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Keil P, Ezendu S, Schulz A, Kubisz M, Szilvási T, Hadlington TJ. Thermodynamic Modulation of Dihydrogen Activation Through Rational Ligand Design in Ge II-Ni 0 Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:23606-23615. [PMID: 39106297 PMCID: PMC11345810 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c08297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
A family of chelating aryl-functionalized germylene ligands has been developed and employed in the synthesis of their corresponding 16-electron Ni0 complexes (PhiPDippGeAr·Ni·IPr; PhiPDipp = {[Ph2PCH2Si(iPr)2](Dipp)N}-; IPr = [{(H)CN(Dipp)}2C:]; Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3). These complexes demonstrate the ability to cooperatively and reversibly activate dihydrogen at the germylene-nickel interface under mild conditions (1.5 atm H2, 298 K). We show that the thermodynamics of the dihydrogen activation process can be modulated by tuning the electronic nature of the germylene ligands, with an increase in the electron-withdrawing character displaying more exergonic ΔG298 values, as ascertained through NMR spectroscopic Van't Hoff analyses for all systems. This is also shown to correlate with experimental 31P NMR and UV/vis absorption data as well as with computationally derived parameters such as Ge-Ni bond order and Ni/Ge NPA charge, giving a thorough understanding of the modulating effect of ligand design on this reversible, cooperative bond activation reaction. Finally, the utility of this modulation was demonstrated in the catalytic dehydrocoupling of phenylsilane, whereby systems that disfavor dihydrogen activation are more efficient catalysts, aligning with H2-elimination being the rate-limiting step. A density functional theory analysis supports cooperative activation of the Si-H moiety in PhSiH3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip
M. Keil
- Fakultät
für Chemie, Technische Universität
München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Sophia Ezendu
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Annika Schulz
- Fakultät
für Chemie, Technische Universität
München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Malte Kubisz
- Fakultät
für Chemie, Technische Universität
München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Tibor Szilvási
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Terrance J. Hadlington
- Fakultät
für Chemie, Technische Universität
München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
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2
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Lincoln ZS, Iluc VM. Iron Olefin Metathesis: Unlocking Reactivity and Mechanistic Insights. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:17595-17599. [PMID: 38889011 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Olefin metathesis catalyzed by iron complexes has garnered substantial interest due to iron's abundance and nontoxicity relative to ruthenium, yet its full potential remains untapped, largely because of the propensity of iron carbenes to undergo cyclopropanation instead of cycloreversion from a metallacycle intermediate. In this report, we elucidate the reactions of [{PC(sp2)P}Fe(L)(N2)], ([PC(sp2)P] = bis[2-(diisopropylphosphino)phenyl]methylene) with strained olefins, unveiling their capability to yield metathesis-related products. Our investigations led to the isolation of a structurally characterized metallacyclobutane during the reaction with norbornadiene derivatives, ultimately leading to a ring-opened iron alkylidene. These findings provide compelling evidence that iron complexes adhere to the Chauvin olefin metathesis mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S Lincoln
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Vlad M Iluc
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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3
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Landaeta VR, Horsley Downie TM, Wolf R. Low-Valent Transition Metalate Anions in Synthesis, Small Molecule Activation, and Catalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1323-1463. [PMID: 38354371 PMCID: PMC10906008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
This review surveys the synthesis and reactivity of low-oxidation state metalate anions of the d-block elements, with an emphasis on contributions reported between 2006 and 2022. Although the field has a long and rich history, the chemistry of transition metalate anions has been greatly enhanced in the last 15 years by the application of advanced concepts in complex synthesis and ligand design. In recent years, the potential of highly reactive metalate complexes in the fields of small molecule activation and homogeneous catalysis has become increasingly evident. Consequently, exciting applications in small molecule activation have been developed, including in catalytic transformations. This article intends to guide the reader through the fascinating world of low-valent transition metalates. The first part of the review describes the synthesis and reactivity of d-block metalates stabilized by an assortment of ligand frameworks, including carbonyls, isocyanides, alkenes and polyarenes, phosphines and phosphorus heterocycles, amides, and redox-active nitrogen-based ligands. Thereby, the reader will be familiarized with the impact of different ligand types on the physical and chemical properties of metalates. In addition, ion-pairing interactions and metal-metal bonding may have a dramatic influence on metalate structures and reactivities. The complex ramifications of these effects are examined in a separate section. The second part of the review is devoted to the reactivity of the metalates toward small inorganic molecules such as H2, N2, CO, CO2, P4 and related species. It is shown that the use of highly electron-rich and reactive metalates in small molecule activation translates into impressive catalytic properties in the hydrogenation of organic molecules and the reduction of N2, CO, and CO2. The results discussed in this review illustrate that the potential of transition metalate anions is increasingly being tapped for challenging catalytic processes with relevance to organic synthesis and energy conversion. Therefore, it is hoped that this review will serve as a useful resource to inspire further developments in this dynamic research field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Wolf
