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Esposito F, Sinquin C, Colliec-Jouault S, Cuenot S, Pugnière M, Ngo G, Traboni S, Zykwinska A, Bedini E. Multi-step semi-synthesis, structural characterization and growth factor interaction study of regiochemically sulfated diabolican polysaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129483. [PMID: 38242385 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Diabolican is an exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by Vibrio diabolicus HE800, a mesophilic bacterium firstly isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal field. Its glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-like structure, consisting of a tetrasaccharide repeating unit composed of two aminosugars (N-acetyl-glucosamine and N-acetyl-galactosamine) and two glucuronic acid units, suggested to subject it to regioselective sulfation processes, in order to obtain some sulfated derivatives potentially acting as GAG mimics. To this aim, a multi-step semi-synthetic approach, relying upon tailored sequence of regioselective protection, sulfation and deprotection steps, was employed in this work. The chemical structure of the obtained sulfated diabolican derivatives was characterized by a multi-technique analytic approach, in order to define both degree of sulfation (DS) and sulfation pattern within the polysaccharide repeating unit, above all. Finally, binding affinity for some growth factors relevant for biomedical applications was measured for both starting diabolican and sulfated derivatives thereof. Collected data suggested that sulfation pattern could be a key structural element for the selective interaction with signaling proteins not only in the case of native GAGs, as already known, but also for GAG-like structures obtained by regioselective sulfation of naturally unsulfated polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Esposito
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S.Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Corinne Sinquin
- Ifremer, MASAE Microbiologie Aliment Santé Environnement, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | | | - Stéphane Cuenot
- Nantes Université, CNRS, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, IMN, Nantes, France
| | | | - Giang Ngo
- IRCM, Univ Montpellier, ICM, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Serena Traboni
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S.Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Agata Zykwinska
- Ifremer, MASAE Microbiologie Aliment Santé Environnement, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Emiliano Bedini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S.Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy.
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Esposito F, Traboni S, Iadonisi A, Bedini E. Towards the semi-synthesis of phosphorylated mimics of glycosaminoglycans: Screening of methods for the regioselective phosphorylation of chondroitin. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 324:121517. [PMID: 37985053 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) mimics carrying phosphate rather than sulfate anionic groups have been poorly investigated, in spite of their interesting perspectives. While some GAG-mimicking phosphorylated polymers have been reported, to the best of our knowledge no phosphorylated polysaccharides having the same backbone of natural sulfated GAGs have been accessed yet. To fill this gap, in this work two standard phosphorylation protocols and two recently reported procedures have been screened on a set of polysaccharide species composed by microbial sourced chondroitin and three partially protected, semi-synthetic derivatives thereof. A detailed structural characterization by 1H, 13C and 31P NMR spectroscopy revealed the higher versatility of the innovative, biomimetic reaction employing monopotassium salt of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEPK) with respect to standard phosphorylating agents (phosphoric acid or phosphorus oxychloride). Indeed, PEP-K and H3PO4 gave similar results in the regioselective phosphorylation of the primary hydroxyls of unprotected chondroitin, while only the former reacted on partially protected chondroitin derivatives in a controlled, regioselective fashion, affording chondroitin phosphate (CP) polysaccharides with different derivatization patterns. The reported results represent the first, key steps towards the systematic semi-synthesis of phosphorylated GAGs as a new class of GAG mimics and to the evaluation of their biological activities in comparison with native sulfated GAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Esposito
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S.Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Serena Traboni
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S.Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alfonso Iadonisi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S.Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Emiliano Bedini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S.Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy.
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3
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Shen Q, Guo Y, Wang K, Zhang C, Ma Y. A Review of Chondroitin Sulfate's Preparation, Properties, Functions, and Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:7093. [PMID: 37894574 PMCID: PMC10609508 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a natural macromolecule polysaccharide that is extensively distributed in a wide variety of organisms. CS is of great interest to researchers due to its many in vitro and in vivo functions. CS production derives from a diverse number of sources, including but not limited to extraction from various animals or fish, bio-synthesis, and fermentation, and its purity and homogeneity can vary greatly. The structural diversity of CS with respect to sulfation and saccharide content endows this molecule with distinct complexity, allowing for functional modification. These multiple functions contribute to the application of CS in medicines, biomaterials, and functional foods. In this article, we discuss the preparation of CS from different sources, the structure of various forms of CS, and its binding to other relevant molecules. Moreover, for the creation of this article, the functions and applications of CS were reviewed, with an emphasis on drug discovery, hydrogel formation, delivery systems, and food supplements. We conclude that analyzing some perspectives on structural modifications and preparation methods could potentially influence future applications of CS in medical and biomaterial research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshan Shen
- Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Changjiang Road 80, Nanyang 473004, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yujie Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kangyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanli Ma
- Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Changjiang Road 80, Nanyang 473004, China
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Cimini D, Bedini E, Schiraldi C. Biotechnological advances in the synthesis of modified chondroitin towards novel biomedical applications. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108185. [PMID: 37290584 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a well-known glycosaminoglycan present in a large variety of animal tissues, with an outstanding structural heterogeneity mainly related to molecular weight and sulfation pattern. Recently, few microorganisms, eventually engineered, proved able to synthesize the CS biopolymer backbone, composed of d-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-d-galactosamine linked through alternating β-(1-3)- and β-(1-4)-glycosidic bonds, and secrete the biopolymers generally unsulfated and possibly decorated with other carbohydrates/molecules. Enzyme catalyzed/assisted methods and chemical tailored protocols allowed to obtain a variety of macromolecules not only resembling the natural extractive ones, but even enlarging the access to unnatural structural features. These macromolecules have been investigated for their bioactivity in vitro and in vivo establishing their potentialities in an array of novel applications in the biomedical field. This review aims to present an overview of the advancements in: i) the metabolic engineering strategies and the biotechnological processes towards chondroitin manufacturing; ii) the chemical approaches applied to obtain specific structural features and targeted decoration of the chondroitin backbone; iii) the biochemical and biological properties of the diverse biotechnological-sourced chondroitin polysaccharides reported so far, unraveling novel fields of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Cimini
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Emiliano Bedini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Medical Histology and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via L. de Crecchio 7, I-80138 Naples, Italy.
