1
|
Zhang J, Ye G, Zhang C, Pan Z, Wang S, Zhang G, Wang X. Heptazine-Based Ordered-Distorted Copolymers with Enhanced Visible-Light Absorption for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201616. [PMID: 36319589 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Poly(heptazine imide) (PHI), one of the attractive allotropes of polymeric carbon nitride, has recently received extensive attention in photocatalysis due to its extended conjugation for fast separation and transfer of the charges. However, pristine PHI bears an intrinsic optical absorption band edge at 460 nm, which largely restrains the visible light utilization. Herein, the narrow-bandgap PHI (N-PHI) with an ordered-distorted interface was fabricated from polycondensation of the mixture of NaSCN, cyanuric chloride, and LiCl. Results revealed that the enhanced optical absorption and the promoted separation and transfer of the charge carriers at the interface greatly improved the photocatalytic performance, which endowed N-PHI with an apparent quantum yield of 20 % for hydrogen production at 450 nm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 350108, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Gui Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 350108, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 350108, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 350108, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Sibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 350108, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Guigang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 350108, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 350108, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang Z, Li L, Cui J, Shao S, Zeng S, Wang K, Ma D, Hu C, Zhao Y. Nanoarchitectonics in the Ionothermal Synthesis for Nucleation of Crystalline Potassium Poly (heptazine imide) Towards an Enhanced Solar‐Driven H
2
O
2
Production. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202122. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenchun Yang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Guangzhou University Guangzhou 510006 P.R. China
| | - Lina Li
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Guangzhou University Guangzhou 510006 P.R. China
| | - Jiahao Cui
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Guangzhou University Guangzhou 510006 P.R. China
| | - Siting Shao
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Guangzhou University Guangzhou 510006 P.R. China
| | - Shiqi Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Guangzhou University Guangzhou 510006 P.R. China
| | - Kun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Guangzhou University Guangzhou 510006 P.R. China
| | - Dongge Ma
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 P. R. China
| | - Chun Hu
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Guangzhou University Guangzhou 510006 P.R. China
| | - Yubao Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Guangzhou University Guangzhou 510006 P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Markushyna Y, Savateev A. Light as a tool in organic photocatalysis: multi‐photon excitation and chromoselective reactions. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yevheniia Markushyna
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces: Max-Planck-Institut fur Kolloid und Grenzflachenforschung Department of Colloid Chemistry Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam GERMANY
| | - Aleksandr Savateev
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces: Max-Planck-Institut fur Kolloid und Grenzflachenforschung Department of Colloid Chemistry GERMANY
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mazzanti S, Schritt C, ten Brummelhuis K, Antonietti M, Savateev A. Multisite PCET with photocharged carbon nitride in dark. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2021; 1:20210063. [PMID: 37323696 PMCID: PMC10190955 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20210063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A combination of photochemistry and proton coupled electron transfer (PCET) is a primary strategy employed by biochemical systems and synthetic chemistry to enable uphill reactions under mild conditions. Degenerate nanometer-sized n-type semiconductor nanoparticles (SCNPs) with the Fermi level above the bottom of the conduction band are strongly reducing and act more like metals than semiconductors. Application of the degenerate SCNPs is limited to few examples. Herein, we load microporous potassium poly(heptazine imide) (K-PHI) nanoparticles with electrons (e‒) and charge balancing protons (H+) in an illumination phase using sacrificial agents. e‒/H+ in the K-PHI nanoparticles are weakly bound and therefore could be used in a range of PCET reactions in dark, such as generation of aryl radicals from aryl halides, ketyl radicals from ketones, and 6e‒/6H+ reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline. The integration of several features that until now were intrinsic for plants and natural photosynthesis into a transition metal free nanomaterial composed of abundant elements (C, N, and K) offers a powerful tool for synthetic organic chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mazzanti
- Max‐Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Colloid ChemistryResearch Campus GolmPotsdamGermany
| | - Clara Schritt
- Max‐Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Colloid ChemistryResearch Campus GolmPotsdamGermany
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Katharina ten Brummelhuis
- Max‐Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Colloid ChemistryResearch Campus GolmPotsdamGermany
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Max‐Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Colloid ChemistryResearch Campus GolmPotsdamGermany
| | - Aleksandr Savateev
