1
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Naranjo A, Garrido M, Martín Sabanés N, Pérez EM. Scope and Limitations of Using Microemulsions for the Covalent Patterning of Graphene. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303809. [PMID: 38465520 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Patterning of graphene (functionalizing some areas while leaving others intact) is challenging, as all the C atoms in the basal plane are identical, but it is also desirable for a variety of applications, like opening a bandgap in the electronic structure of graphene. Several methods have been reported to pattern graphene, but most of them are very technologically intensive. Recently, we reported the use of microemulsions as templates to pattern graphene at the μm scale. This method is very simple and in principle tunable, as emulsions of different droplet size and composition can be prepared easily. Here, we explore in detail the scope of this methodology by applying it to all the combinations of four different emulsions and three different organic reagents, and characterizing the resulting substrates exhaustively through Raman, SEM and AFM. We find that the method is general, works better when the reactive species are outside the micelles, and requires reactive species that involve short reaction times.
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2
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Grote F, Weintrub BI, Kreßler M, Cao Q, Halbig CE, Kusch P, Bolotin KI, Eigler S. Evidence for Trans-Oligoene Chain Formation in Graphene Induced by Iodine. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2311987. [PMID: 38506566 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Functionalization of pristine graphene by hydrogen and fluorine is well studied, resulting in graphane and fluorographene structures. In contrast, functionalization of pristine graphene with iodine has not been reported. Here, the functionalization of graphene with iodine using photochemical activation is presented, which is thermally reversible at 400 °C. Additional dispersive dominant Raman modes that are probed by resonance Raman spectroscopy are observed. Additionally, iodinated graphene is probed by Kelvin probe force microscopy and by transport measurements showing p-doping surpassing non-covalent iodine doping by charge transfer-complex formation. The emergent Raman modes combined with strong p-doping indicate that iodine functionalization is distinct from simple iodine doping. A reaction mechanism based on these findings is proposed, identifying the large size of iodine atoms as the probable cause governing regiochemically controlled addition due to steric hinderance of reactive sites. The modification of the electronic structure is explained by the confinement of 1D trans-oligoene chains between sp3 -defects. These results demonstrate the uniqueness of iodine reactivity toward graphene and the modification of the electronic structure of iodinated graphene, highlighting its dependence on the spatial arrangement of substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Grote
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstraße 23a, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin I Weintrub
- Institut für Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mira Kreßler
- Institut für Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Qing Cao
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstraße 23a, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian E Halbig
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstraße 23a, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patryk Kusch
- Institut für Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kirill I Bolotin
- Institut für Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Siegfried Eigler
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstraße 23a, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Garrido M, Naranjo A, Pérez EM. Characterization of emerging 2D materials after chemical functionalization. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3428-3445. [PMID: 38455011 PMCID: PMC10915849 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05365b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The chemical modification of 2D materials has proven a powerful tool to fine tune their properties. With this motivation, the development of new reactions has moved extremely fast. The need for speed, together with the intrinsic heterogeneity of the samples, has sometimes led to permissiveness in the purification and characterization protocols. In this review, we present the main tools available for the chemical characterization of functionalized 2D materials, and the information that can be derived from each of them. We then describe examples of chemical modification of 2D materials other than graphene, focusing on the chemical description of the products. We have intentionally selected examples where an above-average characterization effort has been carried out, yet we find some cases where further information would have been welcome. Our aim is to bring together the toolbox of techniques and practical examples on how to use them, to serve as guidelines for the full characterization of covalently modified 2D materials.