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Schöbel L, Boccaccini AR. A review of glycosaminoglycan-modified electrically conductive polymers for biomedical applications. Acta Biomater 2023; 169:45-65. [PMID: 37532132 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The application areas of electrically conductive polymers have been steadily growing since their discovery in the late 1970s. Recently, electrically conductive polymers have found their way into biomedicine, allowing the realization of many relevant applications ranging from bioelectronics to scaffolds for tissue engineering. Extracellular matrix components, such as glycosaminoglycans, build an important class of biomaterials that are heavily researched for biomedical applications due to their favorable properties. Due to their highly anionic character and the presence of sulfate groups in glycosaminoglycans, these biomolecules can be employed to functionalize conductive polymers, which enables the tailorability and improvement of cell-material interactions of conductive polymers. This review paper gives an overview of recent research on glycosaminoglycan-modified conductive polymers intended for biomedical applications and discusses the effect of different biological dopants on material characteristics, such as surface roughness, stiffness, and electrochemical properties. Moreover, the key findings of the biological characterization in vitro and in vivo are summarized, and remaining challenges in the field, particularly related to the modification of electrically conductive polymers with glycosaminoglycans to achieve improved functional and biological outcomes, are discussed. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The development of functional biomaterials based on electrically conductive polymers (CPs) for various biomedical applications, such as neural regeneration, drug delivery, or bioelectronics, has been increasingly investigated over the last decades. Recent literature has shown that changes in the synthesis procedure or the chosen dopant could adjust the resulting material characteristics. Hence, an interesting approach lies in using natural biomolecules as dopants for CPs to tailor the biological outcome. This review comprehensively summarizes the state of the art in the field of glycosaminoglycan-modified electrically conductive polymers for the first time, particularly highlighting the effect of the chosen dopant on material characteristics, such as surface morphology or stiffness, electrochemical properties, and consequently, cell-material interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schöbel
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstr. 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aldo R Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstr. 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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Cimini D, Boccella S, Alfano A, Stellavato A, Paino S, Schiraldi C, Guida F, Perrone M, Donniacuo M, Tirino V, Desiderio V, Rinaldi B. Evaluation of unsulfated biotechnological chondroitin in a knee osteoarthritis mouse model as a potential novel functional ingredient in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:934997. [PMID: 36466352 PMCID: PMC9714611 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.934997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a very disabling disease that can be treated with both non-pharmacological and pharmacological approaches. In the last years, pharmaceutical-grade chondroitin sulfate (CS) and glucosamine emerged as symptomatic slow-acting molecules, effective in pain reduction and improved function in patients affected by osteoarthritis. CS is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan that is currently produced mainly by extraction from animal tissues, and it is commercialized as a pharmaceutical-grade ingredient and/or food supplement. However, public concern on animal product derivatives has prompted the search for alternative non-extractive production routes. Thus, different approaches were established to obtain animal-free natural identical CS. On the other hand, the unsulfated chondroitin, which can be obtained via biotechnological processes, demonstrated promising anti-inflammatory properties in vitro, in chondrocytes isolated from osteoarthritic patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the potential of chondroitin, with respect to the better-known CS, in an in vivo mouse model of knee osteoarthritis. Results indicate that the treatment with biotechnological chondroitin (BC), similarly to CS, significantly reduced the severity of mechanical allodynia in an MIA-induced osteoarthritic mouse model. Decreased cartilage damage and a reduction of inflammation- and pain-related biochemical markers were also observed. Overall, our data support a beneficial activity of biotechnological unsulfated chondroitin in the osteoarthritis model tested, thus suggesting BC as a potential functional ingredient in pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals with the advantage of avoiding animal tissue extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Cimini
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Boccella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Medical Histology and Molecular Biology Naples, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Alfano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Medical Histology and Molecular Biology Naples, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Stellavato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Medical Histology and Molecular Biology Naples, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Paino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Medical Histology and Molecular Biology Naples, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Medical Histology and Molecular Biology Naples, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Guida
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Medical Histology and Molecular Biology Naples, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Michela Perrone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Medical Histology and Molecular Biology Naples, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Donniacuo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Medical Histology and Molecular Biology Naples, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Virginia Tirino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Medical Histology and Molecular Biology Naples, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Desiderio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Medical Histology and Molecular Biology Naples, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Barbara Rinaldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Medical Histology and Molecular Biology Naples, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
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Suzuki K, Kaseyama-Takemoto H, Ito S. Highly sensitive quantification of bacterial chondroitin in a culture based on ELISA techniques. J Microbiol Methods 2022; 202:106579. [PMID: 36122794 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Some bacteria produce non-sulfated chondroitin (CH). Accurate, rapid, and high throughput methods to quantify CH in fermented cultures helps to improve microbial breeding and fermentation conditions efficiently. In this study, highly sensitive methods to quantify bacterial CH were developed based on ELISA techniques. An assay using an anti-K4 antiserum successfully determined the concentration of fructosylated CH in the range from 9 to 800 ng/mL. The method also enabled the determination of CH concentration exceeding 9 μg/mL. To improve the assay sensitivity for CH, hyaluronan (HA) binding protein (HABP) was applied instead of a capture antibody. HABP was bound to CH, but not to chemically desulfated chondroitin sulfate or fructosylated CH. The quantification limit of CH was 18 μg/mL in the HA assay using HABP. Replacing the HA-coated microplate with a CH-coated microplate increased the sensitivity >1000 times (assay range = 14 to 1000 ng/mL). Pretreatment with hyaluronidase enabled us to accurately quantify CH in samples mixed with HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Suzuki
- Central Research Laboratories, Seikagaku Corporation, 1253, Tateno 3-chome, Higashiyamato-shi, Tokyo 207-0021, Japan.
| | - Hiromi Kaseyama-Takemoto
- Central Research Laboratories, Seikagaku Corporation, 1253, Tateno 3-chome, Higashiyamato-shi, Tokyo 207-0021, Japan.
| | - Shigeyasu Ito
- Central Research Laboratories, Seikagaku Corporation, 1253, Tateno 3-chome, Higashiyamato-shi, Tokyo 207-0021, Japan.
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Restaino OF, Schiraldi C. Chondroitin sulfate: are the purity and the structural features well assessed? A review on the analytical challenges. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 292:119690. [PMID: 35725214 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Animal origin chondroitin sulfate is employed as anti-inflammatory drug and food supplement against anti-osteoarthritis, but also as antioxidant, antitumor, anticoagulant, and immune-regulatory agent or as biomaterial in tissue engineering scaffolds and in drug-delivery systems. As its biological properties depend on the structural characteristics, multi-analytical approaches are necessary to correlate specific features of its heterogenic composition to the different bioactivities. This is of paramount importance to assess the efficacy of pharmaceuticals and food supplements, beyond safety quality control. This review would address the issue of chondroitin sulfate characterization according to the Pharmacopeia testing monograph point of view giving an update of the analytical novelties reported in the last ten years that might be employed for the product testing and releasing on the market. Not-instrumental (e.g. colorimetric assays) and instrumental techniques, most of them coupling diverse chromatographic separation methods with spectroscopic and spectrometry detection techniques, mono and bi-dimensional NMR approaches, are compared as tools to evaluate identity, titer, purity grade, monosaccharide and disaccharide composition, averaged molecular weight and viscosity, charge and sulfate content, impurities and related substances including the presence of other glycosaminoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Francesca Restaino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
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Esposito F, Vessella G, Sinquin C, Traboni S, Iadonisi A, Colliec-jouault S, Zykwinska A, Bedini E. Glycosaminoglycan-like sulfated polysaccharides from Vibrio diabolicus bacterium: Semi-synthesis and characterization. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 283:119054. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.119054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Couto MR, Rodrigues JL, Rodrigues LR. Heterologous production of chondroitin. Biotechnology Reports 2022; 33:e00710. [PMID: 35242620 PMCID: PMC8858990 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2022.e00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a glycosaminoglycan with a growing variety of applications. CS can be produced from microbial fermentation of native or engineered strains. Synthetic biology tools are being used to improve CS yields in different hosts. Integrated polymerization and sulfation can generate cost-effective CS.
