1
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Hatch CE, Chain WJ. Electrochemically Enabled Total Syntheses of Natural Products. ChemElectroChem 2023; 10:e202300140. [PMID: 38106361 PMCID: PMC10723087 DOI: 10.1002/celc.202300140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical techniques have helped to enable the total synthesis of natural products since the pioneering work of Kolbe in the mid 1800's. The electrochemical toolset grows every day and these new possibilities change the way chemists look at and think about natural products. This review provides a perspective on total syntheses wherein electrochemical techniques enabled the carbon─carbon bond formations in the skeletal assembly of important natural products, discussion of mechanistic details, and representative examples of the bond formations enabled over the last several decades. These bond formations are often distinctly different from those possible with conventional chemistries and allow assemblies complementary to other techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad E Hatch
- Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 417 E. 68 St., New York, NY, 10065 (United States)
| | - William J Chain
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, 163 The Green, Newark, DE, 19716 (United States)
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2
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Copper/zeolitic imidazolate Framework-8 integrated by boron nitride as an electrocatalyst at the glassy carbon electrode to sensing of the clopidogrel. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2023.123982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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3
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Prudlik A, Mohebbati N, Hildebrandt L, Heck A, Nuhn L, Francke R. TEMPO-Modified Polymethacrylates as Mediators in Electrosynthesis: Influence of the Molecular Weight on Redox Properties and Electrocatalytic Activity. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202730. [PMID: 36426862 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Homogeneous catalysts ("mediators") are frequently employed in organic electrosynthesis to control selectivity. Despite their advantages, they can have a negative influence on the overall energy and mass balance if used only once or recycled inefficiently. Polymediators are soluble redox-active polymers applicable as electrocatalysts, enabling recovery by dialysis or membrane filtration. Using anodic alcohol oxidation as an example, we have demonstrated that TEMPO-modified polymethacrylates (TPMA) can act as efficient and recyclable catalysts. In the present work, the influence of the molecular size on the redox properties and the catalytic activity was carefully elaborated using a series of TPMAs with well-defined molecular weight distributions. Cyclic voltammetry studies show that the polymer chain length has a pronounced impact on the key-properties. Together with preparative-scale electrolysis experiments, an optimum size range was identified for polymediator-guided sustainable reaction control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Prudlik
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Nayereh Mohebbati
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Laura Hildebrandt
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alina Heck
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Nuhn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Robert Francke
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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4
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Chang WR, Hsiao C, Chen YF, Kuo CFJ, Chiu CW. Au Nanorods on Carbon-Based Nanomaterials as Nanohybrid Substrates for High-Efficiency Dynamic Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:41815-41826. [PMID: 36406539 PMCID: PMC9670688 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanorods (AuNRs) with different aspect ratios were prepared by the seed-mediated growth method and combined with three carbon-based nanomaterials of multiple dimensions (i.e., zero-dimensional (0D) carbon black (CB), one-dimensional (1D) carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and two-dimensional (2D) graphene oxide (GO)). The AuNR/carbon-based nanomaterial hybrids were utilized in dynamic surface-enhanced Raman scattering (D-SERS). First, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was used to stabilize and coat the AuNRs, enabling them to be dispersed in water and conferring a positive charge to the surface. AuNR/carbon-based nanomaterial hybrids were then formed via electrostatic attraction with the negatively charged carbon-based nanomaterials. Subsequently, the AuNR/carbon-based nanomaterial hybrids were utilized as large-area and highly sensitive Raman spectroscopy substrates. The AuNR/GO hybrids afforded the best signal enhancement because the thickness of GO was less than 5 nm, which enabled the AuNRs adsorbed on GO to produce a good three-dimensional hotspot effect. The enhancement factor (EF) of the AuNR/GO hybrids for the dye molecule Rhodamine 6G (R6G) reached 1 × 107, where the limit of detection (LOD) was 10-8 M. The hybrids were further applied in D-SERS (detecting samples transitioning from the wet state to the dry state). During solvent evaporation, the system spontaneously formed many hotspots, which greatly enhanced the SERS signal. The final experimental results demonstrated that the AuNR/GO hybrids afforded the best D-SERS signal enhancement. The EF value for R6G reached 1.1 × 108 after 27 min, with a limit of detection of 10-9 M at 27 min. Therefore, the AuNR/GO nanohybrids have extremely high sensitivity as molecular sensing elements for SERS and are also very suitable for the rapid detection of single molecules in water quality and environmental management.
