1
|
Sharma V, Joo JU, Mottafegh A, Kim DP. Continuous and autonomous-flow separation of laccase enzyme utilizing functionalized aqueous two-phase system with computer vision control. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 403:130888. [PMID: 38788804 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Downstream processing of biomolecules, particularly therapeutic proteins and enzymes, presents a formidable challenge due to intricate unit operations and high costs. This study introduces a novel cysteine (cys) functionalized aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) utilizing polyethylene glycol (PEG) and potassium phosphate, referred as PEG-K3PO4/cys, for selective extraction of laccase from complex protein mixtures. A 3D-baffle micro-mixer and phase separator was meticulously designed and equipped with computer vision controller, to enable precise mixing and continuous phase separation under automated-flow. Microfluidic-assisted ATPS exhibits substantial increase in partition coefficient (Kflow = 16.3) and extraction efficiency (EEflow = 88 %) for laccase compared to conventional batch process. Integrated and continuous-flow process efficiently partitioned laccase, even in low concentrations and complex crude extracts. Circular dichroism spectra of laccase confirm structural stability of enzyme throughout the purification process. Eventually, continuous-flow microfluidic bioseparation is highly useful for seamless downstream processing of target biopharmaceuticals in integrated and autonomous manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Sharma
- Center for Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Un Joo
- Center for Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Amirreza Mottafegh
- Center for Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Pyo Kim
- Center for Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Garg A, Rendina D, Bendale H, Akiyama T, Ojima I. Recent advances in catalytic asymmetric synthesis. Front Chem 2024; 12:1398397. [PMID: 38783896 PMCID: PMC11112575 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1398397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric catalysis stands at the forefront of modern chemistry, serving as a cornerstone for the efficient creation of enantiopure chiral molecules characterized by their high selectivity. In this review, we delve into the realm of asymmetric catalytic reactions, which spans various methodologies, each contributing to the broader landscape of the enantioselective synthesis of chiral molecules. Transition metals play a central role as catalysts for a wide range of transformations with chiral ligands such as phosphines, N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), etc., facilitating the formation of chiral C-C and C-X bonds, enabling precise control over stereochemistry. Enantioselective photocatalytic reactions leverage the power of light as a driving force for the synthesis of chiral molecules. Asymmetric electrocatalysis has emerged as a sustainable approach, being both atom-efficient and environmentally friendly, while offering a versatile toolkit for enantioselective reductions and oxidations. Biocatalysis relies on nature's most efficient catalysts, i.e., enzymes, to provide exquisite selectivity, as well as a high tolerance for diverse functional groups under mild conditions. Thus, enzymatic optical resolution, kinetic resolution and dynamic kinetic resolution have revolutionized the production of enantiopure compounds. Enantioselective organocatalysis uses metal-free organocatalysts, consisting of modular chiral phosphorus, sulfur and nitrogen components, facilitating remarkably efficient and diverse enantioselective transformations. Additionally, unlocking traditionally unreactive C-H bonds through selective functionalization has expanded the arsenal of catalytic asymmetric synthesis, enabling the efficient and atom-economical construction of enantiopure chiral molecules. Incorporating flow chemistry into asymmetric catalysis has been transformative, as continuous flow systems provide precise control over reaction conditions, enhancing the efficiency and facilitating optimization. Researchers are increasingly adopting hybrid approaches that combine multiple strategies synergistically to tackle complex synthetic challenges. This convergence holds great promise, propelling the field of asymmetric catalysis forward and facilitating the efficient construction of complex molecules in enantiopure form. As these methodologies evolve and complement one another, they push the boundaries of what can be accomplished in catalytic asymmetric synthesis, leading to the discovery of novel, highly selective transformations which may lead to groundbreaking applications across various industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashna Garg
- Stony Brook University, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Dominick Rendina
- Stony Brook University, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Hersh Bendale
- Stony Brook University, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | | | - Iwao Ojima
- Stony Brook University, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook, NY, United States
- Stony Brook University, Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang L, Liu M, Jiang M, Wan L, Li W, Cheng D, Chen F. Six‐Step Continuous Flow Synthesis of Diclofenac Sodium via Cascade Etherification/Smiles Rearrangement Strategy: Tackling the Issues of Batch Processing. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201420. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Wang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules Department of Chemistry Fudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis of Chiral Drugs Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Minjie Liu
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules Department of Chemistry Fudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis of Chiral Drugs Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Meifen Jiang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules Department of Chemistry Fudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis of Chiral Drugs Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Li Wan
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules Department of Chemistry Fudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis of Chiral Drugs Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Weijian Li