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a glycosaminoglycan with a broad range of applications being a popular dietary supplement for osteoarthritis. Usually, CS is extracted from animal sources. However, the known risks of animal products use have been driving the search for alternative methods and sources to obtain this compound. Several pathogenic bacteria naturally produce chondroitin-like polysaccharides through well-known pathways and, therefore, have been the basis for numerous studies that aim to produce chondroitin using non-pathogenic hosts. However, the yields obtained are not enough to meet the high demand for this glycosaminoglycan. Metabolic engineering strategies have been used to construct improved heterologous hosts. The identification of metabolic bottlenecks and regulation points, and the screening for efficient enzymes are key points for constructing microbial cell factories with improved chondroitin yields to achieve industrial CS production. The recent advances on enzymatic and microbial strategies to produce non-animal chondroitin are herein reviewed. Challenges and prospects for future research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia R. Couto
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS – Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joana L. Rodrigues
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS – Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
- Corresponding author.
| | - Lígia R. Rodrigues
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS – Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
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Takashima M, Suzuki K, Mochizuki H, Uemura S, Inokuchi JI, Eguchi T. Expression of highly active chondroitin 4-O-sulfotransferase-1 in Escherichia coli by a trigger factor fusion protein expression system. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Bedini E, Iadonisi A, Schiraldi C, Colombo L, Albani D, Petrini P, Giordano C, Tunesi M. Microbiological-Chemical Sourced Chondroitin Sulfates Protect Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells against Oxidative Stress and Are Suitable for Hydrogel-Based Controlled Release. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1816. [PMID: 34829687 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfates (CS) are a class of sulfated glycosaminoglycans involved in many biological processes. Several studies reported their protective effect against neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer’s disease. CS are commonly derived from animal sources, but ethical concerns, the risk of contamination with animal proteins, and the difficulty in controlling the sulfation pattern have prompted research towards non-animal sources. Here we exploited two microbiological-chemical sourced CS (i.e., CS-A,C and CS-A,C,K,L) and Carbopol 974P NF/agarose semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (i.e., P.NaOH.0 and P.Ethanol.0) to set up a release system, and tested the neuroprotective role of released CS against H2O2-induced oxidative stress. After assessing that our CS (1–100 µM) require a 3 h pre-treatment for neuroprotection with SH-SY5Y cells, we evaluated whether the autoclave type (i.e., N- or B-type) affects hydrogel viscoelastic properties. We selected B-type autoclaves and repeated the study after loading CS (1 or 0.1 mg CS/0.5 mL gel). After loading 1 mg CS/0.5 mL gel, we evaluated CS release up to 7 days by 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) assay and verified the neuroprotective role of CS-A,C (1 µM) in the supernatants. We observed that CS-A,C exhibits a broader neuroprotective effect than CS-A,C,K,L. Moreover, sulfation pattern affects not only neuroprotection, but also drug release.
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Vessella G, Esposito F, Traboni S, Di Meo C, Iadonisi A, Schiraldi C, Bedini E. Exploiting diol reactivity for the access to unprecedented low molecular weight curdlan sulfate polysaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 269:118324. [PMID: 34294336 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Curdlan is a bacterial sourced polysaccharide, consisting of a linear backbone of β-1 → 3-linked glucose (Glc) units. The high interest in pharmaceutical applications of curdlan and derivatives thereof is fueling the study of multi-step sequences for regioselective modifications of its structure. Here we have developed semi-synthetic sequences based on a regioselective protection-sulfation-deprotection approach, allowing the access to some, new, low molecular weight curdlan polysaccharide derivatives with unprecedented sulfation patterns. Three different semi-synthetic schemes were investigated, all relying upon the installation of a cyclic benzylidene protecting group on Glc O-4,6-diols, followed by either direct sulfation and deprotection, or some additional steps - including a hydrolytic or oxidative cleavage of the benzylidene rings - prior to sulfation and deprotection. The six obtained polysaccharides were subjected to a detailed structural characterization by 2D-NMR analysis, revealing that some of them showed the majority of Glc units along the polymeric backbone decorated by unprecedented sulfation motifs.
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La Gatta A, Tirino V, Cammarota M, La Noce M, Stellavato A, Pirozzi AVA, Portaccio M, Diano N, Laino L, Papaccio G, Schiraldi C. Gelatin-biofermentative unsulfated glycosaminoglycans semi-interpenetrating hydrogels via microbial-transglutaminase crosslinking enhance osteogenic potential of dental pulp stem cells. Regen Biomater 2021; 8:rbaa052. [PMID: 34211725 PMCID: PMC8240633 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbaa052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gelatin hydrogels by microbial-transglutaminase crosslinking are being increasingly exploited for tissue engineering, and proved high potential in bone regeneration. This study aimed to evaluate, for the first time, the combination of enzymatically crosslinked gelatin with hyaluronan and the newly developed biotechnological chondroitin in enhancing osteogenic potential. Gelatin enzymatic crosslinking was carried out in the presence of hyaluronan or of a hyaluronan–chondroitin mixture, obtaining semi-interpenetrating gels. The latter proved lower swelling extent and improved stiffness compared to the gelatin matrix alone, whilst maintaining high stability. The heteropolysaccharides were retained for 30 days in the hydrogels, thus influencing cell response over this period. To evaluate the effect of hydrogel composition on bone regeneration, materials were seeded with human dental pulp stem cells and osteogenic differentiation was assessed. The expression of osteocalcin (OC) and osteopontin (OPN), both at gene and protein level, was evaluated at 7, 15 and 30 days of culture. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and two-photon microscope observations were performed to assess bone-like extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and to observe the cell penetration depth. In the presence of the heteropolysaccharides, OC and OPN expression was upregulated and a higher degree of calcified matrix formation was observed. Combination with hyaluronan and chondroitin improved both the biophysical properties and the biological response of enzymatically crosslinked gelatin, fastening bone deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa La Gatta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via L. De Crecchio 7, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Virginia Tirino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via L. De Crecchio 7, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Marcella Cammarota
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via L. De Crecchio 7, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Marcella La Noce
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via L. De Crecchio 7, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Antonietta Stellavato
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via L. De Crecchio 7, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Anna Virginia Adriana Pirozzi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via L. De Crecchio 7, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Marianna Portaccio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via L. De Crecchio 7, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Nadia Diano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via L. De Crecchio 7, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Luigi Laino
- Dipartimento Multidisciplinare di Specialita' Medico-Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, via Luigi De Crecchio, 6, Napoli 80138, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Papaccio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via L. De Crecchio 7, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via L. De Crecchio 7, Naples 80138, Italy
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15
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Alessio N, Stellavato A, Aprile D, Cimini D, Vassallo V, Di Bernardo G, Galderisi U, Schiraldi C. Timely Supplementation of Hydrogels Containing Sulfated or Unsulfated Chondroitin and Hyaluronic Acid Affects Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Commitment Toward Chondrogenic Differentiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:641529. [PMID: 33912558 PMCID: PMC8072340 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.641529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are currently used for cartilage cell therapy because of their well proven capacity to differentiate in chondrocytes. The advantage of MSC-based therapy is the possibility of producing a high number of chondrocytes for implants. The transplant procedure, however, has some limitations, since MSCs may produce non-functional chondrocytes. This limit has been challenged by cultivating MSC in media with hydrogels containing hyaluronic acid (HA), extractive chondroitin sulfate (CS), or bio-fermentative unsulphated chondroitin (BC) alone or in combination. Nevertheless, a clear study of the effect of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) on chondrocyte differentiation is still lacking, especially for the newly obtained unsulfated chondroitin of biotechnological origin. Are these GAGs playing a role in the commitment of stem cells to chondrocyte progenitors and in the differentiation of progenitors to mature chondrocytes? Alternatively, do they have a role only in one of these biological processes? We evaluated the role of HA, CS, and - above all - BC in cell commitment and chondrocyte differentiation of MSCs by supplementing these GAGs in different phases of in vitro cultivation. Our data provided evidence that a combination of HA and CS or of HA and BC supplemented during the terminal in vitro differentiation and not during cell commitment of MSCs improved chondrocytes differentiation without the presence of fibrosis (reduced expression of Type I collagen). This result suggests that a careful evaluation of extracellular cues for chondrocyte differentiation is fundamental to obtaining a proper maturation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Alessio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Luigi Vanvitelli Campania University, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Stellavato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Luigi Vanvitelli Campania University, Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Aprile
