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Mahawar P, Rajeshkumar T, Spaniol TP, Maron L, Okuda J. Dihydrogen Cleavage by a Zinc-Zinc Bond of a Heteroleptic Dizinc(I) Cation. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:8493-8501. [PMID: 38651332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative addition of dihydrogen across a metal-metal bond to form reactive metal hydrides in homogeneous catalysis is known for transition metals but not for zinc(I)-zinc(I) bond as found in Carmona's eponymous dizinconene [Zn2Cp*2] (Cp* = η5-C5Me5). Dihydrogen reacted with the heteroleptic zinc(I)-zinc(I) bonded cation [(L2)Zn-ZnCp*][BAr4F] (L2 = TMEDA, N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine, TEEDA, N,N,N',N'-tetraethylethylenediamine; ArF = 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3) under 2 bar at 80 °C to give the zinc(II) hydride cation [(L2)ZnH(thf)][BAr4F] along with zinc metal and Cp*H derived from the intermediate [Cp*ZnH]. DFT calculations show that the cleavage of dihydrogen occurs through a highly unsymmetrical transition state. Mechanistic studies agree with a heterolytic cleavage of dihydrogen as a result of the cationic charge and unsymmetrical ligand coordination. To explore the existence of zinc(I) hydride, thermally unstable hydridotriphenylborate complexes of zinc(I) [(L2)Zn(HBPh3)-ZnCp*] (L2 = TMEDA, TEEDA; TMPDA, N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1,3-propylenediamine) have been prepared by salt metathesis and were shown to undergo fast exchange with both BPh3 and [HBPh3]-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Mahawar
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thayalan Rajeshkumar
- CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas P Spaniol
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Laurent Maron
- CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Jun Okuda
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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Sun R, Jiang Y, Chen HR, Jiang X, Cao YC, Ye S, Liao RZ, Tung CH, Wang W. Bimetallic H 2 Addition and Intramolecular Caryl-H Activation Mediated by an Iron-Zinc Hydride. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:6082-6091. [PMID: 38512050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Heteronuclear Fe(μ-H)Zn hydride Cp*Fe(1,2-Cy2PC6H4)HZnEt (3) undergoes reversible intramolecular Caryl-H reductive elimination through coupling of the cyclometalated phosphinoaryl ligand and the hydride, giving rise to a formal Fe(0)-Zn(II) species. Addition of CO intercepts this equilibrium, affording Cp*(Cy2PPh)(CO)Fe-ZnEt that features a dative Fe-Zn bond. Significantly, this system achieves bimetallic H2 addition, as demonstrated by the transformation of the monohydride Fe(μ-H)Zn to a deuterated dihydride Fe-(μ-D)2-Zn upon reaction with D2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hao-Ran Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xuebin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yu-Chen Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shengfa Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Rong-Zhen Liao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Wenguang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Stigler S, Fujimori S, Kostenko A, Inoue S. Tetryliumylidene ions in synthesis and catalysis. Chem Sci 2024; 15:4275-4291. [PMID: 38516066 PMCID: PMC10952068 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06452b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Tetryliumylidene ions ([R-E:]+), recognised for their intriguing electronic properties, have attracted considerable interest. These positively charged species, with two vacant p-orbitals and a lone pair at the E(ii) centre (E = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb), can be viewed as the combination of tetrylenes (R2E:) and tetrylium ions ([R3E]+), which makes them potent Lewis ambiphiles. Such electronic features highlight the potential of tetryliumylidenes for single-site small molecule activation and transition metal-free catalysis. The effective utilisation of the electrophilicity and nucleophilicity of tetryliumylidenes is expected to stem from appropriate ligand choice. For most of the isolated tetryliumylidenes, electron donor- and/or kinetic stabilisation is necessary. This minireview highlights the developments in tetryliumylidene syntheses and the progress of research towards their reactivity and applications in catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Stigler
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Shiori Fujimori
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Arseni Kostenko
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
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Landaeta VR, Horsley Downie TM, Wolf R. Low-Valent Transition Metalate Anions in Synthesis, Small Molecule Activation, and Catalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1323-1463. [PMID: 38354371 PMCID: PMC10906008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
