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Groppo E, Martino GA, Piovano A, Barzan C. The Active Sites in the Phillips Catalysts: Origins of a Lively Debate and a Vision for the Future. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Groppo
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Centre and INSTM, University of Torino, Via Quarello 15/A, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgia Antonina Martino
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Centre and INSTM, University of Torino, Via Quarello 15/A, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piovano
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Centre and INSTM, University of Torino, Via Quarello 15/A, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Caterina Barzan
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Centre and INSTM, University of Torino, Via Quarello 15/A, 10125 Torino, Italy
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Cicmil D, Meeuwissen J, Vantomme A, Weckhuysen BM. Real-time Analysis of a Working Triethylaluminium-Modified Cr/Ti/SiO 2 Ethylene Polymerization Catalyst with In Situ Infrared Spectroscopy. ChemCatChem 2016; 8:1937-1944. [PMID: 27840661 PMCID: PMC5084731 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201600200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier-transform (DRIFT) study has been conducted at 373 K and 1 bar on an industrial Cr/Ti/SiO2 Phillips-type catalyst modified with, and without, triethylaluminium (TEAl) as co-catalyst. The reaction rate of the polymerization of ethylene, as monitored by the increase in the methylene stretching band of the growing polyethylene (PE), has been investigated as a function of the titanium content. After an initial period of mixed kinetics, with the reaction rate significantly higher for the TEAl-modified catalysts compared with the non-modified catalysts, the polymerization proceeded as a pseudo-zero-order reaction with a reaction rate that increased as a function of titanium loading. Furthermore, it was found that the higher Ti loading caused the appearance of more acidic hydroxyl groups and modified the Cr sites by making them more Lewis acidic, ultimately shortening the induction time and increasing the initial polymerization rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrije Cicmil
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Jurjen Meeuwissen
- Refining & ChemicalsTotal Research and Technology FeluyZone Industrielle CB-7181SeneffeBelgium
| | - Aurélien Vantomme
- Refining & ChemicalsTotal Research and Technology FeluyZone Industrielle CB-7181SeneffeBelgium
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
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Copéret C, Comas-Vives A, Conley MP, Estes DP, Fedorov A, Mougel V, Nagae H, Núñez-Zarur F, Zhizhko PA. Surface Organometallic and Coordination Chemistry toward Single-Site Heterogeneous Catalysts: Strategies, Methods, Structures, and Activities. Chem Rev 2016; 116:323-421. [PMID: 26741024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 486] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Copéret
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich , Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Aleix Comas-Vives
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich , Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Matthew P Conley
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich , Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Deven P Estes
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich , Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexey Fedorov
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich , Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Victor Mougel
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich , Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Haruki Nagae
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich , Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, CREST , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Francisco Núñez-Zarur
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich , Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pavel A Zhizhko
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich , Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences , Vavilov str. 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Cicmil D, Meeuwissen J, Vantomme A, Wang J, van Ravenhorst IK, van der Bij HE, Muñoz-Murillo A, Weckhuysen BM. Polyethylene with Reverse Co-monomer Incorporation: From an Industrial Serendipitous Discovery to Fundamental Understanding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:13073-9. [PMID: 26349452 PMCID: PMC4643190 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201506718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A triethylaluminium(TEAl)-modified Phillips ethylene polymerisation Cr/Ti/SiO2 catalyst has been developed with two distinct active regions positioned respectively in the inner core and outer shell of the catalyst particle. DRIFTS, EPR, UV-Vis-NIR DRS, STXM, SEM-EDX and GPC-IR studies revealed that the catalyst produces simultaneously two different polymers, i.e., low molecular weight linear-chain polyethylene in the Ti-abundant catalyst particle shell and high molecular weight short-chain branched polyethylene in the Ti-scarce catalyst particle core. Co-monomers for the short-chain branched polymer were generated in situ within the TEAl-impregnated confined space of the Ti-scarce catalyst particle core in close proximity to the active sites that produced the high molecular weight polymer. These results demonstrate that the catalyst particle architecture directly affects polymer composition, offering the perspective of making high-performance polyethylene from a single reactor system using this modified Phillips catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrije Cicmil
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht (The Netherlands)
| | - Jurjen Meeuwissen
- Refining & Chemicals, Total Research and Technology Feluy, Zone Industrielle C, 7181 Seneffe (Belgium)
| | - Aurélien Vantomme
- Refining & Chemicals, Total Research and Technology Feluy, Zone Industrielle C, 7181 Seneffe (Belgium)
| | - Jian Wang
- Soft X-ray Spectromicroscopy, Canadian Light Source Inc., 44 Innovation Boulevard, SK S7N 2V3 Saskatoon (Canada)
| | - Ilse K van Ravenhorst
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht (The Netherlands)
| | - Hendrik E van der Bij
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht (The Netherlands)
| | - Ara Muñoz-Murillo
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht (The Netherlands)
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht (The Netherlands).
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Cicmil D, Meeuwissen J, Vantomme A, Wang J, van Ravenhorst IK, van der Bij HE, Muñoz-Murillo A, Weckhuysen BM. Polyethylene with Reverse Co-monomer Incorporation: From an Industrial Serendipitous Discovery to Fundamental Understanding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201506718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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