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Kirschning A. Why pyridoxal phosphate could be a functional predecessor of thiamine pyrophosphate and speculations on a primordial metabolism. RSC Chem Biol 2024; 5:508-517. [PMID: 38846080 PMCID: PMC11151856 DOI: 10.1039/d4cb00016a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The account attempts to substantiate the hypothesis that, from an evolutionary perspective, the coenzyme couple pyridoxal phosphate and pyridoxamine phosphate preceded the coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate and acted as its less efficient chemical analogue in some form of early metabolism. The analysis combines mechanism-based chemical reactivity with biosynthetic arguments and provides evidence that vestiges of "TPP-like reactivity" are still found for PLP today. From these thoughts, conclusions can be drawn about the key elements of a primordial form of metabolism, which includes the citric acid cycle, amino acid biosynthesis and the pentose phosphate pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kirschning
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B 30167 Hannover Germany
- Uppsala Biomedical Center (BMC), University Uppsala, Husargatan 3 752 37 Uppsala Sweden
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2
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Hansen TN, Olsen CA. Contemporary Applications of Thioamides and Methods for Their Synthesis. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303770. [PMID: 38088462 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Thioamides are naturally occurring isosteres of amide bonds in which the chalcogen atom of the carbonyl is changed from oxygen to sulfur. This substitution gives rise to altered nucleophilicity and hydrogen bonding properties with importance for both chemical reactivity and non-covalent interactions. As such, thioamides have been introduced into biologically active compounds to achieve improved target affinity and/or stability towards hydrolytic enzymes but have also been applied as probes of protein and peptide folding and dynamics. Recently, a series of new methods have been developed for the synthesis of thioamides as well as their utilization in peptide chemistry. Further, novel strategies for the incorporation of thioamides into proteins have been developed, enabling both structural and functional studies to be performed. In this Review, we highlight the recent developments in the preparation of thioamides and their applications for peptide modification and study of protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias N Hansen
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals & Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian A Olsen
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals & Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Hensinger MJ, Eitzinger A, Trapp O, Ofial AR. Nucleophilicity of 4-(Alkylthio)-3-imidazoline Derived Enamines. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302764. [PMID: 37850416 PMCID: PMC10962604 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Imidazolidine-4-thiones (ITOs) are cyclic, secondary amines that were considered as potential prebiotic organocatalysts for light-driven α-alkylations of aldehydes by bromoacetonitrile (BAN). Recent studies showed that the initially supplied ITOs represent the pre-catalyst because they undergo S-alkylation with BAN to give 4-(alkylthio)-3-imidazolines (TIMs). Given that the same reagent mix that undergoes light-driven α-alkylations is also effective in the dark, we synthesized ten ITO- or TIM-derived enamines of aldehydes and characterized their nucleophilic reactivities by kinetic studies in acetonitrile. The experimental second-order rate constants k2 for reactions of enamines with benzhydrylium ions (reference electrophiles) were evaluated by the Mayr-Patz equation, lg k2 (20 °C)=sN (N+E). The determined nucleophilicities N (and sN ) reveal the reactivity profiles of these enamines under prebiotically relevant conditions as well as their potential for use in organocatalytic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magenta J. Hensinger
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universtität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Andreas Eitzinger
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universtität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universtität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–1381377MünchenGermany
- Max-Planck-Institute for AstronomyKönigstuhl 1769117HeidelbergGermany
| | - Armin R. Ofial
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universtität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–1381377MünchenGermany
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4
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Bechtel M, Ebeling M, Huber L, Trapp O. (Photoredox) Organocatalysis in the Emergence of Life: Discovery, Applications, and Molecular Evolution. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:2801-2813. [PMID: 37752618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusLife as we know it is built on complex and perfectly interlocking processes that have evolved over millions of years through evolutionary optimization processes. The emergence of life from nonliving matter and the evolution of such highly efficient systems therefore constitute an enormous synthetic and systems chemistry challenge. Advances in supramolecular and systems chemistry are opening new perspectives that provide insights into living and self-sustaining reaction networks as precursors for life. However, the ab initio synthesis of such a system requires the possibility of autonomous optimization of catalytic properties and, consequently, of an evolutionary system at the molecular level. In this Account, we present our discovery of the