1
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Wang G, Yuan JL, Zhou R, Zou HB. Iron(II) Phthalocyanine-Catalyzed Homodimerization and Tandem Diamination of Diazo Compounds with Primary Amines: Access to Construct Substituted 2,3-Diaminosuccinonitriles in One-Pot. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38783702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
We herein first report the homodimerization and tandem diamination of diazo compounds with primary amines catalyzed by the iron(II) phthalocyanine (PcFe(II)), which can construct one C-C bond and two C-N bonds within 20 min in one-pot. Compared to the traditional metal-catalyzed N-H insertion reaction between amines with diazo reagents, the developed reaction almost does not generate the N-H insertion product, but the homodimerization/tandem diamination product. The proposed mechanism studies indicate that primary amines play a crucial role in the homocoupling of diazo compounds via dimerization of iron(III)-acetonitrile radical generated from the reaction between diazoacetonitrile with PcFe(II) coordinated by bis(amines); the β-hydride elimination is involved, and then, the attack of primary amines toward the carbon atoms on the formed C-C bond is followed. Moreover, this novel reaction can be used to effectively prepare substituted 2,3-diaminosuccinonitriles with high yields and even up to >99:1 d.r., encouragingly these products contain both 1,2-diamines and succinonitrile motifs, which are two classes of important organic compounds with significant applications in many yields. This reaction is also suitable for the gram-scale preparation of 2,3-bis(phenylamino)succinonitrile (2a) with a yield of 84%. Therefore, the developed reaction represents a new type of transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Bioengineering, Yichun Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Jiangxi University for Applied Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, China
| | - Jia-Li Yuan
- Department of Chemistry & Bioengineering, Yichun Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Jiangxi University for Applied Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Department of Chemistry & Bioengineering, Yichun Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Jiangxi University for Applied Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, China
| | - Huai-Bo Zou
- Department of Chemistry & Bioengineering, Yichun Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Jiangxi University for Applied Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, China
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2
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Li S, Jiao H, Shu XZ, Wu L. Zirconium and hafnium catalyzed C-C single bond hydroboration. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1846. [PMID: 38418499 PMCID: PMC10902336 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45697-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Selective cleavage and subsequent functionalization of C-C single bonds present a fundamental challenge in synthetic organic chemistry. Traditionally, the activation of C-C single bonds has been achieved using stoichiometric transition-metal complexes. Recently, examples of catalytic processes were developed in which use is made of precious metals. However, the use of inexpensive and Earth-abundant group IV metals for catalytic C-C single-bond cleavage is largely underdeveloped. Herein, the zirconium-catalyzed C-C single-bond cleavage and subsequent hydroboration reactions is realized using Cp2ZrCl2 as a catalytic system. A series of structures of various γ-boronated amines are readily obtained, which are otherwise difficult to obtain. Mechanistic studies disclose the formation of a N-ZrIV species, and then a β-carbon elimination route is responsible for C-C single bond activation. Besides zirconium, hafnium exhibits a similar performance for this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sida Li
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Haijun Jiao
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Xing-Zhong Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Lipeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China.
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China.
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3
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Williams WL, Gutiérrez-Valencia NE, Doyle AG. Branched-Selective Cross-Electrophile Coupling of 2-Alkyl Aziridines and (Hetero)aryl Iodides Using Ti/Ni Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:24175-24183. [PMID: 37888947 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The arylation of 2-alkyl aziridines by nucleophilic ring-opening or transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling enables facile access to biologically relevant β-phenethylamine derivatives. However, both approaches largely favor C-C bond formation at the less-substituted carbon of the aziridine, thus enabling access to only linear products. Consequently, despite the attractive bond disconnection that it poses, the synthesis of branched arylated products from 2-alkyl aziridines has remained inaccessible. Herein, we address this long-standing challenge and report the first branched-selective cross-coupling of 2-alkyl aziridines with aryl iodides. This unique selectivity is enabled by a Ti/Ni dual-catalytic system. We demonstrate the robustness of the method by a twofold approach: an additive screening campaign to probe functional group tolerance and a feature-driven substrate scope to study the effect of the local steric and electronic profile of each coupling partner on reactivity. Furthermore, the diversity of this feature-driven substrate scope enabled the generation of predictive reactivity models that guided mechanistic understanding. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that the branched selectivity arises from a TiIII-induced radical ring-opening of the aziridine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy L Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Neyci E Gutiérrez-Valencia
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Abigail G Doyle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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4
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Schmidt J, Domenianni LI, Leuschner M, Gansäuer A, Vöhringer P. Observing the Entry Events of a Titanium-Based Photoredox Catalytic Cycle in Real Time. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307178. [PMID: 37335756 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Titanium-based catalysis in single electron transfer (SET) steps has evolved into a versatile approach for the synthesis of fine chemicals and first attempts have recently been made to enhance its sustainability by merging it with photo-redox (PR) catalysis. Here, we explore the photochemical principles of all-Ti-based SET-PR-catalysis, i.e. in the absence of a precious metal PR-co-catalyst. By combining time-resolved emission with ultraviolet-pump/mid-infrared-probe (UV/MIR) spectroscopy on femtosecond-to-microsecond time scales we quantify the dynamics of the critical events of entry into the catalytic cycle; namely, the singlet-triplet interconversion of the do-it-all titanocene(IV) PR-catalyst and its one-electron reduction by a sacrificial amine electron donor. The results highlight the importance of the PR-catalyst's singlet-triplet gap as a design guide for future improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Schmidt
- Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Luis I Domenianni
- Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcel Leuschner
- Kekulé Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Gansäuer
- Kekulé Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Vöhringer
- Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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5
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Hilche T, Krebs T, Weißbarth H, Lang F, Schnakenburg G, Gansäuer A. Enantio- and Diastereomerically Pure Titanocenes by Dynamic Conformational Locking. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301645. [PMID: 37283199 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of enantiomerically pure titanocenes is limited to cases with enantiomerically pure substituents at the cyclopentadienyl ligands and to ansa-titanocenes. For the latter complexes, the use of achiral ligands requires a resolution of enantiomers and frequently also a separation of the diastereoisomers obtained after metalation. Here, we introduce a new synthetic method that relies on the use of enantiomerically pure camphorsulfonate (CSA) ligands as control elements for the absolute and relative configuration of titanocene complexes. Starting from the conformationally flexible (RC5 H4 )2 TiCl2 , the desired conformationally locked and hence enantio- and diastereomerically pure complexes (RC5 H4 )2 Ti(CSA)2 are obtained in just two steps. According to X-ray crystallography the (RC5 H4 )2 Ti fragment is essentially C2 -symmetric and nuclear magnetic resonance displays overall C2 -symmetry. We applied density functional theory methods to unravel the dynamics of the complexes and the mechanisms and selectivities of their formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Hilche
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tim Krebs
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hendrik Weißbarth
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Fabian Lang
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Gansäuer
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
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6
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Tang W, Fan P. Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Electrophile Ring Opening/ gem-Difluoroallylation of Aziridines. Org Lett 2023; 25:5756-5761. [PMID: 37503939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report a nickel-catalyzed regioselective cross-electrophile ring opening reaction of sulfonyl-protected aziridines with trifluoromethyl-substituted alkenes as the gem-difluoroallylating agents, providing a new and efficient entry to prepare gem-difluorobishomoallylic sulfonamides. Moreover, the scaffold of 6-fluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridine can be constructed starting from the ring opening products via NaH-mediated intramolecular defluorinative nucleophilic vinylic substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Low Temperature Co-fired Materials, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, Anhui 232038, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Pei Fan
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Low Temperature Co-fired Materials, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, Anhui 232038, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
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7
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Höthker S, Gansäuer A. Formal Anti-Markovnikov Addition of Water to Olefins by Titanocene-Catalyzed Epoxide Hydrosilylation: From Stoichiometric to Sustainable Catalytic Reactions. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2023; 7:2200240. [PMID: 37483422 PMCID: PMC10362118 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202200240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Here, the evolution of the titanocene-catalyzed hydrosilylation of epoxides that yields the corresponding anti-Markovnikov alcohols is summarized. The study focuses on aspects of sustainability, efficient catalyst activation, and stereoselectivity. The latest variant of the reaction employs polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS), a waste product of the Müller-Rochow process as terminal reductant, features an efficient catalyst activation with benzylMgBr and the use of the bench stable Cp2TiCl2 as precatalyst. The combination of olefin epoxidation and epoxide hydrosilylation provides a uniquely efficient approach to the formal anti-Markovnikov addition of H2O to olefins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Höthker
- Kekulé‐Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieRheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐Universität BonnGerhard‐Domagk‐Straße 153121BonnGermany
| | - Andreas Gansäuer
- Kekulé‐Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieRheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐Universität BonnGerhard‐Domagk‐Straße 153121BonnGermany
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8
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Han B, Ren C, Wu L. Titanium-Catalyzed Hydrodehalogenation of Alkyl Halides. Organometallics 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunping Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lipeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
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9
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Yang PJ, Chai Z. Catalytic enantioselective desymmetrization of meso-aziridines. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:465-478. [PMID: 36508282 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01935c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
As a type of readily available small strained-ring heterocycle, meso-aziridines may undergo catalytic desymmetrizing transformations to empower the rapid construction of diverse nitrogen-containing structures bearing contiguous stereocenters, which have great relevance in natural product synthesis, drug development and the design and synthesis of chiral catalysts/ligands for asymmetric catalysis. This review outlines the advances achieved in the catalytic asymmetric desymmetrization of meso aziridines and highlights some promising avenues for further work in this realm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Jun Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Functional Coordinated Complexes for Materials Chemistry and Application, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Middle Beijing Road, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, Institute of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, 189 South Jiuhua Road, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China.
| | - Zhuo Chai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, Institute of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, 189 South Jiuhua Road, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China.
