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Additions of N, O, and S heteroatoms to metal-supported carbenes: Mechanism and synthetic applications in modern organic chemistry. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Dequina HJ, Schomaker JM. Aziridinium Ylides: Underutilized Intermediates for Complex Amine Synthesis. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2020; 2:874-887. [PMID: 33665590 DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Harnessing the chemistry of onium ylide intermediates generated from transition metal catalysis is a powerful strategy to convert simple precursors into complex scaffolds. While the chemistry of onium ylides has been studied for over three decades, transformations of aziridinium ylides have just recently emerged as a versatile way to exploit the strain of these reactive intermediates to furnish densely functionalized N-heterocycles in a highly stereocontrolled manner. Herein, we provide a short overview of the key concepts and recent developments in this area, with a focus on how mechanistic studies to delineate the factors controlling the reactivity of aziridinium ylides can stimulate fruitful future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary J Dequina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jennifer M Schomaker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Eshon J, Nicastri KA, Schmid SC, Raskopf WT, Guzei IA, Fernández I, Schomaker JM. Intermolecular [3+3] ring expansion of aziridines to dehydropiperi-dines through the intermediacy of aziridinium ylides. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1273. [PMID: 32152321 PMCID: PMC7062875 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15134-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of N-heterocycles in drugs has stimulated diverse methods for their efficient syntheses. Methods that introduce significant stereochemical complexity are attractive for identifying new bioactive amine chemical space. Here, we report a [3 + 3] ring expansion of bicyclic aziridines and rhodium-bound vinyl carbenes to form complex dehydropiperidines in a highly stereocontrolled rearrangement. Mechanistic studies and DFT computations indicate that the reaction proceeds through formation of a vinyl aziridinium ylide; this reactive intermediate undergoes a pseudo-[1,4]-sigmatropic rearrangement to directly furnish heterocyclic products with net retention at the new C-C bond. In combination with asymmetric silver-catalyzed aziridination, enantioenriched scaffolds with up to three contiguous stereocenters are rapidly delivered. The mild reaction conditions, functional group tolerance, and high stereospecificity of this method are well-suited for appending piperidine motifs to natural product and complex molecules. Ultimately, our work establishes the value of underutilized aziridinium ylides as key intermediates for converting small, strained rings to larger N-heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Eshon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Kate A Nicastri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Steven C Schmid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - William T Raskopf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Ilia A Guzei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avazanda (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jennifer M Schomaker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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Dai Z, Zhu J, Wang J, Su W, Yang F, Zhou Q. Phosphine‐Catalyzed Chemoselective [4+3] Cycloaddition of Alminine Esters and β′‐acetoxy Allenoates for Divergent Synthesis of Azepines. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201901132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zonghao Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Organic Chemistry China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Organic Chemistry China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Organic Chemistry China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Organic Chemistry China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 People's Republic of China
| | - Fulai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Organic Chemistry China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 People's Republic of China
| | - Qingfa Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Organic Chemistry China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 People's Republic of China
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Combee LA, Johnson SL, Laudenschlager JE, Hilinski MK. Rh(II)-Catalyzed Nitrene-Transfer [5 + 1] Cycloadditions of Aryl-Substituted Vinylcyclopropanes. Org Lett 2019; 21:2307-2311. [PMID: 30907595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Formal [5 + 1] cycloadditions between aryl-substituted vinylcyclopropanes and nitrenoid precursors are reported. The method, which employs Rh2(esp)2 as a catalyst, leads to the highly regioselective formation of substituted tetrahydropyridines. Preliminary mechanistic studies support a stepwise, polar mechanism enabled by the previously observed Lewis acidity of Rh-nitrenoids. Overall, this work expands the application of nitrene-transfer cycloaddition, a relatively underexplored approach to heterocycle synthesis, to the formation of six-membered rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan A Combee
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904-4319 , United States
| | - Shea L Johnson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904-4319 , United States
| | - Julie E Laudenschlager
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904-4319 , United States
| | - Michael K Hilinski
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904-4319 , United States
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Saputra MA, Nepal B, Dange NS, Du P, Fronczek FR, Kumar R, Kartika R. Enantioselective Functionalization of Enamides at the β-Carbon Center with Indoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:15558-15562. [PMID: 30191642 PMCID: PMC6407611 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We report an enantioconvergent approach for the functionalization of enamides at the β-carbon atom, which involves a chiral Brønsted acid induced tautomerization of 2-amidoallyl into 1-amidoallyl cations. These putative reactive intermediates were produced by ionization of racemic α-hydroxy enamides with a chiral Brønsted acid and captured with substituted indoles in a highly regio- and enantioselective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza A. Saputra
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 (USA)
| | - Binod Nepal
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 (USA)
| | - Nitin S. Dange
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 (USA)
| | - Pu Du
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 (USA)
| | - Frank R. Fronczek
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 (USA)
| | - Revati Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 (USA)
| | - Rendy Kartika
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 (USA)
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Saputra MA, Nepal B, Dange NS, Du P, Fronczek FR, Kumar R, Kartika R. Enantioselective Functionalization of Enamides at the β‐Carbon Center with Indoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201808764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirza A. Saputra
- Department of ChemistryLouisiana State University 232 Choppin Hall Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
| | - Binod Nepal
- Department of ChemistryLouisiana State University 232 Choppin Hall Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
| | - Nitin S. Dange
- Department of ChemistryLouisiana State University 232 Choppin Hall Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
| | - Pu Du
- Department of ChemistryLouisiana State University 232 Choppin Hall Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
| | - Frank R. Fronczek
- Department of ChemistryLouisiana State University 232 Choppin Hall Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
| | - Revati Kumar
- Department of ChemistryLouisiana State University 232 Choppin Hall Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
| | - Rendy Kartika
- Department of ChemistryLouisiana State University 232 Choppin Hall Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
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Schmid SC, Guzei IA, Schomaker JM. A Stereoselective [3+1] Ring Expansion for the Synthesis of Highly Substituted Methylene Azetidines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:12229-12233. [PMID: 28834110 PMCID: PMC5693379 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201705202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of rhodium-bound carbenes with strained bicyclic methylene aziridines results in a formal [3+1] ring expansion to yield highly substituted methylene azetidines with excellent regio- and stereoselectivity. The reaction appears to proceed through an ylide-type mechanism, where the unique strain and structure of the methylene aziridine promotes a ring-opening/ring-closing cascade that efficiently transfers chirality from substrate to product. The resultant products can be elaborated into new azetidine scaffolds containing vicinal tertiary-quaternary and even quaternary-quaternary stereocenters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Schmid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Ilia A Guzei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jennifer M Schomaker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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Schmid SC, Guzei IA, Schomaker JM. A Stereoselective [3+1] Ring Expansion for the Synthesis of Highly Substituted Methylene Azetidines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201705202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven C. Schmid
- Department of Chemistry; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 1101 University Avenue Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Ilia A. Guzei
- Department of Chemistry; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 1101 University Avenue Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Jennifer M. Schomaker
- Department of Chemistry; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 1101 University Avenue Madison WI 53706 USA
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