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Fan Q, Jiang K, Liu B, Jiang H, Cao X, Yin B. Radical-Dearomative Generation of Cyclohexadienyl Pd(II) toward the 3D Transformation of Nonactivated Phenyl Rings. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307074. [PMID: 38102822 PMCID: PMC10916580 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Traditional palladium-catalyzed dearomatization of (hetero)arenes takes place via an ionic pathway and usually requires elevated temperatures to overcome the energy barrier of the dearomative insertion step. Herein, a combination of the radical and two-electron pathways is disclosed, which enables room temperature dearomative 3D transformations of nonactivated phenyl rings with Pd(0) as the catalyst. Experimental results together with density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate a versatile π-allyl Pd(II) species, cyclohexadienyl Pd(II), possibly is involved in the dearomatization. This species is generated by combining the cyclohexadienyl radical and Pd(I). The cyclohexadienyl Pd(II) provides chemoselective (carboamination and trieneylation), regioselective (1,2-carboamination), and diastereoselective (carbonyl-group directed face selectivity) conversions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Fan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong ProvinceSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology (SCUT)Guangzhou510640China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong ProvinceSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology (SCUT)Guangzhou510640China
| | - Bo Liu
- The Second Clinical Medical Collegeand State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese MedicineGuangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhou510006China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong ProvinceSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology (SCUT)Guangzhou510640China
| | - Xiaohui Cao
- School of PharmacyGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Biaolin Yin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong ProvinceSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology (SCUT)Guangzhou510640China
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Shi Z, Dong S, Liu T, Wang WZ, Li N, Yuan Y, Zhu J, Ye KY. Electrochemical cascade migratory versus ortho-cyclization of 2-alkynylbenzenesulfonamides. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2827-2832. [PMID: 38404399 PMCID: PMC10882495 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05229j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Efficient control over several possible reaction pathways of free radicals is the chemical basis of their highly selective transformations. Among various competing reaction pathways, sulfonimidyl radicals generated from the electrolysis of 2-alkynylbenzenesulfonamides undergo cascade migratory or ortho-cyclization cyclization selectively. It is found that the incorporation of an extra 2-methyl substituent biases the selective migration of the acyl- over vinyl-linker of the key spirocyclic cation intermediate and thus serves as an enabling handle to achieve the synthetically interesting yet under-investigated cascade migratory cyclization of spirocyclic cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojiang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Shicheng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Ting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Wei-Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Nan Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Yaofeng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Jun Zhu
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Guangdong 518172 China
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Ke-Yin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
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Azpilcueta-Nicolas CR, Lumb JP. Mechanisms for radical reactions initiating from N-hydroxyphthalimide esters. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:346-378. [PMID: 38410775 PMCID: PMC10896223 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to their ease of preparation, stability, and diverse reactivity, N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) esters have found many applications as radical precursors. Mechanistically, NHPI esters undergo a reductive decarboxylative fragmentation to provide a substrate radical capable of engaging in diverse transformations. Their reduction via single-electron transfer (SET) can occur under thermal, photochemical, or electrochemical conditions and can be influenced by a number of factors, including the nature of the electron donor, the use of Brønsted and Lewis acids, and the possibility of forming charge-transfer complexes. Such versatility creates many opportunities to influence the reaction conditions, providing a number of parameters with which to control reactivity. In this perspective, we provide an overview of the different mechanisms for radical reactions involving NHPI esters, with an emphasis on recent applications in radical additions, cyclizations and decarboxylative cross-coupling reactions. Within these reaction classes, we discuss the utility of the NHPI esters, with an eye towards their continued development in complexity-generating transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Philip Lumb
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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Yuan PF, Huang XT, Long L, Huang T, Sun CL, Yu W, Wu LZ, Chen H, Liu Q. Regioselective Dearomative Amidoximation of Nonactivated Arenes Enabled by Photohomolytic Cleavage of N-nitrosamides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317968. [PMID: 38179800 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Dearomative spirocyclization reactions represent a promising means to convert arenes into three-dimensional architectures; however, controlling the regioselectivity of radical dearomatization with nonactivated arenes to afford the spirocyclizative 1,2-difunctionalization other than its kinetically preferred 1,4-difunctionalization is exceptionally challenging. Here we disclose a novel strategy for dearomative 1,2- or 1,4-amidoximation of (hetero)arenes enabled by direct visible-light-induced homolysis of N-NO bonds of nitrosamides, giving rise to various highly regioselective amidoximated spirocycles that previously have been inaccessible or required elaborate synthetic efforts. The mechanism and origins of the observed regioselectivities were investigated by control experiments and density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Feng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xie-Tian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Linhong Long
- CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Tao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Chun-Lin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Hui Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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Long F, Jiang K, Song W, Luo W, Yin B. Photoinduced Pd-Catalyzed Dearomative 2,5-Difunctionalizition of Furans via Cascade C-C/C-O Bond Formation. Org Lett 2024; 26:1083-1087. [PMID: 38277672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
We report an efficient and mild approach for radical dearomatization via photoinduced palladium-catalyzed reaction of three components (i.e., furans, alcohols, and bromoalkanes). In this strategy, various functionalized spiro-heterocycles were prepared from furans in one step via cascade C-C/C-O bond formation under redox neutral conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Long
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Weiwei Song
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Wenkun Luo
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cytochemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Biaolin Yin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
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Zhao Y, Sun L, Chang J, Liu B. Synthesis of Spirocyclohexadienones via Palladium-Catalyzed Dearomatization of Dibenzoxaborins. Org Lett 2024; 26:1056-1061. [PMID: 38284998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The development of Pd(II)-catalyzed dearomatization transformation of dibenzoxaborins with alkynes triggered by transmetalation from boron to palladium has been achieved, leading to the synthesis of spirocyclohexadienones, an important skeleton demonstrating potential biomedical utility. The [3 + 2] spiroannulation exhibits remarkable regioselectivity and broad substrate scope under mild reaction conditions. This methodology employs dibenzoxaborin as a substrate to establish the formal dearomatization of 2-phenylphenol, which poses a formidable energy barrier to the destruction of aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Lincong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Junbiao Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Bingxian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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Zhang Y, Yang D, Lu D, Gong Y. Photoredox-Enabled Dearomatization of Protected Anilines: Access to Cyclohexadienone Imines with Contiguous Quaternary Centers. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 36808968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
A photoredox-enabled alkylative dearomatization of protected anilines is reported. Under Ir catalysis and light irradiation, an N-carbamoyl-protected aniline and an α-bromocarbonyl compound could be simultaneously activated, and the two resulting radical species then recombine with each other to afford a dearomatized cyclohexadienone imine as the major product. A series of such imines with contiguous quaternary carbon centers were prepared, which can be further converted into cyclohexadienones, cyclohexadienols, and cyclohexyl amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Daoyi Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Dengfu Lu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China.,Research Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, 9 Yuexing 3rd Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518063, China
| | - Yuefa Gong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
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