1
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Milanesi F, Roelens S, Francesconi O. Towards Biomimetic Recognition of Glycans by Synthetic Receptors. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300598. [PMID: 37942862 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are abundant in Nature, where they are mostly assembled within glycans as free polysaccharides or conjugated to a variety of biological molecules such as proteins and lipids. Glycans exert several functions, including protein folding, stability, solubility, resistance to proteolysis, intracellular traffic, antigenicity, and recognition by carbohydrate-binding proteins. Interestingly, misregulation of their biosynthesis that leads to changes in glycan structures is frequently recognized as a mark of a disease state. Because of glycan ubiquity, carbohydrate binding agents (CBAs) targeting glycans can lead to a deeper understanding of their function and to the development of new diagnostic and prognostic strategies. Synthetic receptors selectively recognizing specific carbohydrates of biological interest have been developed over the past three decades. In addition to the success obtained in the effective recognition of monosaccharides, synthetic receptors recognizing more complex guests have also been developed, including di- and oligosaccharide fragments of glycans, shedding light on the structural and functional requirements necessary for an effective receptor. In this review, the most relevant achievements in molecular recognition of glycans and their fragments will be summarized, highlighting potentials and future perspectives of glycan-targeting synthetic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Milanesi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", DICUS and INSTM, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Campus Sesto, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Stefano Roelens
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", DICUS and INSTM, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Campus Sesto, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Oscar Francesconi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", DICUS and INSTM, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Campus Sesto, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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2
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Huang X, Han Y, Li J, Tang M, Qing G. Sensitive and specific detection of saccharide species based on fluorescence: update from 2016. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04703-w. [PMID: 37119357 PMCID: PMC10148015 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04703-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the critical role of saccharides in various pathophysiological steps of tumor progression, where they regulate tumor proliferation, invasion, hematogenic metastasis, and angiogenesis. The identification and recognition of these saccharides provide a solid foundation for the development of targeted drug preparations, which are however not fully understood due to their complex and similar structures. In order to achieve fluorescence sensing of saccharides, extensive research has been conducted to design molecular probes and nanoparticles made of different materials. This paper aims to provide in-depth discussion of three main topics that cover the current status of the carbohydrate sensing based on the fluorescence sensing mechanism, including a phenylboronic acid-based sensing platform, non-boronic acid entities, as well as an enzyme-based sensing platform. It also highlights efforts made to understand the recognition mechanisms and improve the sensing properties of these systems. Finally, we present the challenge of achieving high selectivity and sensitivity recognition of saccharides, and suggest possible future avenues for exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuan Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollutant Analysis and Reuse Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, 435002, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Han
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollutant Analysis and Reuse Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, 435002, People's Republic of China
| | - Junrong Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollutant Analysis and Reuse Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, 435002, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingliang Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyan Qing
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Manick AD, Li C, Antonetti E, Albalat M, Cotelle Y, Nava P, Dutasta JP, Chatelet B, Martinez A. Probing the Importance of Host Symmetry on Carbohydrate Recognition. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203212. [PMID: 36563113 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The design of molecular cages with low symmetry could allow for more specific tuning of their properties and better mimic the unsymmetrical and complex environment of protein pockets. However, the added value of lowering symmetry of molecular receptors has been rarely demonstrated. Herein, C3 - and C1 -symmetrical cages, presenting the same recognition sites, have been synthesized and investigated as hosts for carbohydrate recognition. Structurally related derivatives of glucose, galactose and mannose were found to have greater affinity to the receptor with the lowest symmetry than to their C3 -symmetrical analogue. According to the host cavity modelling, the C1 symmetry receptor exhibits a wider opening than its C3 -symmetrical counterpart, providing easier access and thus promoting guest proximity to binding sites. Moreover, our results show the high stereo- and substrate selectivity of the C1 symmetry cage with respect to its C3 counterpart in the recognition of sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Doriane Manick
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Chunyang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong, 643000, China.,Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong, 643000, China
| | - Elise Antonetti
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Muriel Albalat
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Yoann Cotelle
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Paola Nava
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Dutasta
- ENSL, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Bastien Chatelet
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Alexandre Martinez
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille, France
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4