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Luigi Vanvitelli Campania University, Naples, Italy
| | - Donatella Cimini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Luigi Vanvitelli Campania University, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Vassallo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Luigi Vanvitelli Campania University, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Bernardo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Luigi Vanvitelli Campania University, Naples, Italy.,Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Umberto Galderisi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Luigi Vanvitelli Campania University, Naples, Italy.,Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Luigi Vanvitelli Campania University, Naples, Italy
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16
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Vessella G, Vázquez JA, Valcárcel J, Lagartera L, Monterrey DT, Bastida A, García-Junceda E, Bedini E, Fernández-Mayoralas A, Revuelta J. Deciphering Structural Determinants in Chondroitin Sulfate Binding to FGF-2: Paving the Way to Enhanced Predictability of their Biological Functions. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13020313. [PMID: 33478164 PMCID: PMC7835997 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling chondroitin sulfates (CSs) biological functions to exploit their interesting potential biomedical applications requires a comprehensive understanding of how the specific sulfate distribution along the polysaccharide backbone can impact in their biological activities, a still challenging issue. To this aim, herein, we have applied an “holistic approach” recently developed by us to look globally how a specific sulfate distribution within CS disaccharide epitopes can direct the binding of these polysaccharides to growth factors. To do this, we have analyzed several polysaccharides of marine origin and semi-synthetic polysaccharides, the latter to isolate the structure-activity relationships of their rare, and even unnatural, sulfated disaccharide epitopes. SPR studies revealed that all the tested polysaccharides bind to FGF-2 (with exception of CS-8, CS-12 and CS-13) according to a model in which the CSs first form a weak complex with the protein, which is followed by maturation to tight binding with kD ranging affinities from ~1.31 μM to 130 μM for the first step and from ~3.88 μM to 1.8 nM for the second one. These binding capacities are, interestingly, related with the surface charge of the 3D-structure that is modulated by the particular sulfate distribution within the disaccharide repeating-units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Vessella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy; (G.V.); (E.B.)
| | - José Antonio Vázquez
- Group of Recycling and Valorization of Waste Materials (REVAL), Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain; (J.A.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Jesús Valcárcel
- Group of Recycling and Valorization of Waste Materials (REVAL), Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain; (J.A.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Laura Lagartera
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Dianélis T. Monterrey
- BioGlycoChem Group, Institute of General Organic Chemistry (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (D.T.M.); (A.B.); (E.G.-J.); (A.F.-M.)
| | - Agatha Bastida
- BioGlycoChem Group, Institute of General Organic Chemistry (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (D.T.M.); (A.B.); (E.G.-J.); (A.F.-M.)
| | - Eduardo García-Junceda
- BioGlycoChem Group, Institute of General Organic Chemistry (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (D.T.M.); (A.B.); (E.G.-J.); (A.F.-M.)
| | - Emiliano Bedini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy; (G.V.); (E.B.)
| | - Alfonso Fernández-Mayoralas
- BioGlycoChem Group, Institute of General Organic Chemistry (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (D.T.M.); (A.B.); (E.G.-J.); (A.F.-M.)
| | - Julia Revuelta
- BioGlycoChem Group, Institute of General Organic Chemistry (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (D.T.M.); (A.B.); (E.G.-J.); (A.F.-M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-(91)-2587679
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17
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Vessella G, Traboni S, Pirozzi AVA, Laezza A, Iadonisi A, Schiraldi C, Bedini E. A Study for the Access to a Semi-synthetic Regioisomer of Natural Fucosylated Chondroitin Sulfate with Fucosyl Branches on N-acetyl-Galactosamine Units. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E655. [PMID: 31766509 DOI: 10.3390/md17120655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (fCS) is a glycosaminoglycan found up to now exclusively in the body wall of sea cucumbers. It shows several interesting activities, with the anticoagulant and antithrombotic as the most attractive ones. Its different mechanism of action on the blood coagulation cascade with respect to heparin and the retention of its activity by oral administration make fCS a very promising anticoagulant drug candidate for heparin replacement. Nonetheless, its typically heterogeneous structure, the detection of some adverse effects and the preference for new drugs not sourced from animal tissues, explain how mandatory is to open an access to safer and less heterogeneous non-natural fCS species. Here we contribute to this aim by investigating a suitable chemical strategy to obtain a regioisomer of the natural fCS polysaccharide, with sulfated l-fucosyl branches placed at position O-6 of N-acetyl-d-galactosamine (GalNAc) units instead of O-3 of d-glucuronic acid (GlcA) ones, as in natural fCSs. This strategy is based on the structural modification of a microbial sourced chondroitin polysaccharide by regioselective insertion of fucosyl branches and sulfate groups on its polymeric structure. A preliminary in vitro evaluation of the anticoagulant activity of three of such semi-synthetic fCS analogues is also reported.
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18
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Restaino OF, Finamore R, Stellavato A, Diana P, Bedini E, Trifuoggi M, De Rosa M, Schiraldi C. European chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine food supplements: A systematic quality and quantity assessment compared to pharmaceuticals. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 222:114984. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.114984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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19
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Fan F, Zhang P, Wang L, Sun T, Cai C, Yu G. Synthesis and Properties of Functional Glycomimetics through Click Grafting of Fucose onto Chondroitin Sulfates. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:3798-3808. [PMID: 31361469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (fCS), a representative marine polysaccharide isolated from sea cucumber, possesses diverse biological functions especially as a promising anticoagulant. However, its supply suffers from the challenges of high-cost materials, different species, and batch-to-batch variability. In the present study, we designed a concise route for the synthesis of functional glycomimetics by natural fCS as a template. 4-(4,6-Dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride-mediated amidation was applied on chondroitin sulfates for site-selective alkynylation with controllable ratios between 0.15 and 0.78. A small library of 12 fCS glycomimetics with specific sulfation patterns and fucose branches was prepared through copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition, which was fully characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and size-exclusion chromatography with multiangle light scattering and refractive index. Through screening of their biological activities, CSE-F1 and CSE-SF1 exhibited anticoagulant activities through intrinsic pathway and inhibition of factor Xa by antithrombin III. The concise approach developed herein supplies novel glycopolymers to mimic the distinct functions of natural polysaccharides and promote the development of marine carbohydrate-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Chao Cai
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts , Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) , Qingdao 266003 , China
| | - Guangli Yu
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts , Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) , Qingdao 266003 , China
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20
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Yang S, Zhang H, Liu Q, Sun S, Lei P, Zhao Z, Wu L, Wang Y. The synthesis and biological evaluation of chondroitin sulfate E glycodendrimers. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:1403-15. [PMID: 31304829 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2019-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a class of highly sulfated polysaccharides that possess many important biological functions. The heterogeneity of CS limits pharmacological research and leads to ambiguous mechanisms. Thus, glycomimetics are demanded as replacement of natural polysaccharides to explore important biological processes. Results & methodology: Here the preparation of CS glycodendrimers is reported as well as their use as CS mimetics to regulate the NF-κB pathway. Multivalent presentation of sugar epitopes on appropriate dendrimer scaffolds increased the suppression of the NF-κB pathway. The interaction between CS-E molecules and TNF-α was examined by nuclear magnetic resonance technology. Conclusion: Overall, the glycodendrimer reported here may be potentially employed as molecular tool to investigate the biological functions of CS.