- Max‐Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Colloid ChemistryResearch Campus GolmPotsdamGermany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Markushyna Y, Schüßlbauer CM, Ullrich T, Guldi DM, Antonietti M, Savateev A. Chromoselective Synthesis of Sulfonyl Chlorides and Sulfonamides with Potassium Poly(heptazine imide) Photocatalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20543-20550. [PMID: 34223699 PMCID: PMC8457082 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Among external stimuli used to promote a chemical reaction, photocatalysis possesses a unique one-light. Photons are traceless reagents that provide an exclusive opportunity to alter chemoselectivity of the photocatalytic reaction varying the color of incident light. This strategy may be implemented by using a sensitizer capable to activate a specific reaction pathway depending on the excitation light. Herein, we use potassium poly(heptazine imide) (K-PHI), a type of carbon nitride, to generate selectively three different products from S-arylthioacetates simply varying the excitation light and otherwise identical conditions. Namely, arylchlorides are produced under UV/purple, sulfonyl chlorides with blue/white, and diaryldisulfides at green to red light. A combination of the negatively charged polyanion, highly positive potential of the valence band, presence of intraband states, ability to sensitize singlet oxygen, and multi-electron transfer is shown to enable this chromoselective conversion of thioacetates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yevheniia Markushyna
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Christoph M. Schüßlbauer
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyInterdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials(ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Tobias Ullrich
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyInterdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials(ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyInterdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials(ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Aleksandr Savateev
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Markushyna Y, Schüßlbauer CM, Ullrich T, Guldi DM, Antonietti M, Savateev A. Chromoselektive Synthese von Sulfonylchloriden und Sulfonamiden mit Kalium‐Poly(heptazinimid)‐Photokatalysator. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yevheniia Markushyna
- Abteilung für Kolloidchemie Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
| | - Christoph M. Schüßlbauer
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Molekulare Materialien(ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Tobias Ullrich
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Molekulare Materialien(ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Molekulare Materialien(ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Abteilung für Kolloidchemie Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
| | - Aleksandr Savateev
- Abteilung für Kolloidchemie Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Savateev A, Markushyna Y, Schüßlbauer CM, Ullrich T, Guldi DM, Antonietti M. Unconventional Photocatalysis in Conductive Polymers: Reversible Modulation of PEDOT:PSS Conductivity by Long-Lived Poly(Heptazine Imide) Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7436-7443. [PMID: 33259655 PMCID: PMC8048452 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In photocatalysis, small organic molecules are converted into desired products using light responsive materials, electromagnetic radiation, and electron mediators. Substitution of low molecular weight reagents with redox active functional materials may increase the utility of photocatalysis beyond organic synthesis and environmental applications. Guided by the general principles of photocatalysis, we design hybrid nanocomposites composed of n-type semiconducting potassium poly(heptazine imide) (K-PHI), and p-type conducting poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) as the redox active substrate. Electrical conductivity of the hybrid nanocomposite, possessing optimal K-PHI content, is reversibly modulated combining a series of external stimuli ranging from visible light under inert conditions and to dark conditions under an O2 atmosphere. Using a conductive polymer as the redox active substrate allows study of the photocatalytic processes mediated by semiconducting photocatalysts through electrical conductivity measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Savateev
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Yevheniia Markushyna
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Christoph M. Schüßlbauer
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyInterdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Tobias Ullrich
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyInterdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyInterdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Savateev A, Markushyna Y, Schüßlbauer CM, Ullrich T, Guldi DM, Antonietti M. Unkonventionelle Photokatalyse in leitfähigen Polymeren: Reversible Modulation der Leitfähigkeit von PEDOT:PSS durch langlebige Polyheptazinimid‐Radikale. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Savateev
- Abteilung der Kolloidchemie Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
| | - Yevheniia Markushyna
- Abteilung der Kolloidchemie Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
| | - Christoph M. Schüßlbauer
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Tobias Ullrich
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Abteilung der Kolloidchemie Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mazzanti S, Savateev A. Emerging Concepts in Carbon Nitride Organic Photocatalysis. Chempluschem 2020; 85:2499-2517. [PMID: 33215877 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nitrides encompass a class of transition-metal-free materials possessing numerous advantages such as low cost (few Euros per gram), high chemical stability, broad tunability of redox potentials and optical bandgap, recyclability, and a high absorption coefficient (>105 cm-1 ), which make them highly attractive for application in photoredox catalysis. In this Review, we classify carbon nitrides based on their unique properties, structure, and redox potentials. We summarize recently emerging concepts in heterogeneous carbon nitride photocatalysis, with an emphasis on the synthesis of organic compounds: 1) Illumination-Driven Electron Accumulation in Semiconductors and Exploitation (IDEASE); 2) singlet-triplet intersystem crossing in carbon nitride excited states and related energy transfer; 3) architectures of flow photoreactors; and 4) dual metal/carbon nitride photocatalysis. The objective of this Review is to provide a detailed overview regarding innovative research in carbon nitride photocatalysis focusing on these topics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mazzanti
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Research Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Aleksandr Savateev
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Research Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|