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Milanesi F, Unione L, Ardá A, Nativi C, Jiménez-Barbero J, Roelens S, Francesconi O. Biomimetic Tweezers for N-Glycans: Selective Recognition of the Core GlcNAc 2 Disaccharide of the Sialylglycopeptide SGP. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203591. [PMID: 36597924 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, glycomics have shown how pervasive the role of carbohydrates in biological systems is and how chemical tools are essential to investigate glycan function and modulate carbohydrate-mediated processes. Biomimetic receptors for carbohydrates can carry out this task but, although significant affinities and selectivities toward simple saccharides have been achieved, targeting complex glycoconjugates remains a goal yet unattained. In this work we report the unprecedented recognition of a complex biantennary sialylglycopeptide (SGP) by a tweezers-shaped biomimetic receptor, which selectively binds to the core GlcNAc2 disaccharide of the N-glycan with an affinity of 170 μM. Because of the simple structure and the remarkable binding ability, this biomimetic receptor can represent a versatile tool for glycoscience, opening the way to useful applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Milanesi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" DICUS and INSTM, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.,Magnetic Resonance Center CERM, University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Luca Unione
- CICbioGUNE, Basque Research & Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ana Ardá
- CICbioGUNE, Basque Research & Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Cristina Nativi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" DICUS and INSTM, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- CICbioGUNE, Basque Research & Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Organic Chemistry, II Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, EHU-UPV, 48940, Leioa, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefano Roelens
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" DICUS and INSTM, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Oscar Francesconi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" DICUS and INSTM, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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5
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Kubik S. When Molecules Meet in Water-Recent Contributions of Supramolecular Chemistry to the Understanding of Molecular Recognition Processes in Water. Chemistry 2022; 11:e202200028. [PMID: 35373466 PMCID: PMC8977507 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Molecular recognition processes in water differ from those in organic solvents in that they are mediated to a much greater extent by solvent effects. The hydrophobic effect, for example, causes molecules that only weakly interact in organic solvents to stay together in water. Such water‐mediated interactions can be very efficient as demonstrated by many of the synthetic receptors discussed in this review, some of which have substrate affinities matching or even surpassing those of natural binders. However, in spite of considerable success in designing such receptors, not all factors determining their binding properties in water are fully understood. Existing concepts still provide plausible explanations why the reorganization of water molecules often causes receptor‐substrate interactions in water to be strongly exothermic rather than entropically favored as predicted by the classical view of the hydrophobic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kubik
- Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Fachbereich Chemie - Organische Chemie, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 54, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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6
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Matsuura K, Hisamoto K, Tanaka T, Sakamoto R, Okazaki M, Inaba H. Turn-On Fluorescent Probe Based on a Dansyl Triarginine Peptide for Ganglioside Imaging. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2021; 1:60-67. [PMID: 36855753 PMCID: PMC9954261 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.1c00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gangliosides play pivotal biological roles in the animal cell membranes, and it is vital to develop fluorescent probes for imaging them. To date, various artificial receptors for ganglioside imaging have been developed; however, turn-on fluorescence imaging for gangliosides with high contrast has not been achieved. We developed a simple fluorescent probe on the basis of a dansyl triarginine peptide for turn-on ganglioside imaging on the liposome membrane. The probe bound to monosialyl gangliosides and other anionic lipids with association constants was 105 M-1, which enhanced from 6-fold to 7-fold the fluorescence intensity. Upon binding to monosialyl ganglioside-containing giant liposomes, the turn-on probe selectively enhanced the fluorescence intensity compared with the other anionic lipids. This simple peptide probe for turn-on fluorescence imaging of gangliosides would provide a novel molecular tool for chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Matsuura
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8552, Japan,Centre
for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8552, Japan,E-mail:
| | - Koichi Hisamoto
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
| | - Tomoya Tanaka
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
| | - Ryota Sakamoto
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
| | - Mizuki Okazaki
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inaba
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8552, Japan,Centre
for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
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7
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Timmer BJJ, Mooibroek TJ. Anion binding properties of a hollow PdL-cage. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:7184-7187. [PMID: 34190254 PMCID: PMC8291284 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02663a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The hollow [PdL][BArF]2 complex 1 of a tetra-pyridyl (py) ligand (L) has a [Pd(py)4]2+ coordination environment. Addition of coordinating anions resulted in the formation of a neutral species with Pd(py)2(anion)2 coordination environment (12A). These species bind further to the coordinating anions in the order Cl- > N3- > Br- > I- > AcO- with Ka1 : 1 ≤ 414 M-1. With relatively non-coordinating anions 1 remains intact and displays 1 : 2 binding behaviour dominated by the 1 : 1 stoichiometry in the order NO3- (∼105 M-1) » ClO4- and BF4- (∼103 M-1). As evidenced by crystal structure data, DFT calculations and {1H-19F}-HOESY NMR with BF4-, the anions are bound by charge assisted [C-H]+···anion interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J J Timmer
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands.
| | - Tiddo J Mooibroek
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands.
