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Thuita DW, Brückner C. Metal Complexes of Porphyrinoids Containing Nonpyrrolic Heterocycles. Chem Rev 2022; 122:7990-8052. [PMID: 35302354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The replacement of one or more pyrrolic building block(s) of a porphyrin by a nonpyrrolic heterocycle leads to the formation of so-called pyrrole-modified porphyrins (PMPs), porphyrinoids of broad structural variability. The wide range of coordination environments (type, number, charge, and architecture of the donor atoms) that the pyrrole-modified frameworks provide to the central metal ions, the frequent presence of donor atoms at their periphery, and their often observed nonplanarity or conformational flexibility distinguish the complexes of the PMPs clearly from those of the traditional square-planar, dianionic, N4-coordinating (hydro)porphyrins. Their different coordination properties suggest their utilization in areas beyond which regular metalloporphyrins are suitable. Following a general introduction to the synthetic methodologies available to generate pyrrole-modified porphyrins, their general structure, history, coordination chemistry, and optical properties, this Review highlights the chemical, electronic (optical), and structural differences of specific classes of metalloporphyrinoids containing nonpyrrolic heterocycles. The focus is on macrocycles with similar "tetrapyrrolic" architectures as porphyrins, thusly excluding the majority of expanded porphyrins. We highlight the relevance and application of these metal complexes in biological and technical fields as chemosensors, catalysts, photochemotherapeutics, or imaging agents. This Review provides an introduction to the field of metallo-PMPs as well as a comprehensive snapshot of the current state of the art of their synthesis, structures, and properties. It also aims to provide encouragement for the further study of these intriguing and structurally versatile metalloporphyrinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damaris Waiyigo Thuita
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
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2
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Hao F, Zhang T, Yu D, Yang X, Jiang HW, Xiao JC, Chen QY. Porphyriynes: 18-π-Conjugated Macrocycles Incorporating a Triple Bond. Org Lett 2022; 24:1716-1721. [PMID: 35199515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tetraphenylporphyriyne (Pyne1), a novel porphyrin analogue with a C≡C bond incorporated into an 18-π-conjugated system, has been created via cleavage of the N-confused pyrrolic ring in Ag(III) N-confused tetraphenylporphyrin. The structure of Pyne1 was confirmed by X-ray crystallography and 1H NMR, IR, and UV-vis spectroscopy. The mechanism of cleavage of the N-confused pyrrolic ring was investigated by theoretical calculations. The successful synthesis of other Pynes indicated the generality of this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Hao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, Qilu University of Technology-Shandong Academy of Science, Ji'nan 250353, China.,Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, Qilu University of Technology-Shandong Academy of Science, Ji'nan 250353, China
| | - Donghai Yu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaodeng Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, Qilu University of Technology-Shandong Academy of Science, Ji'nan 250353, China
| | - Hua-Wei Jiang
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ji-Chang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qing-Yun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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3
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Lavarda G, Labella J, Martínez-Díaz MV, Rodríguez-Morgade MS, Osuka A, Torres T. Recent advances in subphthalocyanines and related subporphyrinoids. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:9482-9619. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00280a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Subporphyrinoids constitute a class of extremely versatile and attractive compounds. Herein, a comprehensive review of the most recent advances in the fundamentals and applications of these cone-shaped aromatic macrocycles is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lavarda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Labella
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Victoria Martínez-Díaz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Salomé Rodríguez-Morgade
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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4
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Bekki Y, Osuka A. meso-Free B III Subporphyrins with Electron-donating Groups. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:1580-1589. [PMID: 32216056 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
meso-Free BIII 5,10-bis(p-dimethylaminophenyl)subporphyrins were synthesized. They display red-shifted absorption and fluorescence spectra, bathochromic behaviors in polar solvents, a high fluorescence quantum yield (ΦF =0.57), and a small HOMO-LUMO gap mainly due to destabilized HOMO as compared with meso-free BIII 5,10-diphenylsubporphyrin. This subporphyrin serves as a nice precursor of various meso-substituted BIII subporphyrins such as BIII meso-nitrosubporphyrin, BIII meso-aminosubporphyrin, and meso-meso' linked BIII azosubporphyrin dimer. Reactions of meso-free BIII subporphyrins with NBS or bis(2,4,6-trimethylpyridine)bromonium hexafluorophosphate gave meso-meso' linked subporphyrin dimers, often as a major product along with meso-bromosubporphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Bekki
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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5
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Kise K, Osuka A. Singly and Doubly Quinoxaline-Fused B III Subporphyrins. Chemistry 2019; 25:15493-15497. [PMID: 31692130 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
B-Phenyl BIII subporphyrin-α-diones prepared in a three-step reaction sequence from the parent subporphyrin were condensed with 1,2-diaminobenzenes to give the corresponding quinoxaline-fused subporphyrins in variable yields. Quinoxaline-fused B-phenyl-5,10,15-triphenyl BIII subporphyrin was transformed to the corresponding subporphyrin-α-dione in the same three-step reaction sequence, which was then condensed with 1,2-diaminobenzene to give doubly quinoxaline-fused subporphyrin. These quinoxaline-fused subporphyrins exhibit redshifted absorption and fluorescence spectra compared with the parent one. A singly quinoxaline-fused subporphyrin bearing three meso-bis(4-dimethylaminophenyl)aminophenyl substituents shows blueshifted fluorescence in less polar solvent, which has been ascribed to emission associated with charge recombination of intramolecular charge transfer (CT) state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Kise
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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Wang Y, Mori S, Furuta H, Shimizu S. Bis(1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)-Substituted Subtriazachlorin: A Subphthalocyanine Analogue with Redox Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:10975-10979. [PMID: 31199050 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201905331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bis(1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)-substituted subtriazachlorin was formed because of an unusual reaction of a 1,3-dithiole-2-one-fused subphthalocyanine in a triethylphosphite-mediated tetrathiafulvalene synthesis. In this novel molecule, the bis(1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)ethane moiety and subtriazachlorin structure are fused, resulting in an electron-donating ability and broad absorption in the near-infrared region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yemei Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Advanced Research Support Center (ADRES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Soji Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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7
