1
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Smyrnov V, Waser J. Photocatalytic Decarboxylative Functionalization of Cyclopropenes via Cyclopropenium Cation Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404265. [PMID: 38802318 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
A photocatalytic decarboxylative functionalization of cyclopropenes is reported. Starting from a broad range of redox-active ester-substituted cyclopropenes, cyclopropenylphthalimides can be synthesized in the absence of a nucleophile. Alternatively, different carbon and heteroatom nucleophiles can be introduced. The transformation proceeds most probably through the formation of an aromatic cyclopropenium cation, followed by trapping with the nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladyslav Smyrnov
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jerome Waser
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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2
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Tsien J, Hu C, Merchant RR, Qin T. Three-dimensional saturated C(sp 3)-rich bioisosteres for benzene. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:605-627. [PMID: 38982260 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00623-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Benzenes, the most ubiquitous structural moiety in marketed small-molecule drugs, are frequently associated with poor 'drug-like' properties, including metabolic instability, and poor aqueous solubility. In an effort to overcome these limitations, recent developments in medicinal chemistry have demonstrated the improved physicochemical profiles of C(sp3)-rich bioisosteric scaffolds relative to arenes. In the past two decades, we have witnessed an exponential increase in synthetic methods for accessing saturated bioisosteres of monosubstituted and para-substituted benzenes. However, until recent discoveries, analogous three-dimensional ortho-substituted and meta-substituted biososteres have remained underexplored, owing to their ring strain and increased s-character hybridization. This Review summarizes the emerging synthetic methodologies to access such saturated motifs and their impact on the application of bioisosteres for ortho-substituted, meta-substituted and multi-substituted benzene rings. It concludes with a perspective on the development of next-generation bioisosteres, including those within novel chemical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jet Tsien
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Chao Hu
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Rohan R Merchant
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tian Qin
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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3
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Chen Y, Liu W, Huangfu X, Wei J, Yu J, Zhang WX. Direct Synthesis of Phosphoryltriacetates from White Phosphorus via Visible Light Catalysis. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302289. [PMID: 37927193 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) are widely used in many fields. However, traditional synthetic routes in the industry usually involve multistep and hazardous procedures. Therefore, it's of great significance to construct such compounds in an environmentally-friendly and facile way. Herein, a photoredox catalytic method has been developed to construct novel phosphoryltriacetates. Using fac-Ir(ppy)3 (ppy=2-phenylpyridine) as the photocatalyst and blue LEDs (456 nm) as the light source, white phosphorus can react with α-bromo esters smoothly to generate phosphoryltriacetates in moderate to good yields. This one-step approach features mild reaction conditions and simple operational process without chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare-earth Materials Chemistry and Applications &, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and, Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare-earth Materials Chemistry and Applications &, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and, Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xinlei Huangfu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare-earth Materials Chemistry and Applications &, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and, Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Junnian Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare-earth Materials Chemistry and Applications &, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and, Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jiangxi Yu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Metal-Organic Compounds, Key Laboratory of Organometallic New Materials (Hengyang Normal University), College of Hunan Province, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, 421008, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare-earth Materials Chemistry and Applications &, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and, Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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4
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Cao M, Ren Y, Zhang R, Xu H, Cheng P, Xu H, Xu Y, Li P. Photochemical "Cut and Sew" Transformations of Ethynylbenziodoxolone Reagents and Diazo Compounds. Org Lett 2023; 25:6300-6304. [PMID: 37610822 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose a visible-light-induced oxy-alkynylation of diazo compounds with ethynylbenziodoxolones. The efficient protocol provides a mild and metal-free methodology to synthesize propargylic esters in moderate to good yields. Notably, this metal-free carbene transfer reaction appears to involve an oxonium ylide intermediate, followed by intramolecular ligand exchange and reductive elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Cao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Yikun Ren
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Ruoyu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Huayan Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Hao Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Yuanqing Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Pan Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
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5
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Xue Q, Wang R, Zhang WY, Shen FF, Li Y, Sun Q, Li JH. Pd-Catalyzed Intermolecular Carbonylative Dearomatization of Arylamines with Propargylic Acetates for Synthesis of Bridged Polycyclic Lactams. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37267080 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A new palladium-catalyzed multicomponent dearomatization of arylamines with CO and propargylic acetates for the synthesis of bridged polycyclic lactams is described. This method allows double annulation at the ipso and para positions of the amino group to form four new bonds, three C-C bonds and one C-N bond. DFT calculations and experimental studies indicate that the efficient formation of the allenecarboxanilide intermediate is the key step to achieve the dearomative transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xue
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutant Control and Resource Recycling, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Ren Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutant Control and Resource Recycling, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Wen-Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutant Control and Resource Recycling, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Fang-Fang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutant Control and Resource Recycling, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutant Control and Resource Recycling, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Qing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutant Control and Resource Recycling, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutant Control and Resource Recycling, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
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6
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Chiminelli M, Serafino A, Ruggeri D, Marchiò L, Bigi F, Maggi R, Malacria M, Maestri G. Visible-Light Promoted Intramolecular para-Cycloadditions on Simple Aromatics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216817. [PMID: 36705630 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Dearomative cycloadditions are a powerful tool to access a large chemical space exploiting simple and ubiquitous building blocks. The energetic burden due to the loss of aromaticity has however greatly limited their synthetic potential. We devised a general intramolecular method that overcomes these limitations thanks to the photosensitization of allenamides. The visible-light-promoted process gives complex [2.2.2]-(hetero)-bicyclooctadienes at room temperature, likely through the stabilization of transient (bi)radicals by naphthalene. The reaction tolerates several valuable functionalities, offering a convenient handle for a myriad of applications, including original isoindoles and metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Chiminelli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43 124, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Serafino