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21
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Xu S, Qiu M, Zhang Q, Wu J, Huimin X, Chen J. Chain structure and immunomodulatory activity of a fructosylated chondroitin from an engineered Escherichia coli K4. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 133:702-711. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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22
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Vessella G, Traboni S, Cimini D, Iadonisi A, Schiraldi C, Bedini E. Development of Semisynthetic, Regioselective Pathways for Accessing the Missing Sulfation Patterns of Chondroitin Sulfate. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:3021-3030. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Vessella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte
S.Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Serena Traboni
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte
S.Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Donatella Cimini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, via de Crecchio 7, I-80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alfonso Iadonisi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte
S.Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, via de Crecchio 7, I-80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Emiliano Bedini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte
S.Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
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23
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Restaino OF, D'ambrosio S, Cassese E, Ferraiuolo SB, Alfano A, Ventriglia R, Marrazzo A, Schiraldi C, Cimini D. Molecular weight determination of heparosan- and chondroitin-like capsular polysaccharides: figuring out differences between wild -type and engineered Escherichia coli strains. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:6771-82. [PMID: 31222385 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09969-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Heparin and chondroitin sulfate are used as anti-thrombic and anti-osteoarthritis drugs, respectively, but their pharmacological actions depend on their structural characteristics such as their sulfation grade and their molecular weight. In the last years, new fermentation-based biotechnological approaches have tried to obtain heparin and chondroitin sulfate starting from the heparosan and chondroitin-like capsular polysaccharides produced by Escherichia coli K5 and K4. The study of the microbial capsular polysaccharide molecular weight is critical to obtain nature-like or structural tailor cut glycosaminoglycan homologues. However, so far, it has been scarcely investigated. In this paper, for the first time, a new protocol was set up to determine the molecular weights of the capsular polysaccharides of three wild-type and three engineered E. coli K5 and K4 strains. The protocol includes a small-scale downstream train to purify the intact polysaccharides, directly from the fermentation broth supernatants, by using ultrafiltration membranes and anion exchange chromatography, and it couples size exclusion chromatography analyses with triple detector array. In the purification high recovery (> 85.0%) and the removal of the main contaminant, the lipopolysaccharide, were obtained. The averaged molecular weights of the wild-type capsular polysaccharides ranged from 51.3 to 90.9 kDa, while the engineered strains produced polysaccharides with higher molecular weights, ranging from 68.4 to 130.6 kDa, but with similar polydispersity values between 1.1 and 1.5.
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Cimini D, Restaino OF, Schiraldi C. Microbial production and metabolic engineering of chondroitin and chondroitin sulfate. Emerg Top Life Sci 2018; 2:349-61. [PMID: 33525790 DOI: 10.1042/ETLS20180006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Several commercial uses and potential novel applications have recently been described for chondroitin sulfate (CS). However, the currently applied animal extractive procedure has a high environmental impact, which may become more profound especially in relation to the forecasted expansion of the CS market for applications as a food supplement, pharmaceutical ingredient, and biopolymer in materials for regenerative medicine. This issue, together with religious and consumer concerns, has prompted the good manufacturing practice (GMP) of chondroitin and CS. This is achievable by combining the design of metabolically engineered microorganisms and tailor-made fermentation processes with semi-synthetic or enzyme-based approaches. The final target is to obtain molecules with specific sulfation patterns that resemble those occurring in natural products and improve the sulfation motif or introduce specific substitutions, such as fucosylation, to tune the biological function. The frontier that is currently triggering attention is related to evaluating the bioactivity of unsulfated chondroitin. Due to recent advancements in the field, a brief survey of the most recent patent and research literature is discussed here.
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26
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Kang Z, Zhou Z, Wang Y, Huang H, Du G, Chen J. Bio-Based Strategies for Producing Glycosaminoglycans and Their Oligosaccharides. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 36:806-818. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Jadhav S, Gulumkar V, Deshpande P, Coffey ET, Lönnberg H, Virta P. Synthesis of Azide-Modified Chondroitin Sulfate Precursors: Substrates for "Click"- Conjugation with Fluorescent Labels and Oligonucleotides. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2382-2393. [PMID: 29856920 PMCID: PMC6203187 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Azidopropyl-modified
precursors of chondroitin sulfate (CS) tetrasaccharides
have been synthesized, which, after facile conversion to final CS
structures, may be conjugated with alkyne-modified target compounds
by a one-pot “click”-ligation. RP HPLC was used for
the monitoring of the key reaction steps (protecting group manipulation
and sulfation) and purification of the CS precursors (as partially
protected form, bearing the O-Lev, O-benzoyl, and N-trichloroacetyl groups and methyl
esters). Subsequent treatments with aqueous NaOH, concentrated ammonia,
and acetic anhydride (i.e., global deprotection and acetylation of
the galactosamine units) converted the precursors to final CS structures.