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10
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Schacht JH, Wu S, Klare S, Höthker S, Schmickler N, Gansäuer A. Polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) as sustainable reductant in the titanocene catalyzed epoxide hydrosilylation. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shangze Wu
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn Kekulé Instutu für Organische Chemie GERMANY
| | - Sven Klare
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn Kekulé Institut für Organische Chemie GERMANY
| | - Sebastian Höthker
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn Kekulé Institut für Organische Chemie GERMANY
| | - Niklas Schmickler
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn Kekulé Institut für Organische Chemie GERMANY
| | - Andreas Gansäuer
- Universität Bonn Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie Gerhard Domagk Str. 1 53121 Bonn GERMANY
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11
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Wu X, Chang Y, Lin S. Titanium radical redox catalysis: Recent innovations in catalysts, reactions, and modes of activation. Chem 2022; 8:1805-1821. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Hong P, Song X, Huang Z, Tan K, Wu A, Lu X. Insights into the Mechanism of Metal-Catalyzed Transformation of Oxime Esters: Metal-Bound Radical Pathway vs Free Radical Pathway. J Org Chem 2022; 87:6014-6024. [PMID: 35389656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Controlling of radical reactivity by binding a radical to the metal center is an elegant strategy to overcome the challenge that radical intermediates are "too reactive to be selective". Yet, its application has seemingly been limited to a few strained-ring substrates, azide compounds, and diazo compounds. Meanwhile, first-row transition-metal-catalyzed (mainly, Fe, Ni, Cu) transformations of oxime esters have been reported recently in which the activation processes are assumed to follow free-radical mechanisms. In this work, we show by means of density functional theory calculations that the activation of oxime esters catalyzed by Fe(II) and Cu(I) catalysts more likely affords a metal-bound iminyl radical, rather than the presumed free iminyl radical, and the whole process follows a metal-bound radical mechanism. The as-formed metal-bound radical intermediates are an Fe(III)-iminyl radical (Stotal = 2, SFe = 5/2, and Siminyl = -1/2) and a Cu(II)-iminyl radical (Stotal = 0, SCu = 1/2, and Siminyl = -1/2). The discovery of such novel substrates affording metal-bound radical intermediates may facilitate the experimental design of metal-catalyzed asymmetric synthesis using oxime esters to achieve the desired enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiaolin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhengqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Kai Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Anan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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13
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Yao C, Williams ADN, Gu Y, Norton JR. Isomerization of Aziridines to Allyl Amines via Titanium and Chromium Cooperative Catalysis. J Org Chem 2022; 87:4991-4997. [PMID: 35303410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c03054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A Ti/Cr cooperative catalyst isomerizes aziridines to allyl amines under mild conditions. The reaction tolerates a broad range of aziridines with various nitrogen substituents. The titanium catalyst is most successful in opening 1,2-disubstituted aziridines, forming radical intermediates in a highly regioselective manner. The chromium catalyst appears to abstract an H• from these radical intermediates and then return the H• to the titanium system in the form of an H+ and an electron. The reaction is complementary to previous reports on the isomerization of aziridines to allyl amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengbo Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Alana D N Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Yiting Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jack R Norton
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
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14
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Henriques DSG, Rojo‐Wiechel E, Klare S, Mika R, Höthker S, Schacht JH, Schmickler N, Gansäuer A. Titanocene(III)‐Catalyzed Precision Deuteration of Epoxides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dina Schwarz G. Henriques
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie Universität Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Elena Rojo‐Wiechel
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie Universität Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Sven Klare
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie Universität Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Regine Mika
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie Universität Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Sebastian Höthker
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie Universität Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Jonathan H. Schacht
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie Universität Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Niklas Schmickler
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie Universität Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Andreas Gansäuer
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie Universität Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
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15
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Yang M, Guo Y, Zhang XP, Sun H, Wang Y, Zhang W, Wu Y, Jian Y, Gao Z. Natural Amino Acid L‐Phenylalanine Coordinated Zirconocene Complex as Bifunctional Catalyst for the Synthesis of 1,5‐Benzothiazepines. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Yang
- Shaanxi Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Yingying Guo
- Shaanxi Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Xue-Peng Zhang
- Shaanxi Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Huaming Sun
- Shaanxi Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Shaanxi Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Weiqiang Zhang
- Shaanxi Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Ya Wu
- Xi'an Shiyou University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Yajun Jian
- Shaanxi Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Ziwei Gao
- Shaanxi Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 620 West Chang'an Street 710119 Xi'an CHINA
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16
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Henriques DSG, Rojo-Wiechel E, Klare S, Mika R, Höthker S, Schacht JH, Schmickler N, Gansäuer A. Titanocene(III)-Catalyzed Precision Deuteration of Epoxides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202114198. [PMID: 34845824 PMCID: PMC9305931 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We describe a titanocene(III)-catalyzed deuterosilylation of epoxides that provides β-deuterated anti-Markovnikov alcohols with excellent D-incorporation, in high yield, and often excellent diastereoselectivity after desilylation. The key to the success of the reaction is a novel activation method of Cp2 TiCl2 and (tBuC5 H4 )2 TiCl2 with BnMgBr and PhSiD3 to provide [(RC5 H4 )2 Ti(III)D] without isotope scrambling. It was developed after discovering an off-cycle scrambling with the previously described method. Our precision deuteration can be applied to the synthesis of drug precursors and highlights the power of combining radical chemistry with organometallic catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Schwarz G Henriques
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Elena Rojo-Wiechel
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sven Klare
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Regine Mika
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sebastian Höthker
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jonathan H Schacht
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Niklas Schmickler
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Gansäuer
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