formation of substituted imidazolidine-4-thiones (photoredox) organocatalysts from simple prebiotic building blocks such as aldehydes and ketones under Strecker reaction conditions with ammonia and cyanides in the presence of hydrogen sulfide. The necessary aldehydes are formed from CO2 and hydrogen under prebiotically plausible meteoritic or volcanic iron-particle catalysis in the atmosphere of the early Earth. Remarkably, the investigated imidazolidine-4-thiones undergo spontaneous resolution by conglomerate crystallization, opening a pathway for symmetry breaking, chiral amplification, and enantioselective organocatalysis. These imidazolidine-4-thiones enable α-alkylations of aldehydes and ketones by photoredox organocatalysis. Therefore, these photoredox organocatalysts are able to modify their aldehyde building blocks, which leads in an evolutionary process to mutated second-generation and third-generation catalysts. In our experimental studies, we found that this mutation can occur not only by new formation of the imidazolidine core structure of the catalyst from modified aldehyde building blocks or by continuous supply from a pool of available building blocks but also by a dynamic exchange of the carbonyl moiety in ring position 2 of the imidazolidine moiety. Remarkably, it can be shown that by incorporating aldehyde building blocks from their environment, the imidazolidine-4-thiones are able to change and adapt to altering environmental conditions without undergoing the entire formation process. The selection of the mutated catalysts is then based on the different catalytic activities in the modification of the aldehyde building blocks and on the catalysis of subsequent processes that can lead to the formation of molecular reaction networks as progenitors for cellular processes. We were able to show that these imidazolidine-4-thiones not only enable α-alkylations but also facilitate other important transformations, such as the selective phosphorylation of nucleosides to nucleotides as a key step leading to the oligomerization to RNA and DNA. It can therefore be expected that evolutionary processes have already taken place on a small molecular level and have thus developed chemical tools that change over time, representing a hidden layer on the path to enzymatically catalyzed biochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Bechtel
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Marian Ebeling
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Laura Huber
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
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5
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Diederich P, Ruf A, Geisberger T, Weidner L, Seitz C, Eisenreich W, Huber C, Schmitt-Kopplin P. C2-addition patterns emerging from acetylene and nickel sulfide in simulated prebiotic hydrothermal conditions. Commun Chem 2023; 6:220. [PMID: 37828122 PMCID: PMC10570370 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01021-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical complexity is vital not only for the origin of life but also for biological evolution. The chemical evolution of a complex prebiotic mixture containing acetylene, carbon monoxide (CO), and nickel sulfide (NiS) has been analyzed with mass spectrometry as an untargeted approach to reaction monitoring. Here we show through isotopic 13C-labelling, multiple reaction products, encompassing diverse CHO and CHOS compounds within the complex reaction mixture. Molecules within the same chemical spaces displayed varying degrees of 13C-labelling, enabling more robust functional group characterization based on targeted investigations and differences in saturation levels among the described classes. A characteristic C2-addition pattern was detected in all compound classes in conjunction with a high diversity of thio acids, reminiscent of extant microbial C2-metabolism. The analysis involved a time-resolved molecular network, which unveiled the behavior of sulfur in the system. At the onset of the reaction, early formed compounds contain more sulfur atoms compared to later emerging compounds. These results give an essential insight into the still elusive role of sulfur dynamics in the origin of life. Moreover, our results provide temporally resolved evidence of the progressively increasing molecular complexity arising from a limited number of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Diederich
- Helmholtz Munich, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Ruf
- Excellence Cluster ORIGINS, Boltzmannstraße 2, 85748, Garching, Germany
- LMU Munich, Faculty of Physics, Schellingstraße 4, 80799, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Geisberger
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Bavarian NMR Center (BNMRZ), Structural Membrane Biochemistry, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Leopold Weidner
- Helmholtz Munich, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Neuherberg, Germany
- Comprehensive Foodomics Platform, Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Christian Seitz
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Bavarian NMR Center (BNMRZ), Structural Membrane Biochemistry, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Bavarian NMR Center (BNMRZ), Structural Membrane Biochemistry, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Claudia Huber
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Bavarian NMR Center (BNMRZ), Structural Membrane Biochemistry, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Helmholtz Munich, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Comprehensive Foodomics Platform, Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
- Center for Astrochemical Studies, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Gießebachstraße 1, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany.
