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Escolano M, Gaviña D, Alzuet-Piña G, Díaz-Oltra S, Sánchez-Roselló M, Pozo CD. Recent Strategies in the Nucleophilic Dearomatization of Pyridines, Quinolines, and Isoquinolines. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1122-1246. [PMID: 38166390 PMCID: PMC10902862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Dearomatization reactions have become fundamental chemical transformations in organic synthesis since they allow for the generation of three-dimensional complexity from two-dimensional precursors, bridging arene feedstocks with alicyclic structures. When those processes are applied to pyridines, quinolines, and isoquinolines, partially or fully saturated nitrogen heterocycles are formed, which are among the most significant structural components of pharmaceuticals and natural products. The inherent challenge of those transformations lies in the low reactivity of heteroaromatic substrates, which makes the dearomatization process thermodynamically unfavorable. Usually, connecting the dearomatization event to the irreversible formation of a strong C-C, C-H, or C-heteroatom bond compensates the energy required to disrupt the aromaticity. This aromaticity breakup normally results in a 1,2- or 1,4-functionalization of the heterocycle. Moreover, the combination of these dearomatization processes with subsequent transformations in tandem or stepwise protocols allows for multiple heterocycle functionalizations, giving access to complex molecular skeletons. The aim of this review, which covers the period from 2016 to 2022, is to update the state of the art of nucleophilic dearomatizations of pyridines, quinolines, and isoquinolines, showing the extraordinary ability of the dearomative methodology in organic synthesis and indicating their limitations and future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Escolano
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel Gaviña
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gloria Alzuet-Piña
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Santiago Díaz-Oltra
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Sánchez-Roselló
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Del Pozo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Hu M, Ding H, DeSnoo W, Tantillo DJ, Nairoukh Z. The Construction of Highly Substituted Piperidines via Dearomative Functionalization Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202315108. [PMID: 37860947 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen heterocycles play a vital role in pharmaceuticals and natural products, with the six-membered aromatic and aliphatic architectures being commonly used. While synthetic methods for aromatic N-heterocycles are well-established, the synthesis of their aliphatic functionalized analogues, particularly piperidine derivatives, poses a significant challenge. In that regard, we propose a stepwise dearomative functionalization reaction for the construction of highly decorated piperidine derivatives with diverse functional handles. We also discuss challenges related to site-selectivity, regio- and diastereoselectivity, and provide insights into the reaction mechanism through mechanistic studies and density functional theory computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Hu
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Hao Ding
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - William DeSnoo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Zackaria Nairoukh
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
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Wang M, Zhang M. Diastereoselective construction of carbo-bridged polyheterocycles by a three-component tandem annulation reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:6342-6347. [PMID: 37497637 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01013a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
By a hydroamination-induced tandem annulation process, we herein report a new three-component reaction for room temperature construction of carbo-bridged polyheterocycles with exclusive diastereoselectivity, which features readily available feedstocks, catalyst-free conditions, good substrate and functionality compatibility, no need for transition metal catalysts, and high step and atom efficiency. The products are formed via initial formation of 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one nucleophiles from but-2-ynedioates and hydrazine followed by 2,4-difunctionalization of N-heteroarenium salts. Given that the obtained products possess structurally important tetrahydroquinoline and pyranopyrazole motifs, the developed chemistry is anticipated to be further applied to the discovery of functional molecules including biomedical ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maorui Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, People's Republic of China.