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17
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Han B, Zhang J, Jiao H, Wu L. Zirconium-hydride-catalyzed site-selective hydroboration of amides for the synthesis of amines: Mechanism, scope, and application. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)63853-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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18
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Wood DP, Guan W, Lin S. Titanium and Cobalt Bimetallic Radical Redox Relay for the Isomerization of N-Bz Aziridines to Allylic Amides. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021; 53:4213-4220. [PMID: 34764520 PMCID: PMC8579959 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1610779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Herein a bimetallic radical redox-relay strategy is employed to generate alkyl radicals under mild conditions with titanium(III) catalysis and terminated via hydrogen atom transfer with cobalt(II) catalysis to enact base-free isomerizations of N-Bz aziridines to N-Bz allylic amides. This reaction provides an alternative strategy for the synthesis of allylic amides from alkenes via a three-step sequence to accomplish a formal transpositional allylic amination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin P Wood
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Weiyang Guan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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19
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Wang X, Cui P, Xia C, Wu L. Catalytic Boration of Alkyl Halides with Borane without Hydrodehalogenation Enabled by Titanium Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianjin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation Suzhou Research Institute of LICP Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP) Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Penglei Cui
- College of Science Hebei Agricultural University Baoding 071001 P. R. China
| | - Chungu Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation Suzhou Research Institute of LICP Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP) Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Lipeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation Suzhou Research Institute of LICP Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP) Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
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20
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Wang X, Cui P, Xia C, Wu L. Catalytic Boration of Alkyl Halides with Borane without Hydrodehalogenation Enabled by Titanium Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:12298-12303. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianjin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation Suzhou Research Institute of LICP Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP) Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Penglei Cui
- College of Science Hebei Agricultural University Baoding 071001 P. R. China
| | - Chungu Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation Suzhou Research Institute of LICP Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP) Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Lipeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation Suzhou Research Institute of LICP Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP) Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
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21
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Hilche T, Reinsberg PH, Klare S, Liedtke T, Schäfer L, Gansäuer A. Design Platform for Sustainable Catalysis with Radicals: Electrochemical Activation of Cp 2 TiCl 2 for Catalysis Unveiled. Chemistry 2021; 27:4903-4912. [PMID: 33085978 PMCID: PMC7986168 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The combination of synthesis, rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements, and computational investigations with the aid of DFT methods shows how a thiourea, a squaramide, and a bissulfonamide as additives affect the Eq Cr equilibrium of Cp2 TiCl2 . We have, for the first time, provided quantitative data for the Eq Cr equilibrium and have determined the stoichiometry of adduct formation of [Cp2 Ti(III)Cl2 ]- , [Cp2 Ti(III)Cl] and [Cp2 Ti(IV)Cl2 ] and the additives. By studying the structures of the complexes formed by DFT methods, we have established the Gibbs energies and enthalpies of complex formation as well as the adduct structures. The results not only demonstrate the correctness of our use of the Eq Cr equilibrium as predictor for sustainable catalysis. They are also a design platform for the development of novel additives in particular for enantioselective catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Hilche
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieUniversität BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
| | - Philip H. Reinsberg
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität BonnRömerstraße 16453117BonnGermany
| | - Sven Klare
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieUniversität BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
| | - Theresa Liedtke
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieUniversität BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
| | - Luise Schäfer
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieUniversität BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
| | - Andreas Gansäuer
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieUniversität BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
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22
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Cui X, Huang W, Wu L. Zirconium-hydride-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of quinolines and indoles with ammonia borane. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00672j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, by applying zirconium-hydride complex as the catalyst, the transfer hydrogenation of quinoline and indole derivatives with ammonia borane as a proton and hydride source is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
| | - Lipeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
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23
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Li Y, Chen F, Zhu S, Chu L. Photoinduced triiodide-mediated [3 + 2] cycloaddition of N-tosyl aziridines and alkenes. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00102g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A photoinduced triiodide-mediated [3 + 2] cycloaddition of N-Ts aziridines and alkenes is described herein. This operationally simple protocol enables regioselective access to a wide range of substituted pyrrolidines under mild-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
| | - Fan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
| | - Shengqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
| | - Lingling Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
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24
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Zhu WQ, Zhang ZW, Han WY, Fang YC, Yang P, Li LQ, Chen YZ. Aziridine used as a vinylidene unit in palladium-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 1] domino annulation. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00458a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of chromone fused methylenecyclopentanes are efficiently constructed in moderate to good yields by Pd-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 1] annulation, in which aziridine is used as a vinylidene unit by cleavage of two C–N bonds for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qing Zhu
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Textile Chemical Engineering Auxiliaries
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Xi'an Polytechnic University
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
| | - Zi-Wei Zhang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Textile Chemical Engineering Auxiliaries
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Xi'an Polytechnic University
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
| | - Wen-Yong Han
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province
- Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province
- Green Pharmaceuticals Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province