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6
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Peters S, Semenov DA, Hochleitner R, Trapp O. Synthesis of prebiotic organics from CO 2 by catalysis with meteoritic and volcanic particles. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6843. [PMID: 37231067 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33741-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of prebiotic organics was a mandatory step toward the origin of life. The significance of the exogenous delivery versus the in-situ synthesis from atmospheric gases is still under debate. We experimentally demonstrate that iron-rich meteoritic and volcanic particles activate and catalyse the fixation of CO2, yielding the key precursors of life-building blocks. This catalysis is robust and produces selectively aldehydes, alcohols, and hydrocarbons, independent of the redox state of the environment. It is facilitated by common minerals and tolerates a broad range of the early planetary conditions (150-300 °C, ≲ 10-50 bar, wet or dry climate). We find that up to 6 × 108 kg/year of prebiotic organics could have been synthesized by this planetary-scale process from the atmospheric CO2 on Hadean Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Peters
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dmitry A Semenov
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rupert Hochleitner
- Mineralogische Staatssammlung München, Theresienstr. 41, 80333, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
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7
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Diederich P, Geisberger T, Yan Y, Seitz C, Ruf A, Huber C, Hertkorn N, Schmitt-Kopplin P. Formation, stabilization and fate of acetaldehyde and higher aldehydes in an autonomously changing prebiotic system emerging from acetylene. Commun Chem 2023; 6:38. [PMID: 36813975 PMCID: PMC9947100 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00833-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Many essential building blocks of life, including amino acids, sugars, and nucleosides, require aldehydes for prebiotic synthesis. Pathways for their formation under early earth conditions are therefore of great importance. We investigated the formation of aldehydes by an experimental simulation of primordial early earth conditions, in line with the metal-sulfur world theory in an acetylene-containing atmosphere. We describe a pH-driven, intrinsically autoregulatory environment that concentrates acetaldehyde and other higher molecular weight aldehydes. We demonstrate that acetaldehyde is rapidly formed from acetylene over a nickel sulfide catalyst in an aqueous solution, followed by sequential reactions progressively increasing the molecular diversity and complexity of the reaction mixture. Interestingly, through inherent pH changes, the evolution of this complex matrix leads to auto-stabilization of de novo synthesized aldehydes and alters the subsequent synthesis of relevant biomolecules rather than yielding uncontrolled polymerization products. Our results emphasize the impact of progressively generated compounds on the overall reaction conditions and strengthen the role of acetylene in forming essential building blocks that are fundamental for the emergence of terrestrial life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Diederich
- Helmholtz Munich, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Geisberger
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Technical University of Munich Structural Membrane Biochemistry, BNMRZ, Lichtenbergstr 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Yingfei Yan
- Helmholtz Munich, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Seitz
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Technical University of Munich Structural Membrane Biochemistry, BNMRZ, Lichtenbergstr 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Alexander Ruf
- grid.510544.1Excellence Cluster ORIGINS, Boltzmannstraße 2, 85748 Garching, Germany ,grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XFaculty of Physics, LMU Munich, Schellingstraße 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Huber
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Technical University of Munich Structural Membrane Biochemistry, BNMRZ, Lichtenbergstr 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Norbert Hertkorn
- Helmholtz Munich, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Helmholtz Munich, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Neuherberg, Germany. .,Technical University of Munich, Analytische Lebensmittel Chemie; Maximus-von-Forum 2, 85354, Freising, Germany. .,Center for Astrochemical Studies, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Gießebachstraße 1, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany.
