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Sebastiani M, Behrens C, Dörr S, Gerber HD, Benazza R, Hernandez-Alba O, Cianférani S, Klebe G, Heine A, Reuter K. Structural and Biochemical Investigation of the Heterodimeric Murine tRNA-Guanine Transglycosylase. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:2229-2247. [PMID: 35815944 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In tRNAAsp, tRNAAsn, tRNATyr, and tRNAHis of most bacteria and eukaryotes, the anticodon wobble position may be occupied by the modified nucleoside queuosine, which affects the speed and the accuracy of translation. Since eukaryotes are not able to synthesize queuosine de novo, they have to salvage queuine (the queuosine base) as a micronutrient from food and/or the gut microbiome. The heterodimeric Zn2+ containing enzyme tRNA-guanine transglycosylase (TGT) catalyzes the insertion of queuine into the above-named tRNAs in exchange for the genetically encoded guanine. This enzyme has attracted medical interest since it was shown to be potentially useful for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. In addition, TGT inactivation via gene knockout leads to the suppressed cell proliferation and migration of certain breast cancer cells, which may render this enzyme a potential target for the design of compounds supporting breast cancer therapy. As a prerequisite to fully exploit the medical potential of eukaryotic TGT, we have determined and analyzed a number of crystal structures of the functional murine TGT with and without bound queuine. In addition, we have investigated the importance of two residues of its non-catalytic subunit on dimer stability and determined the Michaelis-Menten parameters of murine TGT with respect to tRNA and several natural and artificial nucleobase substrates. Ultimately, on the basis of available TGT crystal structures, we provide an entirely conclusive reaction mechanism for this enzyme, which in detail explains why the TGT-catalyzed insertion of some nucleobases into tRNA occurs reversibly while that of others is irreversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Sebastiani
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 8, D-35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Christina Behrens
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 8, D-35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dörr
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 8, D-35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Gerber
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 8, D-35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Rania Benazza
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 F-Strasbourg, France.,Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI─FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 F-Strasbourg, France.,Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI─FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 F-Strasbourg, France.,Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI─FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Gerhard Klebe
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 8, D-35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Heine
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 8, D-35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Reuter
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 8, D-35037 Marburg, Germany
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2
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Nguyen A, Gemmecker G, Softley CA, Movsisyan LD, Pfaffeneder T, Heine A, Reuter K, Diederich F, Sattler M, Klebe G. 19F-NMR Unveils the Ligand-Induced Conformation of a Catalytically Inactive Twisted Homodimer of tRNA-Guanine Transglycosylase. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1745-1755. [PMID: 35763700 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the structural arrangements of protein oligomers can support the design of ligands that interfere with their function in order to develop new therapeutic concepts for disease treatment. Recent crystallographic studies have elucidated a novel twisted and functionally inactive form of the homodimeric enzyme tRNA-guanine transglycosylase (TGT), a putative target in the fight against shigellosis. Active-site ligands have been identified that stimulate the rearrangement of one monomeric subunit by 130° against the other one to form an inactive twisted homodimer state. To assess whether the crystallographic observations also reflect the conformation in solution and rule out effects from crystal packing, we performed 19F-NMR spectroscopy with the introduction of 5-fluorotryptophans at four sites in TGT. The inhibitor-induced conformation of TGT in solution was assessed based on 19F-NMR chemical shift perturbations. We investigated the effect of C(4) substituted lin-benzoguanine ligands and identified a correlation between dynamic protein rearrangements and ligand-binding features in the corresponding crystal structures. These involve the destabilization of a helix next to the active site and the integrity of a flexible loop-helix motif. Ligands that either completely lack an attached C(4) substituent or use it to stabilize the geometry of the functionally competent dimer state do not indicate the presence of the twisted dimer form in the NMR spectra. The perturbation of crucial structural motifs in the inhibitors correlates with an increasing formation of the inactive twisted dimer state, suggesting these ligands are able to shift a conformational equilibrium from active C2-symmetric to inactive twisted dimer conformations. These findings suggest a novel concept for the design of drug candidates for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Nguyen
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 8, Marburg D-35032, Germany
| | - Gerd Gemmecker
- Biomolecular NMR, Bavarian NMR Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching D-85747, Germany.,Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Charlotte A Softley
- Biomolecular NMR, Bavarian NMR Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching D-85747, Germany.,Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Levon D Movsisyan
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Toni Pfaffeneder
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Heine
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 8, Marburg D-35032, Germany
| | - Klaus Reuter
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 8, Marburg D-35032, Germany
| | - François Diederich
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Michael Sattler