- School of Pharmacy
- Zunyi Medical University
| | - Yu-Chen Fang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Textile Chemical Engineering Auxiliaries
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Xi'an Polytechnic University
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
| | - Ping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province
- Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province
- Green Pharmaceuticals Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province
- School of Pharmacy
- Zunyi Medical University
| | - Lin-Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province
- Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province
- Green Pharmaceuticals Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province
- School of Pharmacy
- Zunyi Medical University
| | - Yong-Zheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province
- Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province
- Green Pharmaceuticals Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province
- School of Pharmacy
- Zunyi Medical University
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25
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Martínez AR, Morales LP, Ojeda ED, Rodríguez MC, Rodríguez-García I. The Proven Versatility of Cp 2TiCl. J Org Chem 2020; 86:1311-1329. [PMID: 33147037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the last two decades, titanocene monochloride has been postulated as a monoelectronic transfer reagent capable of catalyzing an important variety of chemical transformations. In this Perspective, our contributions to this growing field of research are summarized and analyzed. Especially known have been our contributions in C-C bond formation reactions, hydrogen-atom transfer from water to radicals, and isomerization reactions, as well as the development of a catalytic cycle that has subsequently allowed the preparation of a great variety of natural terpenes. It is also worth mentioning our contribution in the postulation of this single-electron transfer agent (SET) as a new green catalyst with a broad range of applications in organic and organometallic chemistry. The most significant catalytic processes developed by other research groups are also briefly described, with special emphasis on the reaction mechanisms involved. Finally, a reflection is made on the future trends in the research of this SET, aimed at consolidating this chemical as a new green reagent that will be widely used in fine chemistry, green chemistry, and industrial chemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rosales Martínez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Sevilla, 41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Laura Pozo Morales
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Sevilla, 41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Emilio Díaz Ojeda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Sevilla, 41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Castro Rodríguez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Sevilla, 41011 Sevilla, Spain
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26
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Wang P, Zhao Y, Chapagain B, Yang Y, Liu W, Wang Y. Mechanistic insights into Cu-catalyzed enantioselective Friedel–Crafts reaction between indoles and 2-aryl-N-sulfonylaziridines. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy01967g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Computational studies were successfully carried out to provide mechanistic insights into LCu-catalyzed (L = (S)-Segphos ligand) Friedel–Crafts (F–C) reaction between indoles and 2-aryl-N-sulfonylaziridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- PR China
| | - Yang Zhao
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- PR China
| | - Biplav Chapagain
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- PR China
| | - Yonggang Yang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- PR China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- PR China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- PR China
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27
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Manßen M, Schafer LL. Titanium catalysis for the synthesis of fine chemicals – development and trends. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:6947-6994. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00229a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Atlas as a Titan(ium) is holding the earth-abundant chemistry world. Titanium is the second most abundant transition metal, is a key player in important industrial processes (e.g. polyethylene) and shows much promise for diverse applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Manßen
- The Department of Chemistry
- The University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Laurel L. Schafer
- The Department of Chemistry
- The University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
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28
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Lin S, Chen Y, Li F, Shi C, Shi L. Visible-light-driven spirocyclization of epoxides via dual titanocene and photoredox catalysis. Chem Sci 2019; 11:839-844. [PMID: 34123060 PMCID: PMC8146098 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05601g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the synergistic utilization of titanocene/photoredox dual catalysis driven by visible light for the radical opening/spirocyclization of easily accessible epoxyalkynes. This environmentally benign process uses the organic donor-acceptor fluorophore 2,4,5,6-tetra(9H-carbazol-9-yl)isophthalonitrile (4CzIPN) as a photocatalyst and Hantzsch ester (HE) as an electron donor instead of stoichiometric metallic reductants. The photocatalytic conditions showed exceptionally high reactivity for the synthesis of privileged and synthetically challenging spirocycles featuring a spiro all-carbon quaternary stereocenter. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) studies suggest that Cp2TiIIICl is the catalytically active species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangjie Lin
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Yuqing Chen
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Fusheng Li
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Caizhe Shi
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Lei Shi
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
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29
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Abstract
New catalytic strategies that leverage single-electron redox events have provided chemists with useful tools for solving synthetic problems. In this context, Ti offers opportunities that are complementary to late transition metals for reaction discovery. Following foundational work on epoxide reductive functionalization, recent methodological advances have significantly expanded the repertoire of Ti radical chemistry. This Synopsis summarizes recent developments in the burgeoning area of Ti radical catalysis with a focus on innovative catalytic strategies such as radical redox-relay and dual catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry McCallum
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Xiangyu Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
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30
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Lin Z, Lan Y, Wang C. Reductive Allylic Defluorinative Cross-Coupling Enabled by Ni/Ti Cooperative Catalysis. Org Lett 2019; 21:8316-8322. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Lin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yun Lan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
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31