This review surveys the synthesis and reactivity of low-oxidation state metalate anions of the d-block elements, with an emphasis on contributions reported between 2006 and 2022. Although the field has a long and rich history, the chemistry of transition metalate anions has been greatly enhanced in the last 15 years by the application of advanced concepts in complex synthesis and ligand design. In recent years, the potential of highly reactive metalate complexes in the fields of small molecule activation and homogeneous catalysis has become increasingly evident. Consequently, exciting applications in small molecule activation have been developed, including in catalytic transformations. This article intends to guide the reader through the fascinating world of low-valent transition metalates. The first part of the review describes the synthesis and reactivity of d-block metalates stabilized by an assortment of ligand frameworks, including carbonyls, isocyanides, alkenes and polyarenes, phosphines and phosphorus heterocycles, amides, and redox-active nitrogen-based ligands. Thereby, the reader will be familiarized with the impact of different ligand types on the physical and chemical properties of metalates. In addition, ion-pairing interactions and metal-metal bonding may have a dramatic influence on metalate structures and reactivities. The complex ramifications of these effects are examined in a separate section. The second part of the review is devoted to the reactivity of the metalates toward small inorganic molecules such as H2, N2, CO, CO2, P4 and related species. It is shown that the use of highly electron-rich and reactive metalates in small molecule activation translates into impressive catalytic properties in the hydrogenation of organic molecules and the reduction of N2, CO, and CO2. The results discussed in this review illustrate that the potential of transition metalate anions is increasingly being tapped for challenging catalytic processes with relevance to organic synthesis and energy conversion. Therefore, it is hoped that this review will serve as a useful resource to inspire further developments in this dynamic research field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Wolf
- University of Regensburg, Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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Govindarajan R, Fayzullin RR, Deolka S, Khaskin E, Vasylevskyi S, Vardhanapu PK, Pal S, Khusnutdinova JR. Facile Access to Cationic Methylstannylenes and Silylenes Stabilized by E-Pt Bonding and their Methyl Group Transfer Reactivity. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303789. [PMID: 37984073 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
We describe a family of cationic methylstannylene and chloro- and azidosilylene organoplatinum(II) complexes supported by a neutral, binucleating ligand. Methylstannylenes MeSn:+ are stabilized by coordination to PtII and are formed by facile Me group transfer from dimethyl or monomethyl PtII complexes, in the latter case triggered by concomitant B-H, Si-H, and H2 bond activation that involves hydride transfer from Sn to Pt. A cationic chlorosilylene complex was obtained by formal HCl elimination and Cl- removal from HSiCl3 under ambient conditions. The computational studies show that stabilization of cationic methylstannylenes and cationic silylenes is achieved through weak coordination to a neutral N-donor ligand binding pocket. The analysis of the electronic potentials, as well as the Laplacian of electron density, also reveals the differences in the character of Pt-Si vs. Pt-Sn bonding. We demonstrate the importance of a ligand-supported binuclear Pt/tetrel core and weak coordination to facilitate access to tetrylium-ylidene Pt complexes, and a transmetalation approach to the synthesis of MeSnII :+ derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramadoss Govindarajan
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Robert R Fayzullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Shubham Deolka
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Eugene Khaskin
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Serhii Vasylevskyi
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Pavan K Vardhanapu
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Shrinwantu Pal
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Julia R Khusnutdinova
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
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Perez-Jimenez M, Crimmin MR. Photochemical H 2 activation by an Zn-Fe heterometallic: a mechanistic investigation. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1424-1430. [PMID: 38274073 PMCID: PMC10806748 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05966a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Addition of H2 to a Zn-Fe complex was observed to occur under photochemical conditions (390 or 428 nm LED) and leads to the formation of a heterometallic dihydride complex. The reaction does not occur under thermal conditions and DFT calculations suggest this is an endergonic, light driven process. Through a combined experimental and computational approach, the plausible mechanisms for H2 activation were investigated. Inhibition experiments, double-label cross-over experiments, radical trapping experiments, EPR spectroscopy and DFT calculations were used to gain insight into this system. The combined data are consistent with two plausible mechanisms, the first involving ligand dissociation followed by oxidative addition of H2 at the Fe centre, the second involving homolytic fragmentation of the Zn-Fe heterometallic and formation of radical intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Perez-Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London 82 Wood Lane, White City London W12 0Z UK
| | - Mark R Crimmin