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Meyer TH, Chesnokov GA, Ackermann L. Cobalta-Electrocatalyzed C-H Activation in Biomass-Derived Glycerol: Powered by Renewable Wind and Solar Energy. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:668-671. [PMID: 31917522 PMCID: PMC7065255 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous glycerol was identified as a renewable reaction medium for metalla-electrocatalyzed C-H activation powered by sustainable energy sources. The renewable solvent was employed for cobalt-catalyzed C-H/N-H functionalizations under mild conditions. The cobalta-electrocatalysis manifold occurred with high levels of chemo- and positional selectivity and allowed for electrochemical C-H activations with broad substrate scope. The resource economy of this strategy was considerably substantiated by the direct use of renewable solar and wind energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjark H. Meyer
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Gleb A. Chesnokov
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
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6
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van Melis CGW, Penny MR, Garcia AD, Petti A, Dobbs AP, Hilton ST, Lam K. Supporting‐Electrolyte‐Free Electrochemical Methoxymethylation of Alcohols Using a 3D‐Printed Electrosynthesis Continuous Flow Cell System. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo G. W. van Melis
- School of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Greenwich Central Avenue Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB UK
| | - Matthew R. Penny
- UCL School of PharmacyUniversity College London 29-39 Brunswick Square London WC1N 1AX UK
| | - Anthony D. Garcia
- School of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Greenwich Central Avenue Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB UK
| | - Alessia Petti
- School of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Greenwich Central Avenue Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB UK
| | - Adrian P. Dobbs
- School of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Greenwich Central Avenue Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB UK
| | - Stephen T. Hilton
- UCL School of PharmacyUniversity College London 29-39 Brunswick Square London WC1N 1AX UK
| | - Kevin Lam
- School of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Greenwich Central Avenue Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB UK
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7
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Möhle S, Zirbes M, Rodrigo E, Gieshoff T, Wiebe A, Waldvogel SR. Modern Electrochemical Aspects for the Synthesis of Value-Added Organic Products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6018-6041. [PMID: 29359378 PMCID: PMC6001547 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of electricity instead of stoichiometric amounts of oxidizers or reducing agents in synthesis is very appealing for economic and ecological reasons, and represents a major driving force for research efforts in this area. To use electron transfer at the electrode for a successful transformation in organic synthesis, the intermediate radical (cation/anion) has to be stabilized. Its combination with other approaches in organic chemistry or concepts of contemporary synthesis allows the establishment of powerful synthetic methods. The aim in the 21st Century will be to use as little fossil carbon as possible and, for this reason, the use of renewable sources is becoming increasingly important. The direct conversion of renewables, which have previously mainly been incinerated, is of increasing interest. This Review surveys many of the recent seminal important developments which will determine the future of this dynamic emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Möhle
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Michael Zirbes
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Eduardo Rodrigo
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Tile Gieshoff
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
- Graduate School Materials Science in MainzStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
| | - Anton Wiebe
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
- Max Planck Graduate CenterStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
- Graduate School Materials Science in MainzStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
- Max Planck Graduate CenterStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
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8
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Tao XZ, Dai JJ, Zhou J, Xu J, Xu HJ. Electrochemical C−O Bond Formation: Facile Access to Aromatic Lactones. Chemistry 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Zhang Tao
- School of Biological and Medical Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advance Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering; Hefei University of Technology; Hefei 230009 P.R. China
| | - Jian-Jun Dai
- School of Biological and Medical Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advance Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering; Hefei University of Technology; Hefei 230009 P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhou
- School of Biological and Medical Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advance Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering; Hefei University of Technology; Hefei 230009 P.R. China
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Biological and Medical Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advance Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering; Hefei University of Technology; Hefei 230009 P.R. China
| | - Hua-Jian Xu
- School of Biological and Medical Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advance Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering; Hefei University of Technology; Hefei 230009 P.R. China
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9
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Möhle S, Zirbes M, Rodrigo E, Gieshoff T, Wiebe A, Waldvogel SR. Moderne Aspekte der Elektrochemie zur Synthese hochwertiger organischer Produkte. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Möhle
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Michael Zirbes
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Eduardo Rodrigo
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Tile Gieshoff
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Anton Wiebe
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Max Planck Graduate Center Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Max Planck Graduate Center Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
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10