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4
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Chen LC, Shi J, Lu ZX, Lin RJ, Lu TG, Zou YL, Liang QM, Huang R, Shi J, Xiao ZY, Zhang Y, Liu J, Yang Y, Hong W. Highly Reversible Molecular Photoswitches with Transition Metal Dichalcogenides Electrodes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305607. [PMID: 37817357 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
The molecule-electrode coupling plays an essential role in photoresponsive devices with photochromic molecules, and the strong coupling between the molecule and the conventional electrodes leads to/ the quenching effect and limits the reversibility of molecular photoswitches. In this work, we developed a strategy of using transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) electrodes to fabricate the thiol azobenzene (TAB) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) junctions with the eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) technique. The current-voltage characteristics of the EGaIn/GaOx //TAB/TMDCs photoswitches showed an almost 100% reversible photoswitching behavior, which increased by ∼28% compared to EGaIn/GaOx //TAB/AuTS photoswitches. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed the coupling strength of the TAB-TMDCs electrode decreased by 42% compared to that of the TAB-AuTS electrode, giving rise to improved reversibility. our work demonstrated the feasibility of 2D TMDCs for fabricating SAMs-based photoswitches with unprecedentedly high reversibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jie Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhi-Xing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Rong-Jian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Tai-Ge Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yu-Ling Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Qing-Man Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Ruiyun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jia Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zong-Yuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yanxi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Junyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Wenjing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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5
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Zeng L, Han L, Nan W, Song W, Luo S, Wu YF, Su JJ, Zhan D. Regulation of heterogeneous electron transfer reactivity by defect engineering through electrochemically induced brominating addition. Chem Sci 2023; 15:95-101. [PMID: 38131067 PMCID: PMC10731907 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03920j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhancing the electrochemical activity of graphene holds great significance for expanding its applications in various electrochemistry fields. In this study, we have demonstrated a facile and quantitative approach for modulating the defect density of single-layer graphene (SLG) via an electrochemically induced bromination process facilitated by cyclic voltammetry. This controlled defect engineering directly impacts the heterogeneous electron transfer (HET) rate of SLG. By utilizing Raman spectroscopy and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), we have established a correlation between the HET kinetics and both the defect density (nD) and mean distance between defects (LD) of SLG. The variation of the HET rate (k0) with the defect density manifested a distinctive three-stage behavior. Initially, k0 increased slightly with the increasing nD, and then it experienced a rapid increase as nD further increased. However, once the defect density surpassed a critical value of about 1.8 × 1012 cm-2 (LD < 4.2 nm), k0 decreased rapidly. Notably, the results revealed a remarkable 35-fold enhancement of k0 under the optimal defect density conditions compared to pristine SLG. This research paves the way for controllable defect engineering as a powerful strategy to enhance the electrochemical activity of graphene, opening up new possibilities for its utilization in a wide range of electrochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanping Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS), Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Energy Materials of China (Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory) Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Lianhuan Han
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Wenjing Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS), Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Weiying Song
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS), Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Shiyi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS), Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Yuan-Fei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS), Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Jian-Jia Su
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS), Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Dongping Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS), Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
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6
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Liu X, Yang B, Zhou X, Wu M, Spiecker E, Bachmann J, Hauke F, Hirsch A, Wei T. Synergistic Combination of Reductive Covalent Functionalization and Atomic Layer Deposition-Towards Spatially Defined Graphene-Organic-Inorganic Heterostructures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202314183. [PMID: 37815890 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensionally (3D) well-ordered and highly integrated graphene hybrid architectures are considered to be next-generation multifunctional graphene materials but still remain elusive. Here, we report the first realization of unprecedented 3D-patterned graphene nano-ensembles composed of a graphene monolayer, a tailor-made structured organophenyl layer, and three metal oxide films, providing the first example of such a hybrid nano-architecture. These spatially resolved and hierarchically structured quinary hybrids are generated via a two-dimensional (2D)-functionalization-mediated atomic layer deposition growth process, involving an initial lateral molecular programming of the graphene lattice via lithography-assisted 2D functionalization and a subsequent stepwise molecular assembly in these regions in the z-direction. Our breakthrough lays the foundation for the construction of emerging 3D-patterned graphene heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Center of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bowen Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Center of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Xin Zhou