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules Department of Chemistry Fudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis of Chiral Drugs Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Dang Cheng
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules Department of Chemistry Fudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis of Chiral Drugs Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Fener Chen
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules Department of Chemistry Fudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis of Chiral Drugs Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bai J, Cao L, Mosbach S, Akroyd J, Lapkin AA, Kraft M. From Platform to Knowledge Graph: Evolution of Laboratory Automation. JACS AU 2022; 2:292-309. [PMID: 35252980 PMCID: PMC8889618 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
High-fidelity computer-aided experimentation is becoming more accessible with the development of computing power and artificial intelligence tools. The advancement of experimental hardware also empowers researchers to reach a level of accuracy that was not possible in the past. Marching toward the next generation of self-driving laboratories, the orchestration of both resources lies at the focal point of autonomous discovery in chemical science. To achieve such a goal, algorithmically accessible data representations and standardized communication protocols are indispensable. In this perspective, we recategorize the recently introduced approach based on Materials Acceleration Platforms into five functional components and discuss recent case studies that focus on the data representation and exchange scheme between different components. Emerging technologies for interoperable data representation and multi-agent systems are also discussed with their recent applications in chemical automation. We hypothesize that knowledge graph technology, orchestrating semantic web technologies and multi-agent systems, will be the driving force to bring data to knowledge, evolving our way of automating the laboratory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaru Bai
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
| | - Liwei Cao
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Mosbach
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
- Cambridge
Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore (CARES), CREATE Tower #05-05, 1 Create Way, 138602 Singapore
| | - Jethro Akroyd
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
- Cambridge
Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore (CARES), CREATE Tower #05-05, 1 Create Way, 138602 Singapore
| | - Alexei A. Lapkin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
- Cambridge
Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore (CARES), CREATE Tower #05-05, 1 Create Way, 138602 Singapore
| | - Markus Kraft
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
- Cambridge
Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore (CARES), CREATE Tower #05-05, 1 Create Way, 138602 Singapore
- School
of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459 Singapore
- The
Alan Turing Institute, London NW1 2DB, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kremsmair A, Hess A, Heinz B, Knochel P. Regioselective Magnesiations and Zincations of Aromatics and Heterocycles Triggered by Lewis Acids. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103269. [PMID: 34704653 PMCID: PMC9300163 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mixed TMP‐bases (TMP=2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidyl), such as TMPMgCl ⋅ LiCl, TMP2Mg ⋅ 2LiCl, TMPZnCl ⋅ LiCl and TMP2Zn ⋅ 2LiCl, are outstanding reagents for the metalation of functionalized aromatics and heterocycles. In the presence of Lewis acids, such as BF3 ⋅ OEt2 or MgCl2, the metalation scope of such bases was dramatically increased, and regioselectivity switches were achieved in the presence or absence of these Lewis acids. Furthermore, highly reactive lithium bases, such as TMPLi or Cy2NLi, are also compatible with various Lewis acids, such as MgCl2 ⋅ 2LiCl, ZnCl2 ⋅ 2LiCl or CuCN ⋅ 2LiCl. Performing such metalations in continuous flow using commercial setups permitted practical and convenient reaction conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kremsmair
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Chemie und Pharmazie, GERMANY
| | - Andreas Hess
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Chemie und Pharmazie, GERMANY
| | - Benjamin Heinz
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Chemie und Pharamzie, GERMANY
| | - Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Department of Chemistry, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, GERMANY
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hu C. Reactor design and selection for effective continuous manufacturing of pharmaceuticals. J Flow Chem 2021; 11:243-263. [PMID: 34026279 PMCID: PMC8130218 DOI: 10.1007/s41981-021-00164-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical production remains one of the last industries that predominantly uses batch processes, which are inefficient and can cause drug shortages due to the long lead times or quality defects. Consequently, pharmaceutical companies are transitioning away from outdated batch lines, in large part motivated by the many advantages of continuous manufacturing (e.g., low cost, quality assurance, shortened lead time). As chemical reactions are fundamental to any drug production process, the selection of reactor and its design are critical to enhanced performance such as improved selectivity and yield. In this article, relevant theories, and models, as well as their required input data are summarized to assist the reader in these tasks, focusing on continuous reactions. Selected examples that describe the application of plug flow reactors (PFRs) and continuous-stirred tank reactors (CSTRs)-in-series within the pharmaceutical industry are provided. Process analytical technologies (PATs), which are important tools that provide real-time in-line continuous monitoring of reactions, are recommended to be considered during the reactor design process (e.g., port design for the PAT probe). Finally, other important points, such as density change caused by thermal expansion or solid precipitation, clogging/fouling, and scaling-up, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuntian Hu