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8
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Zhang W, Li S, Zhou A, Li M. Chemical Cyclic Amplification: Hydroxylamine Boosts the Fenton Reaction for Versatile and Scalable Biosensing. Anal Chem 2023; 95:1764-1770. [PMID: 36576311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid detection is undoubtedly one of the most important research fields to meet the medical needs of genetic disease diagnosis, cancer treatment, and infectious disease prevention. However, the practical detection methods based on biological amplification are complex and time-consuming and require highly trained operators. Herein, we report a simple, rapid, and sensitive method for the nucleic acid assay by fluorescence or naked eye using chemical cyclic amplification. The addition of hydroxylamine (HA) during the Fenton reaction can continuously generate hydroxyl radicals (•OH) via Fe3+/Fe2+ cycle, termed as "hydroxylamine boosts the Fenton reaction (Fenton-HA system)". Meanwhile, the reducing substances, such as terephthalic acid or o-phenylenediamine, react with •OH to generate oxidized substances that can be recognized by the naked eye or detected by fluorescence so as to realize the detection of Fe3+. The concentration of Fe3+ has a good linear relationship with fluorescence intensity in the range of 0.1 to 100 nM, and the limit of detection is calculated to be 0.03 nM (S/N = 3). Subsequently, Fe was introduced into the nucleic acid hybridization system after the Fe source was transformed into Fe3+, and the nucleic acids were indirectly determined by this method. This Fenton-HA system was used for sensing HIV-DNA and miRNA-21 to verify the validity of this method in nucleic acid detection. The detection limits were as low as 2.5 pM for HIV-DNA and 3 pM for miRNA-21. We believe that our work has unlocked an efficient signal amplification strategy, which is expected to develop a new generation of highly sensitive chemical biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu241000, China
| | - Shuzhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu241000, China
| | - Ani Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu241000, China
| | - Maoguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu241000, China
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9
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Trapp O. Origins of life research: A roadmap for the transition from chemistry to biology. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2200157. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Trapp
- Department Chemie Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München München Germany
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10
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Bechtel M, Hümmer E, Trapp O. Selective Phosphorylation of RNA‐ and DNA‐Nucleosides under Prebiotically Plausible Conditions. CHEMSYSTEMSCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/syst.202200020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Bechtel
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Eva Hümmer
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy Königstuhl 17 69117 Heidelberg Germany
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11
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Yi J, Kaur H, Kazöne W, Rauscher SA, Gravillier L, Muchowska KB, Moran J. A Nonenzymatic Analog of Pyrimidine Nucleobase Biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117211. [PMID: 35304939 PMCID: PMC9325535 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic theories for the origin of life posit that inorganic catalysts enabled self‐organized chemical precursors to the pathways of metabolism, including those that make genetic molecules. Recently, experiments showing nonenzymatic versions of a number of core metabolic pathways have started to support this idea. However, experimental demonstrations of nonenzymatic reaction sequences along the de novo ribonucleotide biosynthesis pathways are limited. Here we show that all three reactions of pyrimidine nucleobase biosynthesis that convert aspartate to orotate proceed at 60 °C without photochemistry under aqueous conditions in the presence of metals such as Cu2+ and Mn4+. Combining reactions into one‐pot variants is also possible. Life may not have invented pyrimidine nucleobase biosynthesis from scratch, but simply refined existing nonenzymatic reaction channels. This work is a first step towards uniting metabolic theories of life's origin with those centered around genetic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yi
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) CNRS UMR 7006 Université de Strasbourg 8 Allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) CNRS UMR 7006 Université de Strasbourg 8 Allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Wahnyalo Kazöne
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) CNRS UMR 7006 Université de Strasbourg 8 Allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Sophia A. Rauscher
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) CNRS UMR 7006 Université de Strasbourg 8 Allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Louis‐Albin Gravillier
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) CNRS UMR 7006 Université de Strasbourg 8 Allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Kamila B. Muchowska
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) CNRS UMR 7006 Université de Strasbourg 8 Allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Joseph Moran
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) CNRS UMR 7006 Université de Strasbourg 8 Allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) France
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12
