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von Holtum B, Kubot M, Peschel C, Rodehorst U, Winter M, Nowak S, Wiemers-Meyer S. Accessing the Primary Solid-Electrolyte Interphase on Lithium Metal: A Method for Low-Concentration Compound Analysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202201912. [PMID: 36594440 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite large research efforts in the fields of lithium ion and lithium metal batteries, there are still unanswered questions. One of them is the formation of the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) in lithium-metal-anode-based battery systems. Until now, a compound profile analysis of the SEI on lithium metal was challenging as the amounts of many compounds after simple contact of lithium metal and the electrolyte were too low for detection with analytical methods. This study presents a novel approach on unravelling the SEI compound profile through accumulation in the gas, liquid electrolyte, and solid phase. The method uses the intrinsic behavior of lithium metal to spontaneously react with the liquid electrolyte. In combination with complementary, state-of-the-art analytical instrumentation and methods, this approach provides qualitative and quantitative results on all three phases revealing the vast variety of compounds formed in carbonate-based electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian von Holtum
- MEET Battery Research Center, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kubot
- MEET Battery Research Center, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christoph Peschel
- MEET Battery Research Center, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Uta Rodehorst
- MEET Battery Research Center, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Winter
- MEET Battery Research Center, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Münster, IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstr. 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sascha Nowak
- MEET Battery Research Center, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Simon Wiemers-Meyer
- MEET Battery Research Center, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
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2
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Yoon I, Larson JM, Kostecki R. The Effect of the SEI Layer Mechanical Deformation on the Passivity of a Si Anode in Organic Carbonate Electrolytes. ACS NANO 2023; 17:6943-6954. [PMID: 36972420 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on a Si negative electrode in carbonate-based organic electrolytes shows intrinsically poor passivating behavior, giving rise to unsatisfactory calendar life of Li-ion batteries. Moreover, mechanical strains induced in the SEI due to large volume changes of Si during charge-discharge cycling could contribute to its mechanical instability and poor passivating behavior. This study elucidates the influence that static mechanical deformation of the SEI has on the rate of unwanted parasitic reactions at the Si/electrolyte interface as a function of electrode potential. The experimental approach involves the utilization of Si thin-film electrodes on substrates with disparate elastic moduli, which either permit or suppress the SEI deformation in response to Si volume changes upon charging-discharging. We find that static mechanical stretching and deformation of the SEI results in an increased parasitic electrolyte reduction current on Si. Furthermore, attenuated total reflection and near-field Fourier-transform infrared nanospectroscopy reveal that the static mechanical stretching and deformation of the SEI fosters a selective transport of linear carbonate solvent through, and nanoconfinement within, the SEI. These, in turn, promote selective solvent reduction and continuous electrolyte decomposition on Si electrodes, reducing the calendar life of Si anode-based Li-ion batteries. Finally, possible correlations between the structure and chemical composition of the SEI layer and its mechanical and chemical resilience under prolonged mechanical deformation are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insun Yoon
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 United States
| | - Jonathan M Larson
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 United States
| | - Robert Kostecki
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 United States
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3
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Kubot M, Frankenstein L, Muschiol E, Klein S, Esselen M, Winter M, Nowak S, Kasnatscheew J. Lithium Difluorophosphate: A Boon for High Voltage Li Ion Batteries and a Bane for High Thermal Stability/Low Toxicity: Towards Synergistic Dual Additives to Circumvent this Dilemma. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202202189. [PMID: 36533855 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The specific energy/energy density of state-of-the-art (SOTA) Li-ion batteries can be increased by raising the upper charge voltage. However, instability of SOTA cathodes (i. e., LiNiy Cox Mny O2 ; x+y+z=1; NCM) triggers electrode crosstalk through enhanced transition metal (TM) dissolution and contributes to severe capacity fade; in the worst case, to a sudden death ("roll-over failure"). Lithium difluorophosphate (LiDFP) as electrolyte additive is able to boost high voltage performance by scavenging dissolved TMs. However, LiDFP is chemically unstable and rapidly decomposes to toxic (oligo)organofluorophosphates (OFPs) at elevated temperatures; a process that can be precisely analyzed by means of high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectroscopy. The toxicity of LiDFP can be proven by the well-known acetylcholinesterase inhibition test. Interestingly, although fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) is inappropriate for high voltage applications as a single electrolyte additive due to rollover failure, it is able to suppress formation of toxic OFPs. Based on this, a synergistic LiDFP/FEC dual-additive approach is suggested in this work, showing characteristic benefits of both individual additives (good capacity retention at high voltage in the presence of LiDFP and decreased OFP formation/toxicity induced by FEC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Kubot
- MEET Battery Research Center, I, nstitute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lars Frankenstein
- MEET Battery Research Center, I, nstitute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Muschiol
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sven Klein
- MEET Battery Research Center, I, nstitute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Melanie Esselen
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Winter
- MEET Battery Research Center, I, nstitute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Münster, IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sascha Nowak
- MEET Battery Research Center, I, nstitute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Kasnatscheew
- Helmholtz-Institute Münster, IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
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4
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Xu H, Li Z, Liu T, Han C, Guo C, Zhao H, Li Q, Lu J, Amine K, Qiu X. Impacts of Dissolved Ni 2+ on the Solid Electrolyte Interphase on a Graphite Anode. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202894. [PMID: 35441399 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal (e.g. Ni) ions dissolved from layered-structured Ni-rich cathodes can migrate to the anode side and accelerate the failure of lithium-ion batteries. The investigations of the impact and distribution of Ni species on the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the anode are crucial to understand the failure mechanism. Herein, we used time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS) coupled with multivariate curve resolution (MCR) analysis to intuitively characterize the distribution of Ni species in the SEI. We find that the SEI on the graphite electrode using an EC-based electrolyte exhibits a multi-stratum structure. During accelerated aging of the LiNi0.88 Co0.08 Mn0.04 O2 /graphite full cell, the dissolution of Ni aggravates significantly upon cycling. A strong correlation between the dissolved-Ni and organic species in the SEI on graphite is illustrated. The ion-exchange reaction between Ni2+ and Li+ ions in the SEI is demonstrated to be the main reason for the increase of SEI resistivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhanping Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Analysis Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tongchao Liu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Ave, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Ce Han