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mingjian Wu
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julien Bachmann
- Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Center of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Center of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tao Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Center of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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7
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Wetzl C, Brosel-Oliu S, Carini M, Di Silvio D, Illa X, Villa R, Guimera A, Prats-Alfonso E, Prato M, Criado A. Covalent functionalisation controlled by molecular design for the aptameric recognition of serotonin in graphene-based field-effect transistors. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:16650-16657. [PMID: 37789811 PMCID: PMC10600654 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04153k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, solution-gated graphene field effect transistors (GFETs) showed their versatility in the development of a miniaturized multiplexed platform for electrophysiological recordings and sensing. Due to their working mechanism, the surface functionalisation and immobilisation of receptors are pivotal to ensure the proper functioning of devices. Herein, we present a controlled covalent functionalisation strategy based on molecular design and electrochemical triggering, which provide a monolayer-like functionalisation of micro-GFET arrays retaining the electronic properties of graphenes. The functionalisation layer as a receptor was then employed as the linker for serotonin aptamer conjugation. The micro-GFET arrays display sensitivity toward the target analyte in the micromolar range in a physiological buffer (PBS 10 mM). The sensor allows the in-flow real-time monitoring of serotonin transient concentrations with fast and reversible responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Wetzl
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
- University of the Basque Country, UPV-EHU, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Sergi Brosel-Oliu
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Marco Carini
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Desiré Di Silvio
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Xavi Illa
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Rosa Villa
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Anton Guimera
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Elisabet Prats-Alfonso
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alejandro Criado
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
- Universidade da Coruña, CICA - Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía, Rúa as Carballeiras, 15071 A Coruña, Spain.
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8
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Muñoz R, León-Boigues L, López-Elvira E, Munuera C, Vázquez L, Mompeán F, Martín-Gago JÁ, Palacio I, García-Hernández M. Acrylates Polymerization on Covalent Plasma-Assisted Functionalized Graphene: A Route to Synthesize Hybrid Functional Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:46171-46180. [PMID: 37738025 PMCID: PMC10561134 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The modification of the surface properties of graphene with polymers provides a method for expanding its scope into new applications as a hybrid material. Unfortunately, the chemical inertness of graphene hinders the covalent functionalization required to build them up. Developing new strategies to enhance the graphene chemical activity for efficient and stable functionalization, while preserving its electronic properties, is a major challenge. We here devise a covalent functionalization method that is clean, reproducible, scalable, and technologically relevant for the synthesis of a large-scale, substrate-supported graphene-polymer hybrid material. In a first step, hydrogen-assisted plasma activation of p-aminophenol (p-AP) linker molecules produces their stable and covalent attachment to large-area graphene. Second, an in situ radical polymerization reaction of 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) is carried out on the functionalized surface, leading to a graphene-polymer hybrid functional material. The functionalization with a hydrophilic and soft polymer modifies the hydrophobicity of graphene and might enhance its biocompatibility. We have characterized these hybrid materials by atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy and studied their electrical response, confirming that the graphene/p-AP/PHEA architecture is anchored covalently by the sp3 hybridization and controlled polymerization reaction on graphene, retaining its suitable electronic properties. Among all the possibilities, we assess the proof of concept of this graphene-based hybrid platform as a humidity sensor. An enhanced sensitivity is obtained in comparison with pristine graphene and related materials. This functional nanoarchitecture and the two-step strategy open up future potential applications in sensors, biomaterials, or biotechnology fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Muñoz
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Madrid E-28049, Spain
| | - Laia León-Boigues
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Madrid E-28049, Spain
- Universidad