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Zhou XJ, Zhao JQ, Lai YQ, You Y, Wang ZH, Yuan WC. Organocatalyzed asymmetric dearomative 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of 2-nitrobenzofurans and N-2,2,2-trifluoroethylisatin ketimines. Chirality 2022; 34:1019-1034. [PMID: 35521642 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A readily available chiral cyclohexanediamine-derived bifunctional tertiary amine-squaramide catalyst is more effective for the asymmetric dearomative 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of 2-nitrobenzofurans and N-2,2,2-trifluoroethylisatin ketimines. A range of structurally diverse spiro-fused polyheterocyclic compounds containing oxindole, pyrrolidine, and hydrobenzofuran motifs were smoothly obtained in excellent results (up to 99% yield, >20:1 dr in all cases and up to 99% ee). This method features high efficiency, mild reaction conditions, exquisite asymmetric induction, wide functional group tolerance, great potential for scale-up synthesis, and attractive product diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jian Zhou
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Zhao
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue-Qin Lai
- Zhejiang Jinhua Conba Bio-Pharm. Co. Ltd., Jinhua, China
| | - Yong You
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Wang
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei-Cheng Yuan
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
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13
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Liu B, Wu J, Geerts M, Markovitch O, Pappas CG, Liu K, Otto S. Out-of-Equilibrium Self-Replication Allows Selection for Dynamic Kinetic Stability in a System of Competing Replicators. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117605. [PMID: 35179808 PMCID: PMC9314957 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Among the key characteristics of living systems are their ability to self‐replicate and the fact that they exist in an open system away from equilibrium. Herein, we show how the outcome of the competition between two self‐replicators, differing in size and building block composition, is different depending on whether the experiments are conducted in a closed vial or in an open and out‐of‐equilibrium replication–destruction regime. In the closed system, the slower replicator eventually prevails over the faster competitor. In a replication‐destruction regime, implemented through a flow system, the outcome of the competition is reversed and the faster replicator dominates. The interpretation of the experimental observations is supported by a mass‐action‐kinetics model. These results represent one of the few experimental manifestations of selection among competing self‐replicators based on dynamic kinetic stability and pave the way towards Darwinian evolution of abiotic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Juntian Wu
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Geerts
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Omer Markovitch
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Origins Center, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Charalampos G Pappas
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kai Liu
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sijbren Otto
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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14
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Did Homocysteine Take Part in the Start of the Synthesis of Peptides on the Early Earth? Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040555. [PMID: 35454145 PMCID: PMC9031595 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike its shorter analog, cysteine, and its methylated derivative, methionine, homocysteine is not today a proteinogenic amino acid. However, this thiol containing amino acid is capable of forming an activated species intramolecularly. Its thiolactone could have made it an interesting molecular building block at the origin of life on Earth. Here we study the cyclization of homocysteine in water and show theoretically and experimentally that in an acidic medium the proportion of thiolactone is significant. This thiolactone easily reacts with amino acids to form dipeptides. We envision that these reactions may help interpret why a methionine residue is introduced at the start of all protein synthesis.
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15
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Yi J, Kaur H, Kazöne W, Rauscher SA, Gravillier LA, Muchowska KB, Moran J. A Nonenzymatic Analog of Pyrimidine Nucleobase Biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yi
- University of Strasbourg: Universite de Strasbourg ISIS FRANCE
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- University of Strasbourg: Universite de Strasbourg ISIS FRANCE
| | - Wahnyalo Kazöne
- Université de Strasbourg: Universite de Strasbourg ISIS FRANCE
| | | | | | | | - Joseph Moran
- University of Strasbourg ISIS 8 allée Gaspard MongeBP 70028 67083 Strasbourg FRANCE
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16
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Liu B, Wu J, Geerts M, Markovitch O, Pappas CG, Liu K, Otto S. Out‐of‐equilibrium self‐replication allows selection for dynamic kinetic stability in a system of competing replicators. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- University of Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Stratingh Institute for Chemistry NETHERLANDS
| | - Juntian Wu
- University of Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Stratingh Institute for Chemistry NETHERLANDS
| | - Marc Geerts
- University of Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Stratingh Institute for Chemistry NETHERLANDS
| | - Omer Markovitch
- University of Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Stratingh Institute for Chemistry NETHERLANDS
| | - Charalampos G. Pappas
- University of Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Stratingh Institute for Chemistry NETHERLANDS
| | - Kai Liu
- University of Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Stratingh Institute for Chemistry NETHERLANDS
| | - Sijbren Otto
- Stratingh Institute University of Groningen Centre for Systems Chemistry Nijenborgh 4 9747AG Groningen NETHERLANDS
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