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Florez E, Smits O, Mewes JM, Jerabek P, Schwerdtfeger P. From the gas phase to the solid state: The chemical bonding in the superheavy element flerovium. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:064304. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0097642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As early as 1975, Pitzer suggested that copernicium, flerovium and oganesson are volatile substances behaving noble-gas like because of their closed-shell configurations and accompanying relativistic effects. It is, however, precarious to predict the chemical bonding and physical behavior of a solid by knowledge of the atomic or molecular properties only. Copernicium and oganesson have been analyzed very recently by our group. Both are predicted to be semi-conductors and volatile substances with rather low melting and boiling points, which may justify a comparison with the noble gas elements. Here we study closed-shell flerovium in detail to predict solid-state properties including the melting point from a decomposition of the total energy into many-body forces derived from relativistic coupled-cluster and from density functional theory. The convergence of such a decomposition for flerovium is critically analyzed, and the problem of using density functional theory is highlighted. We predict that flerovium is in many ways not behaving like a typical noble gas element despite its closed-shell 7$p_{1/2}^2$ configuration and resulting weak interactions. Unlike for the noble gases, the many-body expansion in terms of the interaction energy is not converging smoothly. This makes the accurate prediction of phase transitions very difficult. Nevertheless, a first prediction by Monte-Carlo simulation estimates the melting point at $284\pm 50$ K. Furthermore, calculations for the electronic band gap suggests that flerovium is a semi-conductor similar to copernicium
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Affiliation(s)
- Edison Florez
- New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, New Zealand
| | - Odile Smits
- New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, New Zealand
| | - Jan-Michael Mewes
- University of Bonn Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Germany
| | | | - Peter Schwerdtfeger
- Center for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, New Zealand
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Löffelsender S, Schwerdtfeger P, Grimme S, Mewes JM. It's Complicated: On Relativistic Effects and Periodic Trends in the Melting and Boiling Points of the Group 11 Coinage Metals. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 144:485-494. [PMID: 34965098 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
While the color of metallic gold is a prominent and well-investigated example for the impact of relativistic effects, much less is known regarding the influence on its melting and boiling point (MP/BP). To remedy this situation, this work takes on the challenging task of exploring the phase transitions of the Group 11 coinage metals Cu, Ag, and Au through nonrelativistic (NR) and scalar/spin-orbit relativistic (SR/SOR) Gibbs energy calculations with λ-scaled density-functional theory (λDFT). At the SOR level, the calculations provide BPs in excellent agreement with experimental values (1%), while MPs exhibit more significant deviations (2-10%). Comparing SOR calculations to those conducted in the NR limit reveals some remarkably large and, at the same time, some surprisingly small relativistic shifts. Most notably, the BP of Au increases by about 800 K due to relativity, which is in line with the strong relativistic increase of the cohesive energy, whereas the MP of Au is very similar at the SOR and NR levels, defying the typically robust correlation between MP and cohesive energy. Eventually, an inspection of thermodynamic quantities traces the trend-breaking behavior of Au back to phase-specific effects in liquid Au, which render NR Au more similar to SOR Ag, in line with a half-a-century-old hypothesis of Pyykkö.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Löffelsender
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Schwerdtfeger
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University, Auckland Campus, 0632 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan-Michael Mewes
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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Schwerdtfeger P, Burrows A, Smits OR. The Lennard-Jones Potential Revisited: Analytical Expressions for Vibrational Effects in Cubic and Hexagonal Close-Packed Lattices. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:3037-3057. [PMID: 33787272 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Analytical formulas are derived for the zero-point vibrational energy and anharmonicity corrections of the cohesive energy and the mode Grüneisen parameter within the Einstein model for the cubic lattices (sc, bcc, and fcc) and for the hexagonal close-packed structure. This extends the work done by Lennard-Jones and Ingham in 1924, Corner in 1939, and Wallace in 1965. The formulas are based on the description of two-body energy contributions by an inverse power expansion (extended Lennard-Jones potential). These make use of three-dimensional lattice sums, which can be transformed to fast converging series and accurately determined by various expansion techniques. We apply these new lattice sum expressions to the rare gas solids and discuss associated critical points. The derived formulas give qualitative but nevertheless deep insight into vibrational effects in solids from the lightest (helium) to the heaviest rare gas element (oganesson), both presenting special cases because of strong quantum effects for the former and strong relativistic effects for the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schwerdtfeger
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study (NZIAS), Massey University Albany, Private Bag 102904, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
| | - Antony Burrows
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study (NZIAS), Massey University Albany, Private Bag 102904, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
| | - Odile R Smits
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study (NZIAS), Massey University Albany, Private Bag 102904, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