- University of Regensburg, Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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4
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Epping RF, Vesseur D, Zhou M, de Bruin B. Carbene Radicals in Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Reactions. ACS Catal 2023; 13:5428-5448. [PMID: 37123600 PMCID: PMC10127290 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Discovered as organometallic curiosities in the 1970s, carbene radicals have become a staple in modern-day homogeneous catalysis. Carbene radicals exhibit nucleophilic radical-type reactivity orthogonal to classical electrophilic diamagnetic Fischer carbenes. Their successful catalytic application has led to the synthesis of a myriad of carbo- and heterocycles, ranging from simple cyclopropanes to more challenging eight-membered rings. The field has matured to employ densely functionalized chiral porphyrin-based platforms that exhibit high enantio-, regio-, and stereoselectivity. Thus far the focus has largely been on cobalt-based systems, but interest has been growing for the past few years to expand the application of carbene radicals to other transition metals. This Perspective covers the advances made since 2011 and gives an overview on the coordination chemistry, reactivity, and catalytic application of carbene radical species using transition metal complexes and catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel F.J. Epping
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Vesseur
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Minghui Zhou
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Tan C, Tinnermann H, Wee V, Tan S, Sung S, Wang Q, Young RD. Synthesis of bimetallic rhodium phosphinine complexes with enhanced catalytic activity towards alkyne hydrosilylation. J Organomet Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2023.122617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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He F, Gourlaouen C, Pang H, Braunstein P. Experimental and Theoretical Study of Ni II - and Pd II -Promoted Double Geminal C(sp 3 )-H Bond Activation Providing Facile Access to NHC Pincer Complexes: Isolated Intermediates and Mechanism. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200507. [PMID: 35543286 PMCID: PMC9401054 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report the first examples of metal-promoted double geminal activation of C(sp3 )-H bonds of the N-CH2 -N moiety in an imidazole-type heterocycle, leading to nickel and palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes under mild conditions. Reaction of the new electron-rich diphosphine 1,3-bis((di-tert-butylphosphaneyl)methyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (1) with [PdCl2 (cod)] occurred in a stepwise fashion, first by single C-H bond activation yielding the alkyl pincer complex [PdCl(PCsp 3 H P)] (3) with two trans phosphane donors and a covalent Pd-Csp 3 bond. Activation of the C-H bond of the resulting α-methine Csp 3 H-M group occurred subsequently when 3 was treated with HCl to yield the NHC pincer complex [PdCl(PCNHC P)]Cl (2). Treatment of 1 with [NiBr2 (dme)] also afforded a NHC pincer complex, [NiBr(PCNHC P)]Br (6), but the reactions leading to the double geminal C-H bond activation of the N-CH2 -N group were too fast to allow identification or isolation of an intermediate analogous to 3. The determination of six crystal structures, the isolation of reaction intermediates and DFT calculations provided the basis for suggesting the mechanism of the stepwise transformation of a N-CH2 -N moiety in the N-CNHC -N unit of NHC pincer complexes and explain the key differences observed between the Pd and Ni chemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengkai He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009JiangsuP. R. China) E-mail: s
- Laboratoire de Chimie de CoordinationInstitut de Chimie (UMR 7177 CNRS)Université de Strasbourg4 rue Blaise Pascal67081StrasbourgFrance
| | - Christophe Gourlaouen
- Laboratoire de Chimie QuantiqueInstitut de Chimie (UMR 7177 CNRS)Université de Strasbourg4 rue Blaise Pascal67081StrasbourgFrance
| | - Huan Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009JiangsuP. R. China) E-mail: s
| | - Pierre Braunstein
- Laboratoire de Chimie de CoordinationInstitut de Chimie (UMR 7177 CNRS)Université de Strasbourg4 rue Blaise Pascal67081StrasbourgFrance
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7
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Gordon BM, Lease N, Emge TJ, Hasanayn F, Goldman AS. Reactivity of Iridium Complexes of a Triphosphorus-Pincer Ligand Based on a Secondary Phosphine. Catalytic Alkane Dehydrogenation and the Origin of Extremely High Activity. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4133-4146. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Nicholas Lease
