandarenka AS, Souto RM, Schuhmann W. Kinetic Passivation Effect of Localized Differential Aeration on Brass. Chempluschem 2016; 81:49-57. [PMID: 31968731 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201500398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The formation of a localized differential aeration cell on metals, susceptible to both anodic and cathodic corrosion, is a serious threat because of multiple degradation processes commencing with the passivation layer destruction. By using local electrochemical and X-ray dispersive techniques, it has been demonstrated that the differential aeration cell formed on high brass (α-brass, Cu65-Zn35) in the presence of 1H-benzotriazole or 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole plays both corrosion-inhibiting and accelerating roles, depending on the inhibitor exposure time. Alternating-current scanning electrochemical microscopy was used to image local electrochemical activity, whereas energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy provided evidence for the mechanism of the observed phenomena. Short-term exposure to the inhibitor (5 min) promotes the formation of a passivation layer in the waterline region. In contrast, after prolonged exposure (45 min), a deficient passivation layer develops for both inhibitors. An excess of zinc(II)-inhibitor complexes in the passivation layer is accountable for the corrosion resistance of the region with high differential aeration. Rapid dezincification and local alkalinization facilitate the initial rapid formation of a passivation layer in the area under differential aeration to preserve its composition upon further modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Kuznetsov
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Arturo Estrada-Vargas
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Artjom Maljusch
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Balázs B Berkes
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.,Battery and Electrochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Aliaksandr S Bandarenka
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 München, Germany.,Physics-Department ECS, Technical University Munich, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Ricardo M Souto
- Department of Chemistry, University of La Laguna, 38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
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14
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Eisenberg D. Imaging the Anisotropic Reactivity of a Tungsten Diselenide Photocathode. ChemElectroChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201500103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Liu Y, Wolfrum B, Hüske M, Offenhäusser A, Wang E, Mayer D. Ein elektrochemischer Gleichrichter ermöglicht Transistorfunktionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201207778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Liu Y, Wolfrum B, Hüske M, Offenhäusser A, Wang E, Mayer D. Transistor Functions Based on Electrochemical Rectification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:4029-32. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201207778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Munteanu S, Roger JP, Fedala Y, Amiot F, Combellas C, Tessier G, Kanoufi F. Mapping fluxes of radicals from the combination of electrochemical activation and optical microscopy. Faraday Discuss 2013; 164:241-58. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00024a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Leroux YR, Hui F, Ruiz J, Astruc D, Hapiot P. Robust Assembly of Dendrimers as an Active Redox-Sensing Monolayer: An Example of Oxo-Anion Sensing. Chemistry 2012; 18:7041-4. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Nunige S, Cornut R, Hazimeh H, Hauquier F, Lefrou C, Combellas C, Kanoufi F. Reactivity of Surfaces Determined by Local Electrochemical Triggering: A Bromo-Terminated Self-Assembled Monolayer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201201083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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Nunige S, Cornut R, Hazimeh H, Hauquier F, Lefrou C, Combellas C, Kanoufi F. Reactivity of Surfaces Determined by Local Electrochemical Triggering: A Bromo-Terminated Self-Assembled Monolayer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:5208-12. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201201083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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Takahashi Y, Shevchuk AI, Novak P, Zhang Y, Ebejer N, Macpherson JV, Unwin PR, Pollard AJ, Roy D, Clifford CA, Shiku H, Matsue T, Klenerman D, Korchev YE. Multifunctional nanoprobes for nanoscale chemical imaging and localized chemical delivery at surfaces and interfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9638-42. [PMID: 21882305 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201102796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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22
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Takahashi Y, Shevchuk AI, Novak P, Zhang Y, Ebejer N, Macpherson JV, Unwin PR, Pollard AJ, Roy D, Clifford CA, Shiku H, Matsue T, Klenerman D, Korchev YE. Multifunctional Nanoprobes for Nanoscale Chemical Imaging and Localized Chemical Delivery at Surfaces and Interfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201102796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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23
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Trinh D, Keddam M, Novoa XR, Vivier V. Alternating Current Measurements in Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy, Part 2: Detection of Adsorbates. Chemphyschem 2011; 12:2177-83. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201001085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Palatzky P, Matysik FM. Development of Capillary-Based SECM Probes for the Characterization of Cell Arrangements for Electrochemically Assisted Injection. ELECTROANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201000448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Lefrou C, Cornut R. Analytical expressions for quantitative scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). Chemphyschem 2010; 11:547-56. [PMID: 20058287 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200900600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), is a recent analytical technique in electrochemistry, which was developed in the 1990s and uses microelectrodes to probe various surfaces. Even with the well-known disc microelectrodes, the system geometry is not as simple as in regular electrochemistry. As a consequence even the simplest experiments, the so-called positive and negative feedback approach curves, cannot be described with exact analytical expressions. This review gathers all the analytical expressions available in the SECM literature in steady-state feedback experiments. Some of them are claimed as general expressions, other are presented as approximate. Their validity is discussed in the light of the current understanding and computer facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lefrou
- LEPMI, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et Physicochimie des Matériaux et des Interfaces, UMR 5631 CNRS-Grenoble-INP-Université Joseph Fourier, 1130 rue de la piscine, BP 75, Domaine Universitaire, 38402 Saint Martin d'Hères Cedex, France.