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Smits OR, Mewes J, Jerabek P, Schwerdtfeger P. Oganesson: A Noble Gas Element That Is Neither Noble Nor a Gas. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:23636-23640. [PMID: 32959952 PMCID: PMC7814676 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Oganesson (Og) is the last entry into the Periodic Table completing the seventh period of elements and group 18 of the noble gases. Only five atoms of Og have been successfully produced in nuclear collision experiments, with an estimate half-life for294 118 Og of 0. 69 + 0 . 64 - 0 . 22 ms.[1] With such a short lifetime, chemical and physical properties inevitably have to come from accurate relativistic quantum theory. Here, we employ two complementary computational approaches, namely parallel tempering Monte-Carlo (PTMC) simulations and first-principles thermodynamic integration (TI), both calibrated against a highly accurate coupled-cluster reference to pin-down the melting and boiling points of this super-heavy element. In excellent agreement, these approaches show Og to be a solid at ambient conditions with a melting point of ≈325 K. In contrast, calculations in the nonrelativistic limit reveal a melting point for Og of 220 K, suggesting a gaseous state as expected for a typical noble gas element. Accordingly, relativistic effects shift the solid-to-liquid phase transition by about 100 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile R. Smits
- The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study and the Institute for Natural and Mathematical ScienceMassey University (Albany)0632AucklandNew Zealand
| | - Jan‐Michael Mewes
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of BonnBeringstr. 453115BonnGermany
| | - Paul Jerabek
- Nanotechnology DepartmentHelmholtz-Zentrum GeesthachtMax-Planck-Straße 121502GeesthachtGermany
| | - Peter Schwerdtfeger
- The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study and the Institute for Natural and Mathematical ScienceMassey University (Albany)0632AucklandNew Zealand
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Smits OR, Mewes J, Jerabek P, Schwerdtfeger P. Oganesson: Ein Edelgas, das weder edel noch ein Gas ist. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Odile R. Smits
- The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study and the Institute for Natural and Mathematical Science Massey University (Albany) 0632 Auckland Neuseeland
| | - Jan‐Michael Mewes
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry University of Bonn Beringstr. 4 53115 Bonn Deutschland
| | - Paul Jerabek
- Nanotechnology Department Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht Max-Planck-Straße 1 21502 Geesthacht Deutschland
| | - Peter Schwerdtfeger
- The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study and the Institute for Natural and Mathematical Science Massey University (Albany) 0632 Auckland Neuseeland
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Mewes J, Jerabek P, Smits OR, Schwerdtfeger P. Oganesson ist ein Halbleiter: Über die relativitische Bandlückenkontraktion in den schwersten Edelgasen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201908327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan‐Michael Mewes
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics The New Zealand, Institute for Advanced Study Massey University Auckland 0632 Auckland New Zealand
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry Universität Bonn Beringstr. 4 53115 Bonn Deutschland
| | - Paul Jerabek
- Department for Molecular Theory and Spectroscopy Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung (KOFO) Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
| | - Odile R. Smits
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics The New Zealand, Institute for Advanced Study Massey University Auckland 0632 Auckland New Zealand
| | - Peter Schwerdtfeger
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics The New Zealand, Institute for Advanced Study Massey University Auckland 0632 Auckland New Zealand
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Mewes JM, Jerabek P, Smits OR, Schwerdtfeger P. Oganesson Is a Semiconductor: On the Relativistic Band-Gap Narrowing in the Heaviest Noble-Gas Solids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:14260-14264. [PMID: 31343819 PMCID: PMC6790653 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201908327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oganesson (Og) is the most recent addition to Group 18. Investigations of its atomic electronic structure have unraveled a tremendous impact of relativistic effects, raising the question whether the heaviest noble gas lives up to its position in the periodic table. To address the issue, we explore the electronic structure of bulk Og by means of relativistic Kohn–Sham density functional theory and many‐body perturbation theory in the form of the GW method. Calculating the band structure of the noble‐gas solids from Ne to Og, we demonstrate excellent agreement for the band gaps of the experimentally known solids from Ne to Xe and provide values of 7.1 eV and 1.5 eV for the unknown solids of Rn and Og. While this is in line with periodic trends for Rn, the band gap of Og completely breaks with these trends. The surprisingly small band gap of Og moreover means that, in stark contrast to all other noble‐gas solids, the solid form of Og is a semiconductor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Michael Mewes
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University Auckland, 0632, Auckland, New Zealand.,Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Paul Jerabek
- Department for Molecular Theory and Spectroscopy, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung (KOFO), Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Odile R Smits
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University Auckland, 0632, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter Schwerdtfeger
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University Auckland, 0632, Auckland, New Zealand
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Jerabek P, Smits OR, Mewes JM, Peterson KA, Schwerdtfeger P. Solid Oganesson via a Many-Body Interaction Expansion Based on Relativistic Coupled-Cluster Theory and from Plane-Wave Relativistic Density Functional Theory. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:4201-4211. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b01947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Jerabek
- Department for Molecular Theory and Spectroscopy, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung (KOFO), Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Odile R. Smits
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University Auckland, Private Bag 102904, 0632 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jan-Michael Mewes
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University Auckland, Private Bag 102904, 0632 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kirk A. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Peter Schwerdtfeger
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University Auckland, Private Bag 102904, 0632 Auckland, New Zealand
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Schwerdtfeger P, Nagle JK. 2018 Table of static dipole polarizabilities of the neutral elements in the periodic table. Mol Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2018.1535143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schwerdtfeger
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study and the Institute for Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University Albany, Auckland, New Zealand
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