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London 82 Wood Lane, White City London W12 0Z UK
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Matsuoka M, Nagata K, Ohno R, Matsuo T, Tobita H, Hashimoto H. Neutral Chromium Complex with a Cr≡Si Triple Bond: Synthesis and Photoinduced H-H and Benzene C-H Bond Activation. Chemistry 2023:e202303765. [PMID: 38088491 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
A neutral silylyne complex with a Cr≡Si triple bond was prepared by dehydrogenation of a chromium silylene complex with Cr-H and Si-H bonds, and was isolated as monomeric crystals, unlike dimeric forms of its tungsten and molybdenum congeners. The strong Cr(δ-)-Si(δ+) bond polarity was revealed by the reaction with MeOH and DFT calculations. The chromium silylyne complex reacted with H2 under LED (365 nm) irradiation to reproduce the precursor silylene complex with a (H)Cr=Si(H) moiety, as a result of 1,2-H-H addition across the Cr≡Si triple bond. Similarly, the chromium silylyne complex reacted with benzene under irradiation to afford an 1,2-addition product with a (H)Cr=Si(Ph) moiety, via benzene C-H bond activation accompanied by Si-C bond forming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Matsuoka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Koichi Nagata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ryoma Ohno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi, Osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Matsuo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi, Osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Hiromi Tobita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hisako Hashimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
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Kalkuhl TL, Qin L, Zhao L, Frenking G, Hadlington TJ. On the σ-complex character of bis(gallyl)/digallane transition metal species. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11088-11095. [PMID: 37860650 PMCID: PMC10583741 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03772j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
σ-complexes of homoatomic E-E bonds are key intermediates in catalytically relevant oxidative addition reactions, but are as yet unknown for the group 13 elements. Here, stable species best described as σ-complexes of a 1,2-dichlorodigallane derivative with Ni and Pd are reported. They are readily accessed through the combination of a 1,2-dichlorodigallane derivative, which features chelating phosphine functionalities, with Ni0 and Pd0 synthons. In-depth computational analyses of these complexes importantly reveal considerable Ga-Ga bonding interactions in both Ni and Pd complexes, despite the expected elongation of the Ga-Ga bond upon complexation, suggestive of σ-complex character as opposed to more commonly described bis(gallyl) character. Finally, the well-defined disproportion of the Ni complex is described, leading to a unique GaI-nickel complex, with concomitant expulsion of uncomplexed GaIII species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till L Kalkuhl
- Fakultät für Chemie, Technische Universität München Lichtenberg Strasse 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Lei Qin
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Strasse D-35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Terrance J Hadlington
- Fakultät für Chemie, Technische Universität München Lichtenberg Strasse 4 85747 Garching Germany
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Fernández S, Fernando S, Planas O. Cooperation towards nobility: equipping first-row transition metals with an aluminium sword. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:14259-14286. [PMID: 37740303 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02722h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The exploration for noble metals substitutes in catalysis has become a highly active area of research, driven by the pursuit of sustainable chemical processes. Although the utilization of base metals holds great potential as an alternative, their successful implementation in predictable catalytic processes necessitates the development of appropriate ligands. Such ligands must be capable of controlling their intricate redox chemistry and promote two-electron events, thus mimicking well-established organometallic processes in noble metal catalysis. While numerous approaches for infusing nobility to base metals have been explored, metal-ligand cooperation has garnered significant attention in recent years. Within this context, aluminium-based ligands offer interesting features to fine-tune the activity of metal centres, but their application in base metal catalysis remains largely unexplored. This perspective seeks to highlight the most recent breakthroughs in the reactivity of heterobimetallic aluminium-base-metal complexes, while also showcasing their potential to develop novel and predictable catalytic transformations. By turning the spotlight on such heterobimetallic species, we aim to inspire chemists to explore aluminium-base-metal species and expand the range of their applications as catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Fernández
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Selwin Fernando
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Oriol Planas
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
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