The azidopropyl group was exposed to a strain-promoted azide–alkyne
cycloaddition (SPAAC) with a dibenzylcyclooctyne-modified carboxyrhodamine
dye to give labeled CSs. Conjugation with a 5′-cyclooctyne-modified
oligonucleotide was additionally carried out to show the applicability
of the precursors for the synthesis of biomolecular hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry , University of Turku , Vatselankatu 2 , FI 20014 Turku , Finland.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Vijay Gulumkar
- Department of Chemistry , University of Turku , Vatselankatu 2 , FI 20014 Turku , Finland
| | - Prasannakumar Deshpande
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology , University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University , Tykistökatu 6 , FI 20520 Turku , Finland
| | - Eleanor T Coffey
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology , University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University , Tykistökatu 6 , FI 20520 Turku , Finland
| | - Harri Lönnberg
- Department of Chemistry , University of Turku , Vatselankatu 2 , FI 20014 Turku , Finland
| | - Pasi Virta
- Department of Chemistry , University of Turku , Vatselankatu 2 , FI 20014 Turku , Finland
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28
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Zhou Z, Li Q, Huang H, Wang H, Wang Y, Du G, Chen J, Kang Z. A microbial-enzymatic strategy for producing chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:1561-1570. [PMID: 29484646 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate has been widely used in both medical and clinical applications. Commercial chondroitin sulfate has been mainly acquired from animal tissue extraction. Here we report a new two-step biological strategy for producing chondroitin sulfate A and chondroitin sulfate C. First, the chondroitin biosynthesis pathway in a recombinant Bacillus subtilis strain using sucrose as carbon source was systematically optimized and the titer of chondroitin was significantly enhanced to 7.15 g/L. Then, specific sulfation transformation systems were successfully constructed and optimized by combining the purified aryl sulfotransferase IV (ASST IV), chondroitin 4-sulfotransferase (C4ST) and chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase (C6ST). Chondroitin sulfate A and C were enzymatically transformed from chondroitin at conversion rates of 98% and 96%, respectively. The present biological strategy has great potential to be scaled up for biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate A and C from cheap carbon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxiong Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qing Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hao Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jian Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen Kang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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Corsuto L, Rother S, Koehler L, Bedini E, Moeller S, Schnabelrauch M, Hintze V, Schiraldi C, Scharnweber D. Sulfation degree not origin of chondroitin sulfate derivatives modulates keratinocyte response. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 191:53-64. [PMID: 29661321 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.02.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) sulfation-dependently binds transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and chronic wounds often accompany with epidermal hyperproliferation due to downregulated TGF-β signaling. However, the impact of CS on keratinocytes is unknown. Especially biotechnological-chemical strategies are promising to replace animal-derived CS. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the effects of CS derivatives on the interaction with vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and on keratinocyte response. Over-sulfated CS (sCS3) interacts stronger with VEGF-A than CS. Furthermore, collagen coatings with CS variants are prepared by in vitro fibrillogenesis. Stability analyses demonstrate that collagen is firmly integrated, while the fibril diameters decrease with increasing sulfation degree. CS variants sulfation-dependently decelerate keratinocyte (HaCaT) migration and proliferation in a scratch assay. HaCaT cultured on sCS3-containing coatings produced increased amounts of solute active TGF-β1 which could be translated into biomaterials able to decrease epidermal hyperproliferation in chronic wounds. Overall, semi-synthetic and natural CS yield to comparable responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisana Corsuto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Second University of Naples, Italy
| | - Sandra Rother
- Technische Universitaet Dresden, Institute of Materials Science, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Linda Koehler
- Technische Universitaet Dresden, Institute of Materials Science, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Emiliano Bedini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | - Vera Hintze
- Technische Universitaet Dresden, Institute of Materials Science, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Second University of Naples, Italy.
| | - Dieter Scharnweber
- Technische Universitaet Dresden, Institute of Materials Science, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, D-01069 Dresden, Germany.
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30
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Cimini D, Iacono ID, Carlino E, Finamore R, Restaino OF, Diana P, Bedini E, Schiraldi C. Engineering S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus towards concurrent production of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin biopolymers of biomedical interest. AMB Express 2017; 7:61. [PMID: 28293868 PMCID: PMC5350083 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0364-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans, such as hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphate, are not only more and more required as main ingredients in cosmeceutical and nutraceutical preparations, but also as active principles in medical devices and pharmaceutical products. However, while biotechnological production of hyaluronic acid is industrially established through fermentation of Streptococcus spp. and recently Bacillus subtilis, biotechnological chondroitin is not yet on the market. A non-hemolytic and hyaluronidase negative S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus mutant strain was engineered in this work by the addition of two E. coli K4 genes, namely kfoA and kfoC, involved in the biosynthesis of chondroitin-like polysaccharide. Chondroitin is the precursor of chondroitin sulphate, a nutraceutical present on the market as anti-arthritic drug, that is lately being studied for its intrinsic bioactivity. In small scale bioreactor batch experiments the production of about 1.46 ± 0.38 g/L hyaluronic acid and 300 ± 28 mg/L of chondroitin with an average molecular weight of 1750 and 25 kDa, respectively, was demonstrated, providing an approach to the concurrent production of both biopolymers in a single fermentation.
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31
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Bedini E, Laezza A, Parrilli M, Iadonisi A. A review of chemical methods for the selective sulfation and desulfation of polysaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 174:1224-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Delbarre-Ladrat C, Salas ML, Sinquin C, Zykwinska A, Colliec-Jouault S. Bioprospecting for Exopolysaccharides from Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Bacteria: Relationship between Bacterial Diversity and Chemical Diversity. Microorganisms 2017; 5:microorganisms5030063. [PMID: 28930185 PMCID: PMC5620654 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms5030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many bacteria biosynthesize structurally diverse exopolysaccharides (EPS) and excrete them into their surrounding environment. The EPS functional features have found many applications in industries such as cosmetics and pharmaceutics. In particular, some EPS produced by marine bacteria are composed of uronic acids, neutral sugars, and N-acetylhexosamines, and may also bear some functional sulfate groups. This suggests that they can share common structural features with glycosaminoglycans (GAG) like the two EPS (HE800 and GY785) originating from the deep sea. In an attempt to discover new EPS that may be promising candidates as GAG-mimetics, fifty-one marine bacterial strains originating from deep-sea hydrothermal vents were screened. The analysis of the EPS chemical structure in relation to bacterial species showed that Vibrio, Alteromonas, and Pseudoalteromonas strains were the main producers. Moreover, they produced EPS with distinct structural features, which might be useful for targeting marine bacteria that could possibly produce structurally GAG-mimetic EPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Delbarre-Ladrat
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Ecosystèmes Microbiens et Molécules Marines pour les Biotechnologies,Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes, France.
| | | | - Corinne Sinquin
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Ecosystèmes Microbiens et Molécules Marines pour les Biotechnologies,Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes, France.
| | - Agata Zykwinska
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Ecosystèmes Microbiens et Molécules Marines pour les Biotechnologies,Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes, France.
| | - Sylvia Colliec-Jouault
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Ecosystèmes Microbiens et Molécules Marines pour les Biotechnologies,Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes, France.
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Laezza A, Casillo A, Cosconati S, Biggs CI, Fabozzi A, Paduano L, Iadonisi A, Novellino E, Gibson MI, Randazzo A, Corsaro MM, Bedini E. Decoration of Chondroitin Polysaccharide with Threonine: Synthesis, Conformational Study, and Ice-Recrystallization Inhibition Activity. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:2267-2276. [PMID: 28650649 PMCID: PMC5718299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Several threonine (Thr)- and alanine (Ala)-rich antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs) and polysaccharides act in nature as ice recrystallization inhibitors. Among them, the Thr-decorated capsular polysaccharide (CPS) from the cold-adapted Colwellia psychrerythraea 34H bacterium was recently investigated for its cryoprotectant activity. A semisynthetic mimic thereof was here prepared from microbial sourced chondroitin through a four-step strategy, involving a partial protection of the chondroitin polysaccharide as a key step for gaining an unprecedented quantitative amidation of its glucuronic acid units. In-depth NMR and computational analysis suggested a fairly linear conformation for the semisynthetic polysaccharide, for which the antifreeze activity by a quantitative ice recrystallization inhibition assay was measured. We compared the structure-activity relationships for the Thr-derivatized chondroitin and the natural Thr-decorated CPS from C. psychrerythraea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Laezza
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S.Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Angela Casillo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S.Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Sandro Cosconati
- DiSTABiF, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Caroline I. Biggs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Fabozzi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S.Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Luigi Paduano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S.Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alfonso Iadonisi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S.Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via Montesano 49, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Matthew I. Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Randazzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via Montesano 49, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria M. Corsaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S.Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Emiliano Bedini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S.Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
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Restaino OF, di Lauro I, Di Nuzzo R, De Rosa M, Schiraldi C. New insight into chondroitin and heparosan-like capsular polysaccharide synthesis by profiling of the nucleotide sugar precursors. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20160548. [PMID: 28104792 DOI: 10.1042/BSR20160548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli K4 and K5 capsular polysaccharides (K4 and K5 CPSs) have been used as starting material for the biotechnological production of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and heparin (HP) respectively. The CPS covers the outer cell wall but in late exponential or stationary growth phase it is released in the surrounding medium. The released CPS concentration was used, so far, as the only marker to connect the strain production ability to the different cultivation conditions employed. Determining also the intracellular UDP-sugar precursor concentration variations, during the bacterial growth, and correlating it with the total CPS production (as sum of the inner and the released ones), could help to better understand the chain biosynthetic mechanism and its bottlenecks. In the present study, for the first time, a new capillary electrophoresis method was set up to simultaneously analyse the UDP-glucose (UDP-Glc), UDP-galactose (UDP-Gal), UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine (UDP-GalNAc), UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) and UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA) and the inner CPS portion, extracted at the same time from the bacterial biomasses; separation was performed at 18°C and 18 kV with a borate-based buffer and detection at 200 nm. The E. coli K4 and K5 UDP-sugar pools were profiled, for the first time, at different time points of shake flask growths on a glycerol-containing medium and on the same medium supplemented with the monosaccharide precursors of the CPSs: their concentrations varied from 0.25 to 11 μM·gcdw-1, according to strain, the type of precursor, the growth phase and the cultivation conditions and their availability dramatically influenced the total CPS produced.