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Schille B, Giltzau NO, Francke R. Zur Nutzung von Polyelektrolyten und Polymediatoren in der organischen Elektrosynthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Schille
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a 18059 Rostock Deutschland
| | - Niels Ole Giltzau
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a 18059 Rostock Deutschland
| | - Robert Francke
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a 18059 Rostock Deutschland
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11
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Schille B, Giltzau NO, Francke R. On the Use of Polyelectrolytes and Polymediators in Organic Electrosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 57:422-426. [PMID: 29160932 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although organic electrosynthesis is generally considered to be a green method, the necessity for excess amounts of supporting electrolyte constitutes a severe drawback. Furthermore, the employment of redox mediators results in an additional separation problem. In this context, we have explored the applicability of soluble polyelectrolytes and polymediators with the TEMPO-mediated transformation of alcohols into carbonyl compounds as a test reaction. Catalyst benchmarking based on cyclic voltammetry studies indicated that the redox-active polymer can compete with molecularly defined TEMPO species. Alcohol oxidation was also highly efficient on a preparative scale, and our polymer-based approach allowed for the separation of both mediator and supporting electrolyte in a single membrane filtration step. Moreover, we have shown that both components can be reused multiple times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Schille
- Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Niels Ole Giltzau
- Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Robert Francke
- Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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12
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Folgueiras‐Amador AA, Philipps K, Guilbaud S, Poelakker J, Wirth T. An Easy-to-Machine Electrochemical Flow Microreactor: Efficient Synthesis of Isoindolinone and Flow Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:15446-15450. [PMID: 29045019 PMCID: PMC5708274 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Flow electrochemistry is an efficient methodology to generate radical intermediates. An electrochemical flow microreactor has been designed and manufactured to improve the efficiency of electrochemical flow reactions. With this device only little or no supporting electrolytes are needed, making processes less costly and enabling easier purification. This is demonstrated by the facile synthesis of amidyl radicals used in intramolecular hydroaminations to produce isoindolinones. The combination with inline mass spectrometry facilitates a much easier combination of chemical steps in a single flow process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kai Philipps
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark Place, Main BuildingCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Sébastien Guilbaud
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark Place, Main BuildingCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Jarno Poelakker
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark Place, Main BuildingCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark Place, Main BuildingCardiffCF10 3ATUK
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Folgueiras-Amador AA, Philipps K, Guilbaud S, Poelakker J, Wirth T. Ein einfach herzustellender elektrochemischer Flussmikroreaktor: effiziente Isoindolinon-Synthese und Funktionalisierung im Fluss. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana A. Folgueiras-Amador
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
| | - Kai Philipps
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
| | - Sébastien Guilbaud
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
| | - Jarno Poelakker
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
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Zhao H, Liu Z, Song J, Xu H. Reagent‐Free C−H/N−H Cross‐Coupling: Regioselective Synthesis of N‐Heteroaromatics from Biaryl Aldehydes and NH
3. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huai‐Bo Zhao
- iChEM State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Zhan‐Jiang Liu
- iChEM State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Jinshuai Song
- Fujian Institute of Research on Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 P. R. China
| | - Hai‐Chao Xu
- iChEM State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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Zhao H, Liu Z, Song J, Xu H. Reagent‐Free C−H/N−H Cross‐Coupling: Regioselective Synthesis of N‐Heteroaromatics from Biaryl Aldehydes and NH
3. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:12732-12735. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huai‐Bo Zhao
- iChEM State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Zhan‐Jiang Liu
- iChEM State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Jinshuai Song
- Fujian Institute of Research on Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 P. R. China
| | - Hai‐Chao Xu
- iChEM State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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Wu ZJ, Xu HC. Synthesis of C3-Fluorinated Oxindoles through Reagent-Free Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201701329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Jian Wu
- i ChEM, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P.R. China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- i ChEM, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P.R. China
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17
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Wu ZJ, Xu HC. Synthesis of C3-Fluorinated Oxindoles through Reagent-Free Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:4734-4738. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201701329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Jian Wu
- i ChEM, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P.R. China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- i ChEM, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P.R. China
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18
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Zhao HB, Hou ZW, Liu ZJ, Zhou ZF, Song J, Xu HC. Amidinyl Radical Formation through Anodic N−H Bond Cleavage and Its Application in Aromatic C−H Bond Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201610715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Bo Zhao
- iChEM, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Wei Hou
- iChEM, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P.R. China
| | - Zhan-Jiang Liu
- iChEM, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P.R. China