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Lang K, Torker S, Wojtas L, Zhang XP. Asymmetric Induction and Enantiodivergence in Catalytic Radical C-H Amination via Enantiodifferentiative H-Atom Abstraction and Stereoretentive Radical Substitution. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:12388-12396. [PMID: 31280562 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Control of enantioselectivity remains a major challenge in radical chemistry. The emergence of metalloradical catalysis (MRC) offers a conceptually new strategy for addressing this and other outstanding issues. Through the employment of D2-symmetric chiral amidoporphyrins as the supporting ligands, Co(II)-based MRC has enabled the development of new catalytic systems for asymmetric radical transformations with a unique profile of reactivity and selectivity. With the support of new-generation HuPhyrin chiral ligands whose cavity environment can be fine-tuned, the Co-centered d-radicals enable to address challenging issues that require exquisite control of fundamental radical processes. As showcased with asymmetric 1,5-C-H amination of sulfamoyl azides, the enantiocontrol of which has proven difficult, the judicious use of HuPhyrin ligand by tuning the bridge length and other remote nonchiral elements allows for controlling both the degree and sense of asymmetric induction in a systematic manner. This effort leads to successful development of new Co(II)-based catalytic systems that are highly effective for enantiodivergent radical 1,5-C-H amination, producing both enantiomers of the strained five-membered cyclic sulfamides with excellent enantioselectivities. Detailed deuterium-labeling studies, together with DFT computation, have revealed an unprecedented mode of asymmetric induction that consists of enantiodifferentiative H-atom abstraction and stereoretentive radical substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lang
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center , Boston College , Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467 , United States
| | - Sebastian Torker
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center , Boston College , Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467 , United States
| | - Lukasz Wojtas
- Department of Chemistry , University of South Florida , Tampa , Florida 33620 , United States
| | - X Peter Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center , Boston College , Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467 , United States
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32
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Liedtke T, Hilche T, Klare S, Gansäuer A. Condition Screening for Sustainable Catalysis in Single-Electron Steps by Cyclic Voltammetry: Additives and Solvents. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:3166-3171. [PMID: 30779429 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201900344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic voltammetry-based screening method for Cp2 TiX-catalyzed reactions is extended to the screening of solvents other than tetrahydrofuran for bulk electrolysis of the catalyst and radical arylation. It was found that CH3 CN can be used as a solvent for both processes without additives. Furthermore, in tetrahydrofuran, squaramide L2 is more efficient than the previously reported supramolecular halide binder, Schreiner's thiourea L1. The results extend the usefulness of the proposed time and resource-efficient screening method for designing catalysis reactions in single-electron steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Liedtke
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias Hilche
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sven Klare
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Gansäuer
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
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33
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Zhang Z, Richrath RB, Gansäuer A. Merging Catalysis in Single Electron Steps with Photoredox Catalysis—Efficient and Sustainable Radical Chemistry. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Zhang
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ruben B. Richrath
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Gansäuer
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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34
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Hu Y, Lang K, Tao J, Marshall MK, Cheng Q, Cui X, Wojtas L, Zhang XP. Next-Generation D 2 -Symmetric Chiral Porphyrins for Cobalt(II)-Based Metalloradical Catalysis: Catalyst Engineering by Distal Bridging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:2670-2674. [PMID: 30601601 PMCID: PMC6456056 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201812379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Novel D2 -symmetric chiral amidoporphyrins with alkyl bridges across two chiral amide units on both sides of the porphyrin plane (designated "HuPhyrin") have been effectively constructed in a modular fashion to permit variation of the bridge length. The CoII complexes of HuPhyrin, [Co(HuPhyrin)], represent new-generation metalloradical catalysts where the metal-centered d-radical is situated inside a cavity-like ligand with a more rigid chiral environment and enhanced hydrogen-bonding capability. As demonstrated with cyclopropanation and aziridination as model reactions, the bridged [Co(HuPhyrin)] functions notably different from the open catalysts, exhibiting significant enhancement in both reactivity and stereoselectivity. Furthermore, the length of the distal alkyl bridge can have a remarkable influence on the catalytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Kai Lang
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Jingran Tao
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | | | - Qigan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Xin Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Lukasz Wojtas
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - X Peter Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
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35
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Leijendekker LH, Weweler J, Leuther TM, Kratzert D, Streuff J. Development, Scope, and Applications of Titanium(III)-Catalyzed Cyclizations to Aminated N-Heterocycles. Chemistry 2019; 25:3382-3390. [PMID: 30615817 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardus H. Leijendekker
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Jens Weweler
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Tobias M. Leuther
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Daniel Kratzert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Jan Streuff
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
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36
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Hu Y, Lang K, Tao J, Marshall MK, Cheng Q, Cui X, Wojtas L, Zhang XP. Next‐Generation
D
2
‐Symmetric Chiral Porphyrins for Cobalt(II)‐Based Metalloradical Catalysis: Catalyst Engineering by Distal Bridging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201812379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- Department of Chemistry University of South Florida Tampa FL 33620 USA
| | - Kai Lang
- Department of Chemistry Merkert Chemistry Center Boston College Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Jingran Tao
- Department of Chemistry University of South Florida Tampa FL 33620 USA
| | | | - Qigan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry University of South Florida Tampa FL 33620 USA
| | - Xin Cui
- Department of Chemistry University of South Florida Tampa FL 33620 USA
| | - Lukasz Wojtas
- Department of Chemistry University of South Florida Tampa FL 33620 USA
| | - X. Peter Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Merkert Chemistry Center Boston College Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
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37
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Singh GS. Advances in synthesis and chemistry of aziridines. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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38
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Li C, Lang K, Lu H, Hu Y, Cui X, Wojtas L, Zhang XP. Catalytic Radical Process for Enantioselective Amination of C(sp 3 )-H Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:16837-16841. [PMID: 30347505 PMCID: PMC6339699 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A new catalytic radical system involving CoII -based metalloradical catalysis is effective in activating sulfamoyl azides for enantioselective radical 1,6-amination of C(sp3 )-H bonds, affording six-membered chiral heterocyclic sulfamides in high yields with excellent enantioselectivities. The CoII -catalyzed C-H amination features an unusual degree of functional-group tolerance and chemoselectivity. The unique reactivity and stereoselectivity is attributed to the underlying stepwise radical pathway. The resulting optically active cyclic sulfamides can be readily converted into synthetically useful chiral 1,3-diamine derivatives without loss in enantiopurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida Tampa, FL 33620 (USA)