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Wang Y, Mori S, Furuta H, Shimizu S. Bis(1,3‐dithiol‐2‐ylidene)‐Substituted Subtriazachlorin: A Subphthalocyanine Analogue with Redox Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201905331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yemei Wang
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryGraduate School of EngineeringKyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Advanced Research Support Center (ADRES)Ehime University Matsuyama 790-8577 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryGraduate School of EngineeringKyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS)Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Soji Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryGraduate School of EngineeringKyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS)Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
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Nishiyama A, Fukuda M, Mori S, Furukawa K, Fliegl H, Furuta H, Shimizu S. Rational Synthesis of Antiaromatic 5,15-Dioxaporphyrin and Oxidation into β,β-Linked Dimers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:9728-9733. [PMID: 29901249 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
5,15-Dioxaporphyrin was synthesized for the first time by a nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction of a nickel bis(α,α'-dibromodipyrrin) complex with benzaldoxime, followed by an intramolecular annulation of the α-hydroxy-substituted intermediate. This unprecedented molecule is a 20π-electron antiaromatic system, in terms of Hückel's rule of aromaticity, because lone pair electrons of oxygen atoms are incorporated into the 18π-electron conjugated system of the porphyrin. A theoretical analysis based on the gauge-including magnetically induced current method confirmed its antiaromaticity and a dominant inner ring pathway for the ring current. The unique reactivity of 5,15-dioxaporphyrin forming a β,β-linked dimer upon oxidation was also revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihide Nishiyama
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masaya Fukuda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Advanced Research Support Center (ADRES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Ko Furukawa
- Center for Instrumental Analysis, Institute for Research Promotion, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Heike Fliegl
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, 0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Soji Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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9
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Bekki Y, Shimizu D, Fujimoto K, Osuka A. meso-Functionalization of Boron(III) Subporphyrin with Boron(III) meso-Lithiosubporphyrin. Chemistry 2018; 24:12708-12715. [PMID: 29882368 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Boron(III) meso-lithiosubporphyrin was prepared by bromine-lithium exchange of B-tolyl BIII meso-bromosubporphyrin with n-butyllithium at -98 °C. The resulting subporphyrinyllithium was treated with various electrophiles such as benzophenone, N,N-dimethylformamide, CO2 , chlorotrimethylsilane, N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide, and dimesitylboryl fluoride to give the corresponding meso-functionalized BIII subporphyrins. The nucleophile was also used to construct BIII subporphyrin dimers such as bis(BIII subporphyrinyl)ketone, bis(BIII subporphyrinyl)carbinol, and disilane-bridged BIII subporphyrin dimer. The structural, optical, and electrochemical properties of these meso-functionalized BIII subporphyrins were examined by UV/Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, electrochemical studies, and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Bekki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Daiki Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Keisuke Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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10
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Nishiyama A, Fukuda M, Mori S, Furukawa K, Fliegl H, Furuta H, Shimizu S. Rational Synthesis of Antiaromatic 5,15-Dioxaporphyrin and Oxidation into β,β-Linked Dimers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihide Nishiyama
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Masaya Fukuda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Advanced Research Support Center (ADRES); Ehime University; Matsuyama 790-8577 Japan
| | - Ko Furukawa
- Center for Instrumental Analysis; Institute for Research Promotion; Niigata University; Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Heike Fliegl
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences; Department of Chemistry; University of Oslo; P.O. Box 1033 Blindern 0315 Oslo Norway
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS); Kyushu University; Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Soji Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS); Kyushu University; Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
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11
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Yoshida K, Osuka A. Pyrrole-Modified Subporphyrins Bearing a Sulfur-Containing Heterocyclic Unit. Helv Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201800025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kota Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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12
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Yoshida K, Osuka A. Subporpholactone, Subporpholactam, Imidazolosubporphyrin, and Iridium Complexes of Imidazolosubporphyrin: Formation of Iridium Carbene Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 57:338-342. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kota Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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13
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Yoshida K, Osuka A. Subporpholactone, Subporpholactam, Imidazolosubporphyrin, and Iridium Complexes of Imidazolosubporphyrin: Formation of Iridium Carbene Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kota Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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14
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Lee GA, Lin HC, Lee HY, Chen CH, Huang HY. Ipso
Nitration of 2-Halothiophenes with Silver Nitrate. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201700392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gon-Ann Lee
- Department of Chemistry; Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang; New Taipei 24205, R.O.C. Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chun Lin
- Department of Chemistry; Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang; New Taipei 24205, R.O.C. Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Lee
- Department of Chemistry; Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang; New Taipei 24205, R.O.C. Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsun Chen
- Department of Chemistry; Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang; New Taipei 24205, R.O.C. Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Yun Huang
- Department of Chemistry; Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang; New Taipei 24205, R.O.C. Taiwan
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Kitano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School
of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School
of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School
of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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