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Hu S, Chen J, Cao JX, Zhang SS, Gu SX, Chen FE. Quinolines and isoquinolines as HIV-1 inhibitors: Chemical structures, action targets, and biological activities. Bioorg Chem 2023; 136:106549. [PMID: 37119785 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), a lentivirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), poses a serious threat to global public health. Since the advent of the first drug zidovudine, a number of anti-HIV agents acting on different targets have been approved to combat HIV/AIDS. Among the abundant heterocyclic families, quinoline and isoquinoline moieties are recognized as promising scaffolds for HIV inhibition. This review intends to highlight the advances in diverse chemical structures and abundant biological activity of quinolines and isoquinolines as anti-HIV agents acting on different targets, which aims to provide useful references and inspirations to design and develop novel HIV inhibitors for medicinal chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Hu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Jin-Xu Cao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Shuang-Xi Gu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
| | - Fen-Er Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Chen L, Xiong W, Ma Y, Ge JY, Lv N, Wu X, Chen J, Chen Z. Synthesis of 1-Aminoisoquinolines and Their Application in a Host-Guest Doped Strategy To Construct Ultralong Room-Temperature Phosphorescence Materials for Bioimaging. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202909. [PMID: 36326711 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Organic ultralong room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials have attracted great attention for their wide applications in optoelectronic devices and bioimaging. However, the development of these materials remains a challenging task, partially due to the lack of rational molecular design strategies and unclear luminescence mechanisms. Herein, we present a method for facile access to structurally diverse substituted 1-aminoisoquinoline derivatives through a copper-catalyzed one-pot three-component coupling reaction that provides a promising approach to rapidly assemble a library of 1-aminoisoquinolines for exploring the regularity of the host-guest doped system. A series of host-guest RTP materials with wide-ranging lifetimes from 4.4 to 299.3 ms were constructed by doping various substituted isoquinolines derivatives into benzophenone (BP). Furthermore, 4 r/BP nanoparticles could be used for in-vivo imaging with a signal-to-noise ratio value as high as 32, revealing the potential of the isoquinoline framework for the construction of high-performance RTP materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lepeng Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Wenzhang Xiong
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Yaogeng Ma
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Yuan Ge
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Ningning Lv
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Wu
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Jiuxi Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Zhongyan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
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Day A, Jenkins TC, Kischkewitz M, Christensen KE, Poole DL, Donohoe TJ. Metal and Activating Group Free C-4 Alkylation of Isoquinolines via a Temporary Dearomatization Strategy. Org Lett 2023; 25:614-618. [PMID: 36688518 PMCID: PMC9903316 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A simple method for the C-4 alkylation of isoquinolines is described using benzoic acid as a nucleophilic reagent and vinyl ketones as an electrophile. The reaction shows tolerance for substitution at C-3, and C-5-C-8 positions as well as allowing some variation of the vinyl ketone electrophiles. The products contain a carbonyl that can act as a synthetic handle for further manipulations giving esters, amines, or simple alkyl products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron
J. Day
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road,
Oxford, OX1 3TA, United
Kingdom
| | - Timothy C. Jenkins
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road,
Oxford, OX1 3TA, United
Kingdom
| | - Marvin Kischkewitz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road,
Oxford, OX1 3TA, United
Kingdom
| | - Kirsten E. Christensen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road,
Oxford, OX1 3TA, United
Kingdom
| | - Darren L. Poole
- Discovery
High-Throughput Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J. Donohoe
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road,
Oxford, OX1 3TA, United
Kingdom,E-mail:
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Kratena N, Marinic B, Donohoe TJ. Recent advances in the dearomative functionalisation of heteroarenes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:14213-14225. [PMID: 36545133 PMCID: PMC9749106 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04638e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dearomatisation reactions of (hetero)arenes have been widely employed as efficient methods to obtain highly substituted saturated cyclic compounds for over a century. In recent years, research in this area has shifted towards effecting additional C-C bond formation during the overall dearomative process. Moving away from classical hydrogenation-based strategies a wide range of reagents were found to be capable of initiating dearomatisation through nucleophilic addition (typically a reduction) or photochemically induced radical addition. The dearomatisation process gives rise to reactive intermediates which can be intercepted in an intra- or intermolecular fashion to deliver products with significantly increased molecular complexity when compared to simple dearomatisation. In this Perspective recent examples and strategies for the dearomative functionalisation of heteroaromatic systems will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Kratena
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Bruno Marinic
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Timothy J Donohoe
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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