Complutense de Madrid, Madrid E-28040, Spain
| | - Elena López-Elvira
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Madrid E-28049, Spain
| | - Carmen Munuera
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Madrid E-28049, Spain
| | - Luis Vázquez
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Madrid E-28049, Spain
| | - Federico Mompeán
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Madrid E-28049, Spain
| | - José Ángel Martín-Gago
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Madrid E-28049, Spain
| | - Irene Palacio
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Madrid E-28049, Spain
| | - Mar García-Hernández
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Madrid E-28049, Spain
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9
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Huynh TMT, Tahara K, De Feyter S, Phan TH. On the role of functional groups in the formation of diazonium based covalent attachments: dendritic vs. layer-by-layer growth. RSC Adv 2023; 13:24576-24582. [PMID: 37593664 PMCID: PMC10427895 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02661b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Multilayered growth is often observed upon electrografting aryl diazonium derivatives on graphitic substrates due to the reactive nature of aryl radicals. The mechanism of the multilayer formation has been investigated either by measuring the thickness of the grafted layer, the charge transfer, or via simulations. Spectroscopy and in particular microscopy approaches are underrepresented. Herein, we demonstrate a comparative characterization of the multilayer growth of two diazonium derivatives on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite using a combination of cyclic voltammetry, atomic force microscopy, and scanning tunneling microscopy. While dendritic growth is observed for 4-nitro phenyl diazonium (4-NBD), 4-carboxy phenyl diazonium (4-CBD) shows layer-by-layer growth upon increasing the molecular concentration, revealing the impact of the functional groups on the growth mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Mien Trung Huynh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Quy Nhon University 170 An Duong Vuong Quy Nhon Vietnam
| | - Kazukuni Tahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tamaku Kawasaki Kanagawa 214-8571 Japan
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F Leuven B-3001 Belgium
| | - Thanh Hai Phan
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Quy Nhon University 170 An Duong Vuong Quy Nhon Vietnam
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10
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Ha CV, Ha LT, Hue DT, Nguyen DK, Anh DT, Guerrero-Sanchez J, Hoat DM. First-principles study of SiC and GeC monolayers with adsorbed non-metal atoms. RSC Adv 2023; 13:14879-14886. [PMID: 37200697 PMCID: PMC10186589 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01372c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical adsorption of non-metal atoms may lead to the emergence of novel features in two-dimensional (2D) materials. In this work, the electronic and magnetic properties of graphene-like XC (X = Si and Ge) monolayers with adsorbed H, O, and F atoms are investigated using spin-polarized first-principles calculations. Deeply negative adsorption energies suggest strong chemical adsorption on XC monolayers. Despite the non-magnetic nature of both host monolayer and adatom, SiC is significantly magnetized by H adsorption inducing the magnetic semiconductor nature. Similar features are observed in GeC monolayers upon adsorbing H and F atoms. In all cases, an integer total magnetic moment of 1 μB is obtained, originating mainly from adatoms and their neighbor X and C atoms. In contrast, O adsorption preserves the non-magnetic nature of SiC and GeC monolayers. However, the electronic band gaps exhibit significant reduction of the order of 26% and 18.84%, respectively. These reductions are consequences of the middle-gap energy branch generated by the unoccupied O-pz state. The results introduce an efficient approach to develop d0 2D magnetic materials to be applied in spintronic devices, as well as to widen the working region of XC monolayers in optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Viet Ha
- Faculty of Physics, TNU-University of Education Thai Nguyen 250000 Vietnam
| | - L T Ha
- Institute of Science and Technology, TNU-University of Science Thai Nguyen 250000 Vietnam
| | - Do Thi Hue
- Faculty of Physics, TNU-University of Education Thai Nguyen 250000 Vietnam
| | - Duy Khanh Nguyen
- High-Performance Computing Lab (HPC Lab), Information Technology Center, Thu Dau Mot University Binh Duong Province Vietnam
| | - Dang Tuan Anh
- Faculty of Physics, TNU-University of Education Thai Nguyen 250000 Vietnam
| | - J Guerrero-Sanchez
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología Apartado Postal 14 Ensenada Baja California Código Postal 22800 Mexico
| | - D M Hoat
- Institute of Theoretical and Applied Research, Duy Tan University Ha Noi 100000 Vietnam
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University Da Nang 550000 Vietnam
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11
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Svatek S, Sacchetti V, Rodríguez-Pérez L, Illescas BM, Rincón-García L, Rubio-Bollinger G, González MT, Bailey S, Lambert CJ, Martín N, Agraït N. Enhanced Thermoelectricity in Metal-[60]Fullerene-Graphene Molecular Junctions. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:2726-2732. [PMID: 36970777 PMCID: PMC10103166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The thermoelectric properties of molecular junctions consisting of a metal Pt electrode contacting [60]fullerene derivatives covalently bound to a graphene electrode have been studied by using a conducting-probe atomic force microscope (c-AFM). The [60]fullerene derivatives are covalently linked to the graphene via two meta-connected phenyl rings, two para-connected phenyl rings, or a single phenyl ring. We find that the magnitude of the Seebeck coefficient is up to nine times larger than that of Au-C60-Pt molecular junctions. Moreover, the sign of the thermopower can be either positive or negative depending on the details of the binding geometry and on the local value of the Fermi energy. Our results demonstrate the potential of using graphene electrodes for controlling and enhancing the thermoelectric properties of molecular junctions and confirm the outstanding performance of [60]fullerene derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon