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Thomas J. Emge
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Faraj Hasanayn
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Alan S. Goldman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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Tan C, Tinnermann H, Sung S, Kat LH, Young RD. Nonpalindromic Rhodium PCcarbeneP Pincer Complexes Featuring Electron-Deficient Phosphino Substituents. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clarence Tan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - Hendrik Tinnermann
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - Simon Sung
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - Li Heng Kat
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - Rowan D. Young
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
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Feichtner K, Scharf LT, Scherpf T, Mallick B, Boysen N, Gessner VH. Tuning Ruthenium Carbene Complexes for Selective P-H Activation through Metal-Ligand Cooperation. Chemistry 2021; 27:17351-17360. [PMID: 34705314 PMCID: PMC9299219 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The use of iminophosphoryl-tethered ruthenium carbene complexes to activate secondary phosphine P-H bonds is reported. Complexes of type [(p-cymene)-RuC(SO2 Ph)(PPh2 NR)] (with R = SiMe3 or 4-C6 H4 -NO2 ) were found to exhibit different reactivities depending on the electronics of the applied phosphine and the substituent at the iminophosphoryl moiety. Hence, the electron-rich silyl-substituted complex undergoes cyclometallation or shift of the imine moiety after cooperative activation of the P-H bond across the M=C linkage, depending on the electronics of the applied phosphine. Deuteration experiments and computational studies proved that cyclometallation is initiated by the activation process at the M=C bond and triggered by the high electron density at the metal in the phosphido intermediates. Consistently, replacement of the trimethylsilyl (TMS) group by the electron-withdrawing 4-nitrophenyl substituent allowed the selective cooperative P-H activation to form stable activation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai‐Stephan Feichtner
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry IIFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044780BochumGermany
| | - Lennart T. Scharf
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry IIFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044780BochumGermany
| | - Thorsten Scherpf
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry IIFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044780BochumGermany
| | - Bert Mallick
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry IIFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044780BochumGermany
| | - Nils Boysen
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry IIFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044780BochumGermany
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry IIFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044780BochumGermany
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10
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Takahashi K, Iwasawa N. Reversible C–C Double Bond Cleavage to Form a Metal Carbene and an Alkene Enabled on an Iridium Complex Bearing a Pincer-type Alkoxycarbene Ligand. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama,
Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Nobuharu Iwasawa
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama,
Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
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11
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Tinnermann H, Sung S, Csókás D, Toh ZH, Fraser C, Young RD. Alkali Metal Adducts of an Iron(0) Complex and Their Synergistic FLP-Type Activation of Aliphatic C-X Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10700-10708. [PMID: 34251818 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the formation and full characterization of weak adducts between Li+ and Na+ cations and a neutral iron(0) complex, [Fe(CO)3(PMe3)2] (1), supported by weakly coordinating [BArF20] anions, [1·M][BArF20] (M = Li, Na). The adducts are found to synergistically activate aliphatic C-X bonds (X = F, Cl, Br, I, OMs, OTf), leading to the formation of iron(II) organyl compounds of the type [FeR(CO)3(PMe3)2][BArF20], of which several were isolated and fully characterized. Stoichiometric reactions with the resulting iron(II) organyl compounds show that this system can be utilized for homocoupling and cross-coupling reactions and the formation of new C-E bonds (E = C, H, O, N, S). Further, we utilize [1·M][BArF20] as a catalyst in a simple hydrodehalogenation reaction under mild conditions to showcase its potential use in catalytic reactions. Finally, the mechanism of activation is probed using DFT and kinetic experiments that reveal that the alkali metal and iron(0) center cooperate to cleave C-X via a mechanism closely related to intramolecular FLP activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Tinnermann
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Simon Sung
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Dániel Csókás
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Zhi Hao Toh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Craig Fraser
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Rowan D Young
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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