- Biomolecular NMR, Bavarian NMR Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching D-85747, Germany.,Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Gerhard Klebe
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 8, Marburg D-35032, Germany
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3
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Nguyen D, Abdullin D, Heubach CA, Pfaffeneder T, Nguyen A, Heine A, Reuter K, Diederich F, Schiemann O, Klebe G. Entschlüsselung der ligandeninduzierten Verdrehung eines homodimeren Enzyms mit Hilfe der gepulsten Elektron‐Elektron‐Doppelresonanz‐Spektroskopie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dzung Nguyen
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie Philipps-Universität Marburg Marbacher Weg 8 35032 Marburg Deutschland
| | - Dinar Abdullin
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Wegelerstr. 12 53115 Bonn Deutschland
| | - Caspar A. Heubach
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Wegelerstr. 12 53115 Bonn Deutschland
| | - Toni Pfaffeneder
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Andreas Nguyen
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie Philipps-Universität Marburg Marbacher Weg 8 35032 Marburg Deutschland
| | - Andreas Heine
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie Philipps-Universität Marburg Marbacher Weg 8 35032 Marburg Deutschland
| | - Klaus Reuter
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie Philipps-Universität Marburg Marbacher Weg 8 35032 Marburg Deutschland
| | - François Diederich
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Olav Schiemann
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Wegelerstr. 12 53115 Bonn Deutschland
| | - Gerhard Klebe
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie Philipps-Universität Marburg Marbacher Weg 8 35032 Marburg Deutschland
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Klebe G, Nguyen D, Abdullin D, Heubach CA, Pfaffeneder T, Nguyen A, Heine A, Reuter K, Diederich F, Schiemann O. Unraveling a ligand-induced twist of a homodimeric enzyme by pulsed electron-electron double resonance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23419-23426. [PMID: 34387025 PMCID: PMC8597004 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic insights into protein–ligand interactions can yield chemical tools for modulating protein function and enable their use for therapeutic purposes. For the homodimeric enzyme tRNA‐guanine transglycosylase (TGT), a putative virulence target of shigellosis, ligand binding has been shown by crystallography to transform the functional dimer geometry into an incompetent twisted one. However, crystallographic observation of both end states does neither verify the ligand‐induced transformation of one dimer into the other in solution nor does it shed light on the underlying transformation mechanism. We addressed these questions in an approach that combines site‐directed spin labeling (SDSL) with distance measurements based on pulsed electron–electron double resonance (PELDOR or DEER) spectroscopy. We observed an equilibrium between the functional and twisted dimer that depends on the type of ligand, with a pyranose‐substituted ligand being the most potent one in shifting the equilibrium toward the twisted dimer. Our experiments suggest a dissociation–association mechanism for the formation of the twisted dimer upon ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Klebe
- Univ. of Marburg, Inst. Pharmaceut. Chem., Marbacher Weg 6, D35032, Marburg, GERMANY
| | - Dzung Nguyen
- Philipps-Universität Marburg: Philipps-Universitat Marburg, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Dinar Abdullin
- Universität Bonn: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Caspar A Heubach
- Universität Bonn: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Toni Pfaffeneder
- ETH-Zürich LOC: Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich Laboratorium fur Organische Chemie, Organic Chemistry, SWITZERLAND
| | - Andreas Nguyen
- Philipps-Universität Marburg: Philipps-Universitat Marburg, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Andreas Heine
- Philipps-Universität Marburg: Philipps-Universitat Marburg, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Klaus Reuter
- Philipps-Universität Marburg: Philipps-Universitat Marburg, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Francois Diederich
- ETH Zurich Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences: Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich Departement Chemie und Angewandte Biowissenschaften, Organic Chemistry, SWITZERLAND
| | - Olav Schiemann
- Universität Bonn: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, GERMANY
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Nguyen D, Xie X, Jakobi S, Terwesten F, Metz A, Nguyen TXP, Palchykov VA, Heine A, Reuter K, Klebe G. Targeting a Cryptic Pocket in a Protein-Protein Contact by Disulfide-Induced Rupture of a Homodimeric Interface. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:1090-1098. [PMID: 34081441 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interference with protein-protein interfaces represents an attractive as well as challenging option for therapeutic intervention and drug design. The enzyme tRNA-guanine transglycosylase, a target to fight Shigellosis, is only functional as a homodimer. Although we previously produced monomeric variants by site-directed mutagenesis, we only crystallized the functional dimer, simply because upon crystallization the local protein concentration increases and favors formation of the dimer interface, which represents an optimal and highly stable packing of the protein in the solid state. Unfortunately, this prevents access to structural information about the interface geometry in its monomeric state and complicates the development of modulators that can interfere with and prevent dimer formation. Here, we report on a cysteine-containing protein variant in which, under oxidizing conditions, a disulfide linkage is formed. This reinforces a novel packing geometry of the enzyme. In this captured quasi-monomeric state, the monomer units arrange in a completely different way and, thus, expose a loop-helix motif, originally embedded into the old interface, now to the surface. The motif adopts a geometry incompatible with the original dimer formation. Via the soaking of fragments into the crystals, we identified several hits accommodating a cryptic binding site next to the loop-helix motif and modulated its structural features. Our study demonstrates the druggability of the interface by breaking up the homodimeric protein using an introduced disulfide cross-link. By rational concepts, we increased the potency of these fragments to a level where we confirmed their binding by NMR to a nondisulfide-linked TGT variant. The idea of intermediately introducing a disulfide linkage may serve as a general concept of how to transform a homodimer interface into a quasi-monomeric state and give access to essential structural and design information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dzung Nguyen