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Restaino OF, Finamore R, Diana P, Marseglia M, Vitiello M, Casillo A, Bedini E, Parrilli M, Corsaro MM, Trifuoggi M, De Rosa M, Schiraldi C. A multi-analytical approach to better assess the keratan sulfate contamination in animal origin chondroitin sulfate. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 958:59-70. [PMID: 28110685 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan widely used as active principle of anti-osteoarthritis drugs and nutraceuticals, manufactured by extraction from animal cartilaginous tissues. During the manufacturing procedures, another glycosaminoglycan, the keratan sulfate, might be contemporarily withdrawn, thus eventually constituting a contaminant difficult to be determined because of its structural similarity. Considering the strict regulatory rules on the pureness of pharmaceutical grade chondrotin sulfate there is an urgent need and interest to determine the residual keratan sulfate with specific, sensitive and reliable methods. To pursue this aim, in this paper, for the first time, we set up a multi-analytical and preparative approach based on: i) a newly developed method by high performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection, ii) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses, iii) size exclusion chromatography analyses coupled with triple detector array module and on iv) strong anion exchange chromatography separation. Varied KS percentages, in the range from 0.1 to 19.0% (w/w), were determined in seven pharmacopeia and commercial standards and nine commercial samples of different animal origin and manufacturers. Strong anion exchange chromatography profiles of the samples showed three or four different peaks. These peaks analyzed by high performance anion-exchange with pulsed amperometric detection and size exclusion chromatography with triple detector array, ion chromatography and by mono- or two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance revealed a heterogeneous composition of both glycosaminoglycans in terms of sulfation grade and molecular weight. High molecular weight species (>100 KDa) were also present in the samples that counted for chains still partially linked to a proteoglycan core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Francesca Restaino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania-L.Vanvitelli, ex Second University of Naples, Via De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - Rosario Finamore
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania-L.Vanvitelli, ex Second University of Naples, Via De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - Paola Diana
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania-L.Vanvitelli, ex Second University of Naples, Via De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - Mariacarmela Marseglia
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania-L.Vanvitelli, ex Second University of Naples, Via De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - Mario Vitiello
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania-L.Vanvitelli, ex Second University of Naples, Via De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - Angela Casillo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy.
| | - Emiliano Bedini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy.
| | - Michelangelo Parrilli
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Michela Corsaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy.
| | - Marco Trifuoggi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy.
| | - Mario De Rosa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania-L.Vanvitelli, ex Second University of Naples, Via De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania-L.Vanvitelli, ex Second University of Naples, Via De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy.
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36
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Laezza A, Iadonisi A, Pirozzi AVA, Diana P, De Rosa M, Schiraldi C, Parrilli M, Bedini E. A Modular Approach to a Library of Semi-Synthetic Fucosylated Chondroitin Sulfate Polysaccharides with Different Sulfation and Fucosylation Patterns. Chemistry 2016; 22:18215-18226. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Laezza
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo; via Cintia 4 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Alfonso Iadonisi
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo; via Cintia 4 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Anna V. A. Pirozzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine; Second University of Naples; via de Crecchio 7 80138 Naples Italy
| | - Paola Diana
- Department of Experimental Medicine; Second University of Naples; via de Crecchio 7 80138 Naples Italy
| | - Mario De Rosa
- Department of Experimental Medicine; Second University of Naples; via de Crecchio 7 80138 Naples Italy
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine; Second University of Naples; via de Crecchio 7 80138 Naples Italy
| | - Michelangelo Parrilli
- Department of Biology; University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo; via Cintia 4 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Emiliano Bedini
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo; via Cintia 4 80126 Naples Italy
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D'Alonzo D, Cipolletti M, Tarantino G, Ziaco M, Pieretti G, Iadonisi A, Palumbo G, Alfano A, Giuliano M, De Rosa M, Schiraldi C, Cammarota M, Parrilli M, Bedini E, Corsaro MM. A Semisynthetic Approach to New Immunoadjuvant Candidates: Site-Selective Chemical Manipulation ofEscherichia coliMonophosphoryl Lipid A. Chemistry 2016; 22:11053-63. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele D'Alonzo
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Manuela Cipolletti
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4 80126 Naples Italy
- Department of Biology; University “Roma Tre”; Viale G. Marconi 446 00146 Rome Italy
| | - Giulia Tarantino
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4 80126 Naples Italy
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute; School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Main Building, Park Place CF10 3AT Cardiff The United Kingdom
| | - Marcello Ziaco
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Giuseppina Pieretti
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Alfonso Iadonisi
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Giovanni Palumbo
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Alberto Alfano
- Department of Experimental Medicine; Second University of Naples; via de Crecchio 7 80138 Naples Italy
| | - Mariateresa Giuliano
- Department of Experimental Medicine; Second University of Naples; via de Crecchio 7 80138 Naples Italy
| | - Mario De Rosa
- Department of Experimental Medicine; Second University of Naples; via de Crecchio 7 80138 Naples Italy
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine; Second University of Naples; via de Crecchio 7 80138 Naples Italy
| | - Marcella Cammarota
- Department of Experimental Medicine; Second University of Naples; via de Crecchio 7 80138 Naples Italy
| | - Michelangelo Parrilli
- Department of Biology; University of Naples Federico II; Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo via Cintia 4 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Emiliano Bedini
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Maria M. Corsaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4 80126 Naples Italy
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Bedini
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo; via Cintia 4 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Antonio Laezza
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo; via Cintia 4 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Alfonso Iadonisi
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo; via Cintia 4 80126 Napoli Italy
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Laezza A, Iadonisi A, Castro CD, De Rosa M, Schiraldi C, Parrilli M, Bedini E. Chemical Fucosylation of a Polysaccharide: A Semisynthetic Access to Fucosylated Chondroitin Sulfate. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:2237-45. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Laezza
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S.Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alfonso Iadonisi
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S.Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Cristina De Castro
- Department
of Soil, Plant, Environmental, and Animal Production Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, I-80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Mario De Rosa
- Department
of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, via de Crecchio
7, I-80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Department
of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, via de Crecchio
7, I-80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Parrilli
- Department
of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S.Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Emiliano Bedini