A. Svatek
- Instituto
Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria
de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento
de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente
7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Valentina Sacchetti
- Instituto
Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria
de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Organic
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Rodríguez-Pérez
- Organic
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz M. Illescas
- Organic
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Rincón-García
- Departamento
de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente
7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabino Rubio-Bollinger
- Departamento
de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente
7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) and Instituto Universitario de Ciencia
de Materiales “Nicolás Cabrera” (INC), Facultad
de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma
de Madrid, C/Francisco
Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Teresa González
- Instituto
Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria
de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Steven Bailey
- Department
of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J. Lambert
- Department
of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, United Kingdom
| | - Nazario Martín
- Instituto
Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria
de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Organic
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicolás Agraït
- Instituto
Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria
de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento
de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente
7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) and Instituto Universitario de Ciencia
de Materiales “Nicolás Cabrera” (INC), Facultad
de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma
de Madrid, C/Francisco
Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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12
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Martín-Pérez L, Medina Rivero S, Vázquez Sulleiro M, Naranjo A, Gómez IJ, Ruíz-González ML, Castellanos-Gomez A, Garcia-Hernandez M, Pérez EM, Burzurí E. Direct Magnetic Evidence, Functionalization, and Low-Temperature Magneto-Electron Transport in Liquid-Phase Exfoliated FePS 3. ACS NANO 2023; 17:3007-3018. [PMID: 36651757 PMCID: PMC9933618 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Magnetism and the existence of magnetic order in a material is determined by its dimensionality. In this regard, the recent emergence of magnetic layered van der Waals (vdW) materials provides a wide playground to explore the exotic magnetism arising in the two-dimensional (2D) limit. The magnetism of 2D flakes, especially antiferromagnetic ones, however, cannot be easily probed by conventional magnetometry techniques, being often replaced by indirect methods like Raman spectroscopy. Here, we make use of an alternative approach to provide direct magnetic evidence of few-layer vdW materials, including antiferromagnets. We take advantage of a surfactant-free, liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) method to obtain thousands of few-layer FePS3 flakes that can be quenched in a solvent and measured in a conventional SQUID magnetometer. We show a direct magnetic evidence of the antiferromagnetic transition in FePS3 few-layer flakes, concomitant with a clear reduction of the Néel temperature with the flake thickness, in contrast with previous Raman reports. The quality of the LPE FePS3 flakes allows the study of electron transport down to cryogenic temperatures. The significant through-flake conductance is sensitive to the antiferromagnetic order transition. Besides, an additional rich spectra of electron transport excitations, including secondary magnetic transitions and potentially magnon-phonon hybrid states, appear at low temperatures. Finally, we show that the LPE is additionally a good starting point for the mass covalent functionalization of 2D magnetic materials with functional molecules. This technique is extensible to any vdW magnetic family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Martín-Pérez
- IMDEA
Nanociencia C/Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria
de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Samara Medina Rivero
- IMDEA
Nanociencia C/Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria
de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alicia Naranjo
- IMDEA
Nanociencia C/Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria
de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - I. Jénnifer Gómez
- Department
of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Andres Castellanos-Gomez
- 2D
Foundry, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
(CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Garcia-Hernandez
- 2D
Foundry, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
(CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio M. Pérez
- IMDEA
Nanociencia C/Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria
de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Burzurí
- IMDEA
Nanociencia C/Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria
de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento
de Física de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics
Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma
de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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