- CONTINUUS Pharmaceuticals, Woburn, MA 01801 USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sagmeister P, Lebl R, Castillo I, Rehrl J, Kruisz J, Sipek M, Horn M, Sacher S, Cantillo D, Williams JD, Kappe CO. Advanced Real-Time Process Analytics for Multistep Synthesis in Continuous Flow*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8139-8148. [PMID: 33433918 PMCID: PMC8048486 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In multistep continuous flow chemistry, studying complex reaction mixtures in real time is a significant challenge, but provides an opportunity to enhance reaction understanding and control. We report the integration of four complementary process analytical technology tools (NMR, UV/Vis, IR and UHPLC) in the multistep synthesis of an active pharmaceutical ingredient, mesalazine. This synthetic route exploits flow processing for nitration, high temperature hydrolysis and hydrogenation reactions, as well as three inline separations. Advanced data analysis models were developed (indirect hard modeling, deep learning and partial least squares regression), to quantify the desired products, intermediates and impurities in real time, at multiple points along the synthetic pathway. The capabilities of the system have been demonstrated by operating both steady state and dynamic experiments and represents a significant step forward in data-driven continuous flow synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sagmeister
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - René Lebl
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Ismael Castillo
- Institute of Automation and ControlGraz University of TechnologyInffeldgasse 21b8010GrazAustria
| | - Jakob Rehrl
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
| | - Julia Kruisz
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
| | - Martin Sipek
- Evon GmbHWollsdorf 1548181St. Ruprecht a. d. RaabAustria
| | - Martin Horn
- Institute of Automation and ControlGraz University of TechnologyInffeldgasse 21b8010GrazAustria
| | - Stephan Sacher
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
| | - David Cantillo
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sagmeister P, Lebl R, Castillo I, Rehrl J, Kruisz J, Sipek M, Horn M, Sacher S, Cantillo D, Williams JD, Kappe CO. Advanced Real‐Time Process Analytics for Multistep Synthesis in Continuous Flow**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sagmeister
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - René Lebl
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Ismael Castillo
- Institute of Automation and Control Graz University of Technology Inffeldgasse 21b 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Jakob Rehrl
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Julia Kruisz
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Martin Sipek
- Evon GmbH Wollsdorf 154 8181 St. Ruprecht a. d. Raab Austria
| | - Martin Horn
- Institute of Automation and Control Graz University of Technology Inffeldgasse 21b 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Stephan Sacher
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
| | - David Cantillo
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Neyt NC, Riley DL. Application of reactor engineering concepts in continuous flow chemistry: a review. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00004g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The adoption of flow technology for the manufacture of chemical entities, and in particular pharmaceuticals, has seen rapid growth over the past two decades with the technology now blurring the lines between chemistry and chemical engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C. Neyt
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pretoria
- South Africa
| | - Darren L. Riley
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pretoria
- South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Judzewitsch PR, Corrigan N, Trujillo F, Xu J, Moad G, Hawker CJ, Wong EHH, Boyer C. High-Throughput Process for the Discovery of Antimicrobial Polymers and Their Upscaled Production via Flow Polymerization. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter R. Judzewitsch
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Nathaniel Corrigan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Francisco Trujillo
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Graeme Moad
- Manufacturing, CSIRO, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials Research Laboratory and Departments of Materials, Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Edgar H. H. Wong
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Watanabe E, Chen Y, May O, Ley SV. A Practical Method for Continuous Production of sp3-Rich Compounds from (Hetero)Aryl Halides and Redox-Active Esters. Chemistry 2019; 26:186-191. [PMID: 31692149 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A practically useful coupling reaction between aromatic halides and redox-active esters was realized by nickel catalysis through the use of a packed zinc bed column in continuous flow. Multiple reuse of the column showed a negligible decrease in efficiency, affording high space/time yields. A wide range of substrates, including a number of heteroaryl halides and polyfunctional materials were coupled in generally good yields. Longer-time and larger-scale experiments further demonstrates the robustness of the system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Watanabe
- New Path Molecular Ltd., Building 580, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Yiding Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Oliver May
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Steven V Ley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Trobe M, Burke MD. The Molecular Industrial Revolution: Automated Synthesis of Small Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4192-4214. [PMID: 29513400 PMCID: PMC5912692 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Today we are poised for a transition from the highly customized crafting of specific molecular targets by hand to the increasingly general and automated assembly of different types of molecules with the push of a button. Creating machines that are capable of making many different types of small molecules on demand, akin to that which has been achieved on the macroscale with 3D printers, is challenging. Yet important progress is being made toward this objective with two complementary approaches: 1) Automation of customized synthesis routes to different targets by machines that enable the use of many reactions and starting materials, and 2) automation of generalized platforms that make many different targets using common coupling chemistry and building blocks. Continued progress in these directions has the potential to shift the bottleneck in molecular innovation from synthesis to imagination, and thereby help drive a new industrial revolution on the molecular scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Trobe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Martin D. Burke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA and Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Trobe M, Burke MD. Die molekulare industrielle Revolution: zur automatisierten Synthese organischer Verbindungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Trobe