| | - Ze-Feng Zhou
- iChEM, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P.R. China
| | - Jinshuai Song
- Fujian Institute of Research on Structure of Matter; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Fuzhou 350002 P.R. China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- iChEM, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P.R. China
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19
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Zhao HB, Hou ZW, Liu ZJ, Zhou ZF, Song J, Xu HC. Amidinyl Radical Formation through Anodic N−H Bond Cleavage and Its Application in Aromatic C−H Bond Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 56:587-590. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201610715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Bo Zhao
- iChEM, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Wei Hou
- iChEM, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P.R. China
| | - Zhan-Jiang Liu
- iChEM, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P.R. China
| | - Ze-Feng Zhou
- iChEM, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P.R. China
| | - Jinshuai Song
- Fujian Institute of Research on Structure of Matter; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Fuzhou 350002 P.R. China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- iChEM, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P.R. China
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20
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Hou ZW, Mao ZY, Zhao HB, Melcamu YY, Lu X, Song J, Xu HC. Electrochemical C-H/N-H Functionalization for the Synthesis of Highly Functionalized (Aza)indoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:9168-72. [PMID: 27240116 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201602616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Indoles and azaindoles are among the most important heterocycles because of their prevalence in nature and their broad utility in pharmaceutical industry. Reported herein is an unprecedented noble-metal- and oxidant-free electrochemical method for the coupling of (hetero)arylamines with tethered alkynes to synthesize highly functionalized indoles, as well as the more challenging azaindoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Wei Hou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and, Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Yi Mao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and, Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P.R. China
| | - Huai-Bo Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and, Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P.R. China
| | - Yared Yohannes Melcamu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and, Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P.R. China
| | - Xin Lu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and, Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P.R. China.
| | - Jinshuai Song
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and, Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P.R. China.,Fujian Institute of Research on Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and, Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P.R. China.
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21
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Hou Z, Mao Z, Zhao H, Melcamu YY, Lu X, Song J, Xu H. Electrochemical C−H/N−H Functionalization for the Synthesis of Highly Functionalized (Aza)indoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201602616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong‐Wei Hou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialState Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province andDepartment of ChemistryXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P.R. China
| | - Zhong‐Yi Mao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialState Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province andDepartment of ChemistryXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P.R. China
| | - Huai‐Bo Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialState Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province andDepartment of ChemistryXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P.R. China
| | - Yared Yohannes Melcamu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialState Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province andDepartment of ChemistryXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P.R. China
| | - Xin Lu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialState Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province andDepartment of ChemistryXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P.R. China
| | - Jinshuai Song
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialState Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province andDepartment of ChemistryXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P.R. China
- Fujian Institute of Research on Structure of MatterChinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 P.R. China
| | - Hai‐Chao Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialState Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province andDepartment of ChemistryXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P.R. China
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Stang C, Harnisch F. The Dilemma of Supporting Electrolytes for Electroorganic Synthesis: A Case Study on Kolbe Electrolysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:50-60. [PMID: 26609800 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201501407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Remarkably, coulombic efficiency (CE, about 50 % at 1 Farad equivalent), and product composition resulting from aqueous Kolbe electrolysis are independent of reactor temperature and initial pH value. Although numerous studies on Kolbe electrolysis are available, the interrelations of different reaction parameters (e.g., acid concentration, pH, and especially electrolytic conductivity) are not addressed. A systematic analysis based on cyclic voltammetry reveals that solely the electrolytic conductivity impacts the current-voltage behavior. When using supporting electrolytes, not only their concentration, but also the type is decisive. We show that higher concentrations of KNO3 result in reduced CE and thus in significant increase in electric energy demand per converted molecule, whereas Na2 SO4 allows improved space-time yields. Pros and cons of adding supporting electrolytes are discussed in a final cost assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Stang
- UFZ-Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany), Fax: (+49) 341-235-1351
| | - Falk Harnisch
- UFZ-Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany), Fax: (+49) 341-235-1351.
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