| | - Kai Lang
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 (USA)
| | - Hongjian Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida Tampa, FL 33620 (USA)
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida Tampa, FL 33620 (USA)
| | - Xin Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida Tampa, FL 33620 (USA)
| | - Lukasz Wojtas
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida Tampa, FL 33620 (USA)
| | - X. Peter Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 (USA)
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39
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Luu HT, Streuff J. Development of an Efficient Synthesis of rac
-3-Demethoxyerythratidinone via a Titanium(III) Catalyzed Imine-Nitrile Coupling. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hieu-Trinh Luu
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Jan Streuff
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
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40
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Beaumier EP, Pearce AJ, See XY, Tonks IA. Modern applications of low-valent early transition metals in synthesis and catalysis. Nat Rev Chem 2018; 3:15-34. [PMID: 30989127 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-018-0059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Low-valent early transition metals are often intrinsically highly reactive as a result of their strong propensity toward oxidation to more stable high-valent states. Harnessing these highly reducing complexes for productive reactivity is potentially powerful for C-C bond construction, organic reductions, small-molecule activation and many other reactions that offer orthogonal chemoselectivity and/or regioselectivity patterns to processes promoted by late transition metals. Recent years have seen many exciting new applications of low-valent metals through building new catalytic and/or multicomponent reaction manifolds out of classical reactivity patterns. In this Review, we survey new methods that employ early transition metals and invoke low-valent precursors or intermediates in order to identify common themes and strategies in synthesis and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan P Beaumier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Adam J Pearce
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Xin Yi See
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ian A Tonks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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41
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Li C, Lang K, Lu H, Hu Y, Cui X, Wojtas L, Zhang XP. Catalytic Radical Process for Enantioselective Amination of C(sp
3
)−H Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201808923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Li
- Department of Chemistry University of South Florida Tampa FL 33620 USA
| | - Kai Lang
- Department of Chemistry Merkert Chemistry Center Boston College Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Hongjian Lu
- Department of Chemistry University of South Florida Tampa FL 33620 USA
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Chemistry University of South Florida Tampa FL 33620 USA
| | - Xin Cui
- Department of Chemistry University of South Florida Tampa FL 33620 USA
| | - Lukasz Wojtas
- Department of Chemistry University of South Florida Tampa FL 33620 USA
| | - X. Peter Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Merkert Chemistry Center Boston College Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
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42
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Wu X, Hao W, Ye KY, Jiang B, Pombar G, Song Z, Lin S. Ti-Catalyzed Radical Alkylation of Secondary and Tertiary Alkyl Chlorides Using Michael Acceptors. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:14836-14843. [PMID: 30303379 PMCID: PMC6530901 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alkyl chlorides are common functional groups in synthetic organic chemistry. However, the engagement of unactivated alkyl chlorides, especially tertiary alkyl chlorides, in transition-metal-catalyzed C-C bond formation remains challenging. Herein, we describe the development of a TiIII-catalyzed radical addition of 2° and 3° alkyl chlorides to electron-deficient alkenes. Mechanistic data are consistent with inner-sphere activation of the C-Cl bond featuring TiIII-mediated Cl atom abstraction. Evidence suggests that the active TiIII catalyst is generated from the TiIV precursor in a Lewis-acid-assisted electron transfer process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | | | - Ke-Yin Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Binyang Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Gisselle Pombar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Zhidong Song
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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43
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Ding D, Wang C. Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Electrophilic Ring Opening of Cycloketone Oxime Esters with Aroyl Chlorides. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Decai Ding
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Center
for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Hefei National Laboratory
for Physical Science at the Microscale, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 20237, P. R. China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Center
for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Hefei National Laboratory
for Physical Science at the Microscale, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 20237, P. R. China
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44
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Cherni E, Essalah K, Besbes N, Abderrabba M, Ayadi S. Theoretical investigation of the regioselective ring opening of 2-methylaziridine. Lewis acid effect. J Mol Model 2018; 24:309. [PMID: 30302573 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-018-3833-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The formation of substituted 1,2-diamines via the regiospecific nucleophilic ring opening of 2-methylaziridine with methylamine was performed by nucleophilic attack at aziridine carbon atoms. A detailed theoretical study was investigated by density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP level and second order Moller Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) by using the 6-311G(d,p) basis set. The third Grimme correction term (D3) was used to take into account weak interactions. Solvent effects were computed in methanol and dimethylsulfoxide using the polarizable continuum model (PCM). Emphasis was placed on the ring opening mechanisms of neutral aziridines and aziridinium ions obtained through N-complexation with the BF3 Lewis acid. Moreover, the effect of substituent groups on the regioselectivity of the ring opening was investigated. The nucleophilic attack was carried out via two pathways (frontside attack M1 and backside attack M2) where activation barriers proved the preference for ring opening through the backside attack at the C3 aziridine carbon atom. The obtained results showed that the frontside attack with methylamine takes place along a concerted mechanism that leads to formation of products through one transition state. However, the backside attack is carried via a stepwise process in which the methylamine attack takes place in an SN2 fashion where the leaving group is the ring nitrogen. It first conduces a ring opening considered as the rate-determining step followed by formation of a zwitterionic intermediate. This latter undergoes a rotation to allow the proton transfer step and finally leads to formation of the thermodynamic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emna Cherni
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Campus Universitaire Farhat Hached d'El Manar - B.P. 94 Cité Rommana, 1068, Tunis, Tunisie. .,Université de Carthage, LR11ES22, Laboratoire Matériaux Molécules et Applications (LMMA), IPEST, BP51, La Marsa, 2070, Tunisie.