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign 600 S. Mathews, 454 RAL Urbana-Champaign IL 61801 USA
| | - Martin D. Burke
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign 600 S. Mathews, 454 RAL Urbana-Champaign IL 61801 USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Transient temperature and flowrates in continuous flow reaction systems allows for the rapid generation of kinetic data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kosi C. Aroh
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mata A, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. An Integrated Continuous-Flow Synthesis of a Key Oxazolidine Intermediate to Noroxymorphone from Naturally Occurring Opioids. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Mata
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Graz; NAWI Graz; Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE); Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Graz; NAWI Graz; Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE); Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Graz; NAWI Graz; Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE); Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ganiek MA, Becker MR, Berionni G, Zipse H, Knochel P. Barbier Continuous Flow Preparation and Reactions of Carbamoyllithiums for Nucleophilic Amidation. Chemistry 2017; 23:10280-10284. [PMID: 28590518 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
An ambient temperature continuous flow method for nucleophilic amidation and thioamidation is described. Deprotonation of formamides by lithium diisopropylamine (LDA) affords carbamoyllithium intermediates that are quenched in situ with various electrophiles such as ketones, allyl bromides, Weinreb and morpholino amides. The nature of the reactive lithium intermediates and the thermodynamics of the metalation were further investigated by ab initio calculations and kinetic experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian A Ganiek
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Matthias R Becker
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Guillaume Berionni
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lin H, Dai C, Jamison TF, Jensen KF. A Rapid Total Synthesis of Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride in Continuous Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongkun Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Chunhui Dai
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Timothy F. Jamison
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lin H, Dai C, Jamison TF, Jensen KF. A Rapid Total Synthesis of Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride in Continuous Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:8870-8873. [PMID: 28561939 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Within a total residence time of 9 min, the sodium salt of ciprofloxacin was prepared from simple building blocks via a linear sequence of six chemical reactions in five flow reactors. Sequential offline acidifications and filtrations afforded ciprofloxacin and ciprofloxacin hydrochloride. The overall yield of the eight-step sequence was 60 %. No separation of intermediates was required throughout the synthesis when a single acylation reaction was applied to remove the main byproduct, dimethylamine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongkun Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Chunhui Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Timothy F Jamison
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Klavs F Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Porta R, Benaglia M, Annunziata R, Puglisi A, Celentano G. Solid Supported Chiral N
-Picolylimidazolidinones: Recyclable Catalysts for the Enantioselective, Metal- and Hydrogen-Free Reduction of Imines in Batch and in Flow Mode. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201700376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Porta
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Maurizio Benaglia
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Rita Annunziata
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Alessandra Puglisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Giuseppe Celentano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via Mangiagalli, 25 Milano Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lima F, Kabeshov MA, Tran DN, Battilocchio C, Sedelmeier J, Sedelmeier G, Schenkel B, Ley SV. Visible Light Activation of Boronic Esters Enables Efficient Photoredox C(sp 2 )-C(sp 3 ) Cross-Couplings in Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:14085-14089. [PMID: 27709749 PMCID: PMC5113707 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report herein a new method for the photoredox activation of boronic esters. Using these reagents, an efficient and high-throughput continuous flow process was developed to perform a dual iridium- and nickel-catalyzed C(sp2 )-C(sp3 ) coupling by circumventing solubility issues associated with potassium trifluoroborate salts. Formation of an adduct with a pyridine-derived Lewis base was found to be essential for the photoredox activation of the boronic esters. Based on these results we were able to develop a further simplified visible light mediated C(sp2 )-C(sp3 ) coupling method using boronic esters and cyano heteroarenes under flow conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Lima
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Mikhail A Kabeshov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Duc N Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Claudio Battilocchio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | | | | | | | - Steven V Ley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lima F, Kabeshov MA, Tran DN, Battilocchio C, Sedelmeier J, Sedelmeier G, Schenkel B, Ley SV. Visible Light Activation of Boronic Esters Enables Efficient Photoredox C(sp2
)-C(sp3
) Cross-Couplings in Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Lima
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cambridge; Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Mikhail A. Kabeshov
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cambridge; Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Duc N. Tran
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cambridge; Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Claudio Battilocchio
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cambridge; Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | | | | | | | - Steven V. Ley
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cambridge; Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yang JC, Niu D, Karsten BP, Lima F, Buchwald SL. Use of a “Catalytic” Cosolvent, N
,N
-Dimethyl Octanamide, Allows the Flow Synthesis of Imatinib with no Solvent Switch. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201509922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C. Yang
- Department of Chemistry; Room 18-490; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Dawen Niu
- Department of Chemistry; Room 18-490; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Bram P. Karsten
- Department of Chemistry; Room 18-490; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Fabio Lima
- Department of Chemistry; Room 18-490; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Stephen L. Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry; Room 18-490; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yang JC, Niu D, Karsten BP, Lima F, Buchwald SL. Use of a "Catalytic" Cosolvent, N,N-Dimethyl Octanamide, Allows the Flow Synthesis of Imatinib with no Solvent Switch. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:2531-5. [PMID: 26756279 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A general, efficient method for C-N cross-coupling has been developed using N,N-dimethyloctanamide as a catalytic cosolvent for biphasic continuous-flow applications. The described method was used to generate a variety of biarylamines and was integrated into a two-step sequence which converted phenols into biarylamines via either triflates or tosylates. Additionally, the method was applied to a three-step synthesis of imatinib, the API of Gleevec, in good yield without the need of solvent switches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Room 18-490, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Dawen Niu
- Department of Chemistry, Room 18-490, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Bram P Karsten
- Department of Chemistry, Room 18-490, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Fabio Lima
- Department of Chemistry, Room 18-490, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Stephen L Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry, Room 18-490, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Poh JS, Tran DN, Battilocchio C, Hawkins JM, Ley SV. A Versatile Room-Temperature Route to Di- and Trisubstituted Allenes Using Flow-Generated Diazo Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:7920-3. [PMID: 26013774 PMCID: PMC4515080 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A copper-catalyzed coupling reaction between flow-generated unstabilized diazo compounds and terminal alkynes provides di- and trisubstituted allenes. This extremely mild and rapid transformation is highly tolerant of several functional groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Siang Poh
- Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW (UK) http://www.leygroup.ch.cam.ac.uk
| | - Duc N Tran
- Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW (UK) http://www.leygroup.ch.cam.ac.uk
| | - Claudio Battilocchio
- Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW (UK) http://www.leygroup.ch.cam.ac.uk
| | - Joel M Hawkins
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340 (USA)
| | - Steven V Ley
- Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW (UK) http://www.leygroup.ch.cam.ac.uk.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Poh JS, Tran DN, Battilocchio C, Hawkins JM, Ley SV. A Versatile Room-Temperature Route to Di- and Trisubstituted Allenes Using Flow-Generated Diazo Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201501538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
26
|
Gutmann B, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Continuous-flow technology—a tool for the safe manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6688-728. [PMID: 25989203 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 866] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, continuous-flow reactors with channel dimensions in the micro- or millimeter region have found widespread application in organic synthesis. The characteristic properties of these reactors are their exceptionally fast heat and mass transfer. In microstructured devices of this type, virtually instantaneous mixing can be achieved for all but the fastest reactions. Similarly, the accumulation of heat, formation of hot spots, and dangers of thermal runaways can be prevented. As a result of the small reactor volumes, the overall safety of the process is significantly improved, even when harsh reaction conditions are used. Thus, microreactor technology offers a unique way to perform ultrafast, exothermic reactions, and allows the execution of reactions which proceed via highly unstable or even explosive intermediates. This Review discusses recent literature examples of continuous-flow organic synthesis where hazardous reactions or extreme process windows have been employed, with a focus on applications of relevance to the preparation of pharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Gutmann
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gutmann B, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Kontinuierliche Durchflussverfahren: ein Werkzeug für die sichere Synthese von pharmazeutischen Wirkstoffen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
28
|
Becker MR, Knochel P. Practical Continuous-Flow Trapping Metalations of Functionalized Arenes and Heteroarenes Using TMPLi in the Presence of Mg, Zn, Cu, or La Halides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:12501-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
29
|
Becker MR, Knochel P. Praktische kontinuierliche Durchfluss-Abfangmetallierungen funktionalisierter Arene und Heteroarene mit TMPLi in Gegenwart von Mg-, Zn-, Cu- oder La-Halogeniden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201502393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|