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Xiulan Xie
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Jakobi
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Felix Terwesten
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Metz
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - T. X. Phong Nguyen
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Vitalii A. Palchykov
- Research Institute of Chemistry and Geology, Oles Honchar Dnipro National University, 72 Gagarina Avenue, Dnipro 49010, Ukraine
| | - Andreas Heine
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Reuter
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Klebe
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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Nguyen A, Nguyen D, Phong Nguyen TX, Sebastiani M, Dörr S, Hernandez-Alba O, Debaene F, Cianférani S, Heine A, Klebe G, Reuter K. The Importance of Charge in Perturbing the Aromatic Glue Stabilizing the Protein-Protein Interface of Homodimeric tRNA-Guanine Transglycosylase. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:3021-3029. [PMID: 33166460 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial tRNA-guanine transglycosylase (Tgt) is involved in the biosynthesis of the modified tRNA nucleoside queuosine present in the anticodon wobble position of tRNAs specific for aspartate, asparagine, histidine, and tyrosine. Inactivation of the tgt gene leads to decreased pathogenicity of Shigella bacteria. Therefore, Tgt constitutes a putative target for Shigellosis drug therapy. Since it is only active as homodimer, interference with dimer-interface formation may, in addition to active-site inhibition, provide further means to disable this protein. A cluster of four aromatic residues seems important to stabilize the homodimer. We mutated residues of this aromatic cluster and analyzed each mutated variant with respect to the dimer and thermal stability or enzyme activity by applying native mass spectrometry, a thermal shift assay, enzyme kinetics, and X-ray crystallography. Our structural studies indicate a strong influence of pH on the homodimer stability. Apparently, protonation of a histidine within the aromatic cluster supports the collapse of an essential structural motif within the dimer interface at slightly acidic pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Nguyen
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 8, D-35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Dzung Nguyen
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 8, D-35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Tran Xuan Phong Nguyen
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 8, D-35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Maurice Sebastiani
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 8, D-35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dörr
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 8, D-35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 F-Strasbourg, France
| | - François Debaene
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 F-Strasbourg, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 F-Strasbourg, France
| | - Andreas Heine
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 8, D-35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Klebe
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 8, D-35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Reuter
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 8, D-35037 Marburg, Germany
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Hassaan E, Hohn C, Ehrmann FR, Goetzke FW, Movsisyan L, Hüfner-Wulsdorf T, Sebastiani M, Härtsch A, Reuter K, Diederich F, Klebe G. Fragment Screening Hit Draws Attention to a Novel Transient Pocket Adjacent to the Recognition Site of the tRNA-Modifying Enzyme TGT. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6802-6820. [PMID: 32515955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Fragment-based lead discovery was applied to tRNA-guanine transglycosylase, an enzyme modifying post-transcriptionally tRNAs in Shigella, the causative agent of shigellosis. TGT inhibition prevents translation of Shigella's virulence factor VirF, hence reducing pathogenicity. One discovered fragment opens a transient subpocket in the preQ1-recognition site by pushing back an aspartate residue. This step is associated with reorganization of further amino acids structurally transforming a loop adjacent to the recognition site by duplicating the volume of the preQ1-recognition pocket. We synthesized 6-carboxamido-, 6-hydrazido-, and 4-guanidino-benzimidazoles to target the opened pocket, including a dihydro-imidazoquinazoline with a propyn-1-yl exit vector pointing into the transient pocket and displacing a conserved water network. MD simulations and hydration-site analysis suggest water displacement to contribute favorably to ligand binding. A cysteine residue, exclusively present in bacterial TGTs, serves as gatekeeper of the transient subpocket. It becomes accessible upon pocket opening for selective covalent attachment of electrophilic ligands in eubacterial TGTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engi Hassaan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Hohn
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frederik R Ehrmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - F Wieland Goetzke
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Levon Movsisyan
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Hüfner-Wulsdorf
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Maurice Sebastiani
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Adrian Härtsch
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Reuter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - François Diederich
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Klebe
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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Bailly C, Vergoten G. Protein homodimer sequestration with small molecules: Focus on PD-L1. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 174:113821. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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