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8
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Francesconi O, Milanesi F, Nativi C, Roelens S. Molecular Recognition of Disaccharides in Water: Preorganized Macrocyclic or Adaptive Acyclic? Chemistry 2021; 27:10456-10460. [PMID: 33945180 PMCID: PMC8361761 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
When facing the dilemma of following a preorganized or adaptive design approach in conceiving the architecture of new biomimetic receptors for carbohydrates, shape-persistent macrocyclic structures were most often chosen to achieve effective recognition of neutral saccharides in water. In contrast, acyclic architectures have seldom been explored, even though potentially simpler and more easily accessible. In this work, comparison of the binding properties of two structurally related diaminocarbazolic receptors, featuring a macrocyclic and an acyclic tweezer-shaped architecture, highlighted the advantages provided by the acyclic receptor in terms of selectivity in the recognition of 1,4-disaccharides of biological interest. Selective recognition of GlcNAc2 , the core fragment of N-glycans exposed on the surface of enveloped viruses, stands as an emblematic example. NMR spectroscopic data and molecular modeling calculations were used to ascertain the differences in binding mode and to shed light on the origin of recognition efficacy and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Francesconi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” and INSTMUniversity of FlorencePolo Scientifico e Tecnologico50019Sesto Fiorentino, FirenzeItaly
| | - Francesco Milanesi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” and INSTMUniversity of FlorencePolo Scientifico e Tecnologico50019Sesto Fiorentino, FirenzeItaly
- Magnetic Resonance Center CERMVia L. Sacconi 650019Sesto Fiorentino, FirenzeItaly
| | - Cristina Nativi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” and INSTMUniversity of FlorencePolo Scientifico e Tecnologico50019Sesto Fiorentino, FirenzeItaly
| | - Stefano Roelens
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” and INSTMUniversity of FlorencePolo Scientifico e Tecnologico50019Sesto Fiorentino, FirenzeItaly
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9
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Nian H, Cheng L, Wang L, Zhang H, Wang P, Li Y, Cao L. Hierarchical Two-Level Supramolecular Chirality of an Achiral Anthracene-Based Tetracationic Nanotube in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:15354-15358. [PMID: 34111314 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report an achiral anthracene-based tetracationic nanotube (1⋅4Cl- ) that shows two levels of supramolecular chirality: namely, conformationally adaptive host-guest complexation with nucleoside triphosphates (e.g. ATP, GTP, CTP, and UTP) and twisted packing of the chiral host-guest complexes in water. Interestingly, achiral 1⋅4Cl- exhibits chiral recognition for ATP/GTP and CTP/UTP through structural transformation of its intramolecular M- and P-twisted conformation as the first level of supramolecular chirality, which leads to adaptive chirality with opposite CD responses. Furthermore, the formation of chiral M-1⋅4Cl- ⊃ATP can promote an intermolecular P-twisted dimeric packing of anthracene rings as the second level of supramolecular chirality to achieve assembled chirality with strong circularly polarized luminescence arising from the excimer ((+)-CPL, glum ≈10-2 ) in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Nian
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China
| | - Lin Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China
| | - Ling Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China
| | - Pinpin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China
| | - Yawen Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China
| | - Liping Cao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China
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10
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Nian H, Cheng L, Wang L, Zhang H, Wang P, Li Y, Cao L. Hierarchical Two‐Level Supramolecular Chirality of an Achiral Anthracene‐Based Tetracationic Nanotube in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Nian
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710069 P. R. China
| | - Lin Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710069 P. R. China
| | - Ling Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710069 P. R. China
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710069 P. R. China
| | - Pinpin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710069 P. R. China
| | - Yawen Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710069 P. R. China
| | - Liping Cao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710069 P. R. China
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11
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Francesconi O, Milanesi F, Nativi C, Roelens S. A Simple Biomimetic Receptor Selectively Recognizing the GlcNAc 2 Disaccharide in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:11168-11172. [PMID: 33666317 PMCID: PMC8252438 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
GlcNAc2 is the core disaccharide fragment present in N-glycans exposed on the surface of enveloped viruses of high health concern, such as coronaviruses. Because N-glycans are directly involved in the docking of viruses to host cells, recognition of GlcNAc2 by a biomimetic receptor may be a convenient alternative to the use of lectins to interfere with viral entry and infection. Herein, we describe a simple biomimetic receptor recognizing the methyl-β-glycoside of GlcNAc2 in water with an unprecedented affinity of 160 μM, exceeding that of more structurally complex receptors reported in the literature. The tweezers-shaped acyclic structure exhibits marked selectivity among structurally related disaccharides, and complete discrimination between mono- and disaccharides. Molecular modelling calculations supported by NOE data provided a three-dimensional description of the binding mode, shedding light on the origin of the affinities and selectivities exhibited by the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Francesconi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" and INSTM, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesco Milanesi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" and INSTM, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.,Magnetic Resonance Center CERM, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Cristina Nativi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" and INSTM, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Stefano Roelens
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" and INSTM, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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