| | - Khaled Essalah
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Unité de Recherche en Sciences Fondamentales et Didactiques- Equipe de chimie théorique et réactivité, (UR14ES10) IPEI El Manar, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Néji Besbes
- Laboratoire Matériaux Composites et Minéraux Argileux - Groupe de Chimie Organique Verte et Appliquée (LMCMA), Centre National de Recherches en Sciences des Matériaux, Technopole Borj Cédria, Soliman, 8027, Tunisie
| | - Manef Abderrabba
- Université de Carthage, LR11ES22, Laboratoire Matériaux Molécules et Applications (LMMA), IPEST, BP51, La Marsa, 2070, Tunisie
| | - Sameh Ayadi
- Université de Carthage, LR11ES22, Laboratoire Matériaux Molécules et Applications (LMMA), IPEST, BP51, La Marsa, 2070, Tunisie.,Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer (INSTM), Laboratoire Milieu Marin, Centre la Goulette, La Goulette, Tunisie
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45
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Zhang YQ, Bohle F, Bleith R, Schnakenburg G, Grimme S, Gansäuer A. Synthesis of 1,3-Amino Alcohols by Hydroxy-Directed Aziridination and Aziridine Hydrosilylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:13528-13532. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qiang Zhang
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Universität Bonn; Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Fabian Bohle
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry; Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Theoretische Chemie; Universität Bonn; Beringstrasse 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Robin Bleith
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Universität Bonn; Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Bonn; Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry; Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Theoretische Chemie; Universität Bonn; Beringstrasse 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Andreas Gansäuer
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Universität Bonn; Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1 53121 Bonn Germany
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46
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Zhang YQ, Bohle F, Bleith R, Schnakenburg G, Grimme S, Gansäuer A. Synthesis of 1,3-Amino Alcohols by Hydroxy-Directed Aziridination and Aziridine Hydrosilylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201808034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qiang Zhang
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Universität Bonn; Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Fabian Bohle
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry; Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Theoretische Chemie; Universität Bonn; Beringstrasse 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Robin Bleith
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Universität Bonn; Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Bonn; Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry; Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Theoretische Chemie; Universität Bonn; Beringstrasse 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Andreas Gansäuer
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Universität Bonn; Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1 53121 Bonn Germany
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47
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Suga T, Shimazu S, Ukaji Y. Low-Valent Titanium-Mediated Radical Conjugate Addition Using Benzyl Alcohols as Benzyl Radical Sources. Org Lett 2018; 20:5389-5392. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Suga
- Division of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shoma Shimazu
- Division of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ukaji
- Division of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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48
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Wen X, Wang Y, Zhang XP. Enantioselective radical process for synthesis of chiral indolines by metalloradical alkylation of diverse C(sp 3)-H bonds. Chem Sci 2018; 9:5082-5086. [PMID: 29938039 PMCID: PMC5994879 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01476k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A new C–C bond formation strategy based on enantioselective radical alkylation of C(sp3)–H bonds via Co(ii)-based metalloradical catalysis has been demonstrated for stereoselective synthesis of chiral indolines.
A new C–C bond formation strategy based on enantioselective radical alkylation of C(sp3)–H bonds via Co(ii)-based metalloradical catalysis has been demonstrated for stereoselective synthesis of chiral indolines. The Co(ii)-based system enables activation of aryldiazomethanes as radical precursors at room temperature for enantioselective intramolecular radical alkylation of broad types of C–H bonds, constructing 2-substituted indolines in high yields with excellent enantioselectivities. In addition to chemoselectivity and regioselectivity, this Co(ii)-catalyzed alkylation features tolerance to functional groups and compatibility with heteroaryl substrates. Detailed mechanistic studies provide insight into the underlying stepwise radical pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wen
- Department of Chemistry , Merkert Chemistry Center , Boston College , Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts 02467 , USA .
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Merkert Chemistry Center , Boston College , Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts 02467 , USA .
| | - X Peter Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , Merkert Chemistry Center , Boston College , Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts 02467 , USA .
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49
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Wang Y, Wen X, Cui X, Zhang XP. Enantioselective Radical Cyclization for Construction of 5-Membered Ring Structures by Metalloradical C-H Alkylation. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:4792-4796. [PMID: 29584958 PMCID: PMC5905427 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b01662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Radical cyclization represents a powerful strategy for construction of ring structures. Traditional radical cyclization, which is based on radical addition as the key step, necessitates the use of unsaturated substrates. Guided by the concept of metalloradical catalysis, a different mode of radical cyclization that can employ saturated C-H substrates is demonstrated through the development of a Co(II)-based system for catalytic activation of aliphatic diazo compounds for enantioselective radical alkylation of various C(sp3)-H bonds. It allows for efficient construction of chiral pyrrolidines and other valuable 5-membered cyclic compounds. This alternative strategy of radical cyclization provides a new retrosynthetic paradigm to prepare five-membered cyclic molecules from readily available open-chain aldehydes through the union of C-H and C=O elements for C-C bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Xin Wen
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Xin Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - X. Peter Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
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50
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Liedtke T, Spannring P, Riccardi L, Gansäuer A. Mechanism-Based Condition Screening for Sustainable Catalysis in Single-Electron Steps by Cyclic Voltammetry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201800731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Liedtke
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Universität Bonn; Gerhard Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Peter Spannring
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Universität Bonn; Gerhard Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Ludovico Riccardi
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Universität Bonn; Gerhard Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Andreas Gansäuer
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Universität Bonn; Gerhard Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
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