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43 124, Parma, Italy
| | - Davide Ruggeri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43 124, Parma, Italy
| | - Luciano Marchiò
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43 124, Parma, Italy
| | - Franca Bigi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43 124, Parma, Italy.,IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Raimondo Maggi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43 124, Parma, Italy
| | - Max Malacria
- IPCM (UMR CNRS 8232), Sorbonne Université, 4 place Jussieu, 75252, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Giovanni Maestri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43 124, Parma, Italy
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Le Du E, Waser J. Recent progress in alkynylation with hypervalent iodine reagents. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:1589-1604. [PMID: 36656618 PMCID: PMC9904279 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06168f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Although alkynes are one of the smallest functional groups, they are among the most versatile building blocks for organic chemistry, with applications ranging from biochemistry to material sciences. Alkynylation reactions have traditionally relied on the use of acetylenes as nucleophiles. The discovery and development of ethynyl hypervalent iodine reagents have allowed to greatly expand the transfer of alkynes as electrophilic synthons. In this feature article the progress in the field since 2018 will be presented. After a short introduction on alkynylation reactions and hypervalent iodine reagents, the developments in the synthesis of alkynyl hypervalent iodine reagents will be discussed. Their recent use in base-mediated and transition-metal catalyzed alkynylations will be described. Progress in radical-based alkynylations and atom-economical transformations will then be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliott Le Du
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL, SB ISIC, LCSO, BCH 4306, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Jérôme Waser
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL, SB ISIC, LCSO, BCH 4306, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Asymmetric catalysis has emerged as a general and powerful approach for constructing chiral compounds in an enantioselective manner. Hence, developing novel chiral ligands and catalysts that can effectively induce asymmetry in reactions is crucial in modern chemical synthesis. Among such chiral ligands and catalysts, chiral dienes and their metal complexes have received increased attention, and a great progress has been made over the past two decades. This review provides comprehensive and critical information on the essential aspects of chiral diene ligands and their importance in asymmetric catalysis. The literature covered ranges from August 2003 (when the first effective chiral diene ligand for asymmetric catalysis was reported) to October 2021. This review is divided into two parts. In the first part, the chiral diene ligands are categorized according to their structures, and their preparation methods are summarized. In the second part, their applications in asymmetric transformations are presented according to the reaction types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhua Huang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Tamio Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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9
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Lin Q, Zheng S, Chen L, Wu J, Li J, Liu P, Dong S, Liu X, Peng Q, Feng X. Catalytic Regio‐ and Enantioselective Protonation for the Synthesis of Chiral Allenes: Synergistic Effect of the Counterion and Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203650. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianchi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Sujuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition and Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Jin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Jinzhao Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Peizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition and Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Shunxi Dong
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Qian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition and Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
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10
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Lin Q, Zheng S, Chen L, Wu J, Li J, Liu P, Dong S, Liu X, Peng Q, Feng X. Catalytic Regio‐ and Enantioselective Protonation for the Synthesis of Chiral Allenes: Synergistic Effect of the Counterion and Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianchi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Sujuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition and Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Jin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Jinzhao Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Peizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition and Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Shunxi Dong
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Qian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition and Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
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Quant M, Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Ghasemi S, Erdelyi M, Wang Z, Muhammad LM, Kann N, Mikkelsen KV, Moth-Poulsen K. Synthesis, characterization and computational evaluation of bicyclooctadienes towards molecular solar thermal energy storage. Chem Sci 2022; 13:834-841. [PMID: 35173948 PMCID: PMC8768882 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05791j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular solar-thermal energy storage (MOST) systems are based on photoswitches that reversibly convert solar energy into chemical energy. In this context, bicyclooctadienes (BODs) undergo a photoinduced transformation to the corresponding higher energy tetracyclooctanes (TCOs), but the photoswitch system has not until now been evaluated for MOST application, due to the short half-life of the TCO form and limited available synthetic methods. The BOD system degrades at higher temperature via a retro-Diels-Alder reaction, which complicates the synthesis of the compounds. We here report a cross-coupling reaction strategy that enables an efficient synthesis of a series of 4 new BOD compounds. We show that the BODs were able to switch to the corresponding tetracyclooctanes (TCOs) in a reversible way and can be cycled 645 times with only 0.01% degradation. Half-lives of the TCOs were measured, and we illustrate how the half-life could be engineered from seconds to minutes by molecular structure design. A density functional theory (DFT) based modelling framework was developed to access absorption spectra, thermal half-lives, and storage energies which were calculated to be 143-153 kJ mol-1 (0.47-0.51 MJ kg-1), up to 76% higher than for the corresponding norbornadiene. The combined computational and experimental findings provide a reliable way of designing future BOD/TCO systems with tailored properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Quant
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemigården 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | | | - Shima Ghasemi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemigården 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Mate Erdelyi
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University Husargatan 3 752 37 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Zhihang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemigården 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Lidiya M Muhammad
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemigården 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Nina Kann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemigården 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemigården 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC 08193, Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys 23 Barcelona Spain
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