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chong Guo
- Analysis Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - He Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qin Li
- Analysis Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Ave, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Khalil Amine
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Ave, Lemont, IL 60439, USA.,Department of Material Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xinping Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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5
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Xu H, Li Z, Liu T, Han C, Guo C, Zhao H, Li Q, Lu J, Amine K, Qiu X. Impacts of Dissolved Ni
2+
on the Solid Electrolyte Interphase on a Graphite Anode. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Zhanping Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
- Analysis Center Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Tongchao Liu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division Argonne National Laboratory 9700 Cass Ave Lemont IL 60439 USA
| | - Ce Han
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Chong Guo
- Analysis Center Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - He Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Qin Li
- Analysis Center Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jun Lu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division Argonne National Laboratory 9700 Cass Ave Lemont IL 60439 USA
| | - Khalil Amine
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division Argonne National Laboratory 9700 Cass Ave Lemont IL 60439 USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Xinping Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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7
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Peschel C, van Wickeren S, Preibisch Y, Naber V, Werner D, Frankenstein L, Horsthemke F, Peuker U, Winter M, Nowak S. Comprehensive Characterization of Shredded Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Material. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200485. [PMID: 35188309 PMCID: PMC9311206 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report on an analytical study of dry‐shredded lithium‐ion battery (LIB) materials with unknown composition. Samples from an industrial recycling process were analyzed concerning the elemental composition and (organic) compound speciation. Deep understanding of the base material for LIB recycling was obtained by identification and analysis of transition metal stoichiometry, current collector metals, base electrolyte and electrolyte additive residues, aging marker molecules and polymer binder fingerprints. For reversed engineering purposes, the main electrode and electrolyte chemistries were traced back to pristine materials. Furthermore, possible lifetime application and accompanied aging was evaluated based on target analysis on characteristic molecules described in literature. With this, the reported analytics provided precious information for value estimation of the undefined spent batteries and enabled tailored recycling process deliberations. The comprehensive feedstock characterization shown in this work paves the way for targeted process control in LIB recycling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Peschel
- University of Münster, MEET Battery Research Center, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan van Wickeren
- University of Münster, MEET Battery Research Center, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Yves Preibisch
- University of Münster, MEET Battery Research Center, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Verena Naber
- University of Münster, MEET Battery Research Center, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Denis Werner
- TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mineral Processing, Agricolastraße 1, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Lars Frankenstein
- University of Münster, MEET Battery Research Center, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Fabian Horsthemke
- University of Münster, MEET Battery Research Center, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Urs Peuker
- TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mineral Processing, Agricolastraße 1, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Martin Winter
- University of Münster, MEET Battery Research Center, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Helmholtz-Institute Münster, IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sascha Nowak
- University of Münster, MEET Battery Research Center, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
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8
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Su C, He M, Shi J, Amine R, Zhang J, Amine K. Solvation Rule for Solid‐Electrolyte Interphase Enabler in Lithium‐Metal Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi‐Cheung Su
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division Argonne National Laboratory 9700 S. Cass Avenue Lemont IL 60439 USA
| | - Meinan He
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division Argonne National Laboratory 9700 S. Cass Avenue Lemont IL 60439 USA
| | - Jiayan Shi
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division Argonne National Laboratory 9700 S. Cass Avenue Lemont IL 60439 USA
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering University of California-Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Rachid Amine
- Materials Science Division Argonne National Laboratory 9700 S. Cass Avenue Lemont IL 60439 USA
| | - Jian Zhang
- Program of Materials Science and Engineering University of California-Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Khalil Amine
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division Argonne National Laboratory 9700 S. Cass Avenue Lemont IL 60439 USA
- Material Science and Engineering Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
- IRMC, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU) Dammam 34212 Saudi Arabia
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9
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Su CC, He M, Shi J, Amine R, Zhang J, Amine K. Solvation Rule for Solid-Electrolyte Interphase Enabler in Lithium-Metal Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18229-18233. [PMID: 32638459 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Despite the exceptionally high energy density of lithium metal anodes, the practical application of lithium-metal batteries (LMBs) is still impeded by the instability of the interphase between the lithium metal and the electrolyte. To formulate a functional electrolyte system that can stabilize the lithium-metal anode, the solvation behavior of the solvent molecules must be understood because the electrochemical properties of a solvent can be heavily influenced by its solvation status. We unambiguously demonstrated the solvation rule for the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) enabler in an electrolyte system. In this study, fluoroethylene carbonate was used as the SEI enabler due to its ability to form a robust SEI on the lithium metal surface, allowing relatively stable LMB cycling. The results revealed that the solvation number of fluoroethylene carbonate must be ≥1 to ensure the formation of a stable SEI in which the sacrificial reduction of the SEI enabler subsequently leads to the stable cycling of LMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Cheung Su
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Meinan He
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Jiayan Shi
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.,Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Rachid Amine
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Jian Zhang
- Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Khalil Amine
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.,Material Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,IRMC, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), Dammam, 34212, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Rinkel BLD, Hall DS, Temprano I, Grey CP. Electrolyte Oxidation Pathways in Lithium-Ion Batteries. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:15058-15074. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David S. Hall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
- The Faraday Institution, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K
| | - Israel Temprano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Clare P. Grey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
- The Faraday Institution, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K
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