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S.Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
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Laezza A, De Castro C, Parrilli M, Bedini E. Inter vs. intraglycosidic acetal linkages control sulfation pattern in semi-synthetic chondroitin sulfate. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 112:546-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Pieretti G, Cipolletti M, D’alonzo D, Alfano A, Cimini D, Cammarota M, Palumbo G, Giuliano M, De Rosa M, Schiraldi C, Parrilli M, Bedini E, Corsaro MM. A combined fermentative-chemical approach for the scalable production of pure E. coli monophosphoryl lipid A. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:7781-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5865-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Macchione G, Maza S, Mar Kayser M, de Paz JL, Nieto PM. Synthesis of Chondroitin Sulfate Oligosaccharides UsingN-(Tetrachlorophthaloyl)- andN-(Trifluoroacetyl)galactosamine Building Blocks. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Liu J, Yang A, Liu J, Ding X, Liu L, Shi Z. KfoE encodes a fructosyltransferase involved in capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis in Escherichia coli K4. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 36:1469-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1502-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cimini D, Fantaccione S, Volpe F, De Rosa M, Restaino OF, Aquino G, Schiraldi C. IS2-mediated overexpression of kfoC in E. coli K4 increases chondroitin-like capsular polysaccharide production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:3955-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Bauerova K, Ponist S, Kuncirova V, Drafi F, Mihalova D, Paulovicova E, Volpi N. Effect of Nonanimal High- and Low-Molecular-Mass Chondroitin Sulfates Produced by a Biotechnological Process in an Animal Model of Polyarthritis. Pharmacology 2014; 94:109-14. [DOI: 10.1159/000366285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wu Q, Yang A, Zou W, Duan Z, Liu J, Chen J, Liu L. Transcriptional engineering ofEscherichia coliK4 for fructosylated chondroitin production. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:1140-9. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiulin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology; Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
- Laboratory of Food Microbial-Manufacturing Engineering; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Aihua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Wei Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Zuoying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Jie Liu
- Jiangsu Jiangshan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Jingjiang Jiangsu 214500 China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology; Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology; Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
- Laboratory of Food Microbial-Manufacturing Engineering; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
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Cimini D, De Rosa M, Carlino E, Ruggiero A, Schiraldi C. Homologous overexpression of RfaH in E. coli K4 improves the production of chondroitin-like capsular polysaccharide. Microb Cell Fact 2013; 12:46. [PMID: 23659469 PMCID: PMC3673904 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-12-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glycosaminoglycans, such as hyaluronic acid, heparin, and chondroitin sulfate, are among the top ranked products in industrial biotechnology for biomedical applications, with a growing world market of billion dollars per year. Recently a remarkable progress has been made in the development of tailor-made strains as sources for the manufacturing of such products. The genetic modification of E. coli K4, a natural producer of chondroitin sulfate precursor, is challenging considering the lack of detailed information on its genome, as well as its mobilome. Chondroitin sulfate is currently used as nutraceutical for the treatment of osteoarthritis, and several new therapeutic applications, spanning from the development of skin substitutes to live attenuated vaccines, are under evaluation. Results E. coli K4 was used as host for the overexpression of RfaH, a positive regulator that controls expression of the polysaccharide biosynthesis genes and other genes necessary for the virulence of E. coli K4. Various engineering strategies were compared to investigate different types of expression systems (plasmid vs integrative cassettes) and integration sites (genome vs endogenous mobile element). All strains analysed in shake flasks on different media showed a capsular polysaccharide production improved by 40 to 140%, compared to the wild type, with respect to the final product titer. A DO-stat fed-batch process on the 2L scale was also developed for the best performing integrative strain, EcK4r3, yielding 5.3 g∙L-1 of K4 polysaccharide. The effect of rfaH overexpression in EcK4r3 affected the production of lipopolysaccharide and the expression of genes involved in the polysaccharide biosynthesis pathway (kfoC and kfoA), as expected. An alteration of cellular metabolism was revealed by changes of intracellular pools of UDP-sugars which are used as precursors for polysaccharide biosynthesis. Conclusions The present study describes the identification of a gene target and the application of a successful metabolic engineering strategy to the unconventional host E. coli K4 demonstrating the feasibility of using the recombinant strain as stable cell factory for further process implementations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Cimini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Second University of Naples, via de Crecchio 7, Naples 80138, Italy.
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Eller S, Collot M, Yin J, Hahm HS, Seeberger PH. Automated Solid-Phase Synthesis of Chondroitin Sulfate Glycosaminoglycans. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:5858-61. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201210132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Eller S, Collot M, Yin J, Hahm HS, Seeberger PH. Automatisierte Festphasensynthese von Chondroitinsulfatglycosaminoglycanen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201210132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Vázquez JA, Rodríguez-Amado I, Montemayor MI, Fraguas J, del Pilar González M, Murado MA. Chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid and chitin/chitosan production using marine waste sources: characteristics, applications and eco-friendly processes: a review. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:747-74. [PMID: 23478485 PMCID: PMC3705368 DOI: 10.3390/md11030747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, an increasing number of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), chitin and chitosan applications have been reported. Their commercial demands have been extended to different markets, such as cosmetics, medicine, biotechnology, food and textiles. Marine wastes from fisheries and aquaculture are susceptible sources for polymers but optimized processes for their recovery and production must be developed to satisfy such necessities. In the present work, we have reviewed different alternatives reported in the literature to produce and purify chondroitin sulfate (CS), hyaluronic acid (HA) and chitin/chitosan (CH/CHs) with the aim of proposing environmentally friendly processes by combination of various microbial, chemical, enzymatic and membranes strategies and technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Vázquez
- Group of Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials (REVAL), Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), r/Eduardo Cabello, 6. Vigo, Galicia 36208, Spain; E-Mails: (I.R.-A.); (J.F.); (M.P.G.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Isabel Rodríguez-Amado
- Group of Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials (REVAL), Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), r/Eduardo Cabello, 6. Vigo, Galicia 36208, Spain; E-Mails: (I.R.-A.); (J.F.); (M.P.G.); (M.A.M.)
| | - María Ignacia Montemayor
- Research Centre of Vine and Wine Related Science (ICVV-CSIC), Scientific and Technical Complex of the University of La Rioja, Logroño 26006, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Javier Fraguas
- Group of Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials (REVAL), Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), r/Eduardo Cabello, 6. Vigo, Galicia 36208, Spain; E-Mails: (I.R.-A.); (J.F.); (M.P.G.); (M.A.M.)
| | - María del Pilar González
- Group of Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials (REVAL), Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), r/Eduardo Cabello, 6. Vigo, Galicia 36208, Spain; E-Mails: (I.R.-A.); (J.F.); (M.P.G.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Miguel Anxo Murado
- Group of Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials (REVAL), Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), r/Eduardo Cabello, 6. Vigo, Galicia 36208, Spain; E-Mails: (I.R.-A.); (J.F.); (M.P.G.); (M.A.M.)
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