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Zigah D, Herrier C, Scheres L, Giesbers M, Fabre B, Hapiot P, Zuilhof H. Tuning the Electronic Communication between Redox Centers Bound to Insulating Surfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:3157-60. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200906924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Zigah D, Herrier C, Scheres L, Giesbers M, Fabre B, Hapiot P, Zuilhof H. Tuning the Electronic Communication between Redox Centers Bound to Insulating Surfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200906924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Li Q, Xie S, Liang Z, Meng X, Liu S, Girault HH, Shao Y. Fast ion-transfer processes at nanoscopic liquid/liquid interfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 48:8010-3. [PMID: 19768823 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200903143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Keddam M, Portail N, Trinh D, Vivier V. Progress in Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy by Coupling with Electrochemical Impedance and Quartz Crystal Microbalance. Chemphyschem 2009; 10:3175-82. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200900506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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30
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Li Q, Xie S, Liang Z, Meng X, Liu S, Girault H, Shao Y. Fast Ion-Transfer Processes at Nanoscopic Liquid/Liquid Interfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200903143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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31
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Cougnon C, Mauzeroll J, Bélanger D. Patterning of Surfaces by Oxidation of Amine-Containing Compounds Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:7395-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200903092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Cougnon C, Mauzeroll J, Bélanger D. Patterning of Surfaces by Oxidation of Amine-Containing Compounds Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200903092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Lambert J, Hergenröder R, Suter D, Deckert V. Probing Liquid-Liquid Interfaces with Spatially Resolved NMR Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:6343-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200901389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lambert J, Hergenröder R, Suter D, Deckert V. Untersuchung von Flüssig-flüssig-Phasengrenzen mit ortsauflösender NMR-Spektroskopie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200901389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Cougnon C, Gohier F, Bélanger D, Mauzeroll J. In Situ Formation of Diazonium Salts from Nitro Precursors for Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Patterning of Surfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200900498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Cougnon C, Gohier F, Bélanger D, Mauzeroll J. In Situ Formation of Diazonium Salts from Nitro Precursors for Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Patterning of Surfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:4006-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200900498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ghorbal A, Grisotto F, Charlier J, Palacin S, Goyer C, Demaille C. Localized Electrografting of Vinylic Monomers on a Conducting Substrate by Means of an Integrated Electrochemical AFM Probe. Chemphyschem 2009; 10:1053-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200800803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Neugebauer S, Zimdars A, Liepold P, Gębala M, Schuhmann W, Hartwich G. Optimization of an Electrochemical DNA Assay by Using a 48-Electrode Array and Redox Amplification Studies by Means of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Chembiochem 2009; 10:1193-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Baltes N, Heinze J. Imaging Local Proton Fluxes through a Polycarbonate Membrane by Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy and Functionalized Alkanethiols. Chemphyschem 2009; 10:174-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200800598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Eckhard K, Erichsen T, Stratmann M, Schuhmann W. Frequency-Dependent Alternating-Current Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (4D AC-SECM) for Local Visualisation of Corrosion Sites. Chemistry 2008; 14:3968-76. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Maier WF, Stöwe K, Sieg S. Combinatorial and High-Throughput Materials Science. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:6016-67. [PMID: 17640024 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200603675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing acceptance of high-throughput technologies for the discovery, development, and optimization of materials and catalysts in industry. Over the years, the relative synchronous development of technologies for parallel synthesis and characterization has been accompanied by developments in associated software and information technologies. This Review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on the state of the art of the field by selected examples. Technologies developed to aid research on complex materials are covered as well as databases, design of experiment, data-mining technologies, modeling approaches, and evolutionary strategies for development. Different methods for parallel synthesis provide single sample libraries, gradient libraries for electronic or optical materials, similar to polymers and catalysts, and products produced through formulation strategies. Many examples illustrate the variety of isolated solutions and document the barely recognized variety of new methods for the synthesis and analysis of almost any material. The Review ends with a summary of success stories and statements on still-present problems and future tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm F Maier
- Technische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Gebäude C4.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Maier W, Stöwe K, Sieg S. Kombinatorische und Hochdurchsatz-Techniken in der Materialforschung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200603675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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