Expanding the Ambient-Pressure Phase Space of CaFe2O4-Type Sodium Postspinel Host-Guest Compounds

CaFe₂O₄-type sodium postspinels (Na-CFs), with Na⁺ occupying tunnel sites, are of interest as prospective battery electrodes. While many compounds of this structure type require high-pressure synthesis, several compounds are known to form at ambient pressure. Here we report a large expansion of the known Na-CF phase space at ambient pressure, having successfully synthesized NaCrTiO₄, NaRhTiO₄, NaCrSnO₄, NaInSnO₄, NaMg_0.5Ti_1.5O₄, NaFe_0.5Ti_1.5O₄, NaMg_0.5Sn_1.5O₄, NaMn_0.5Sn_1.5O₄, NaFe_0.5Sn_1.5O₄, NaCo_0.5Sn_1.5O₄, NaNi_0.5Sn_1.5O₄, NaCu_0.5Sn_1.5O₄, NaZn_0.5Sn_1.5O₄, NaCd_0.5Sn_1.5O₄, NaSc_1.5Sb_0.5O₄, Na_1.16In_1.18Sb_0.66O₄, and several solid solutions. In contrast to earlier reports, even cations that are strongly Jahn-Teller active (e.g., Mn³⁺ and Cu²⁺) can form Na-CFs at ambient pressure when combined with Sn⁴⁺ rather than with the smaller Ti⁴⁺. Order and disorder are probed at the average and local length-scales with synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Strong ordering of framework cations between the two framework sites is not observed, except in the case of Na_1.16In_1.18Sb_0.66O₄. This compound is the first example of an Na-CF that contains Na⁺ in both the tunnel and framework sites, reminiscent of Li-rich spinels. Trends in the thermodynamic stability of the new compounds are explained on the basis of crystal-chemistry and density functional theory (DFT). Further DFT calculations examine the relative stability of the CF versus spinel structures at various degrees of sodium extraction in the context of electrochemical battery reactions.

Ferromagnetic Half-Metal Cyanamides Cr(NCN)2 Predicted from First Principles Investigation

The stability, physical properties, and electronic structures of Cr(NCN)₂ were studied using density functional theory with explicit electronic correlation (GGA+U). The calculated results indicate that Cr(NCN)₂ is a ferromagnetic and half-metal, both thermodynamically and elastically stable. A comparative study on the electronic structures of Cr(NCN)₂ and CrO₂ shows that the Cr atoms in both compounds are in one crystallographically equivalent site, with an ideal 4+ valence state. In CrO₂, the Cr atoms at the corner and center sites have different magnetic moments and orbital occupancies, moreover, there is a large difference between the intra- (12.1 meV) and inter-chain (31.2 meV) magnetic couplings, which is significantly weakened by C